Glycine is used as a transmitter by decrementing expiratory neurons of the ventrolateral medulla in the rat

Journal of Neuroscience

Volumn 23, Issue 26, 2003, Pages 8941-8948

  Ezure, Kazuhisa ^a   Tanaka, Ikuko ^a   Kondo, Masahiro ^a,b  

^a TOKYO METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE   (Japan)

^b DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Expiratory neuron; GAD67; Glycine; GLYT2; In situ hybridization; Transmitter

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; GLYCINE; GLYCINE TRANSPORTER 2; MESSENGER RNA; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PANCURONIUM BROMIDE; PENTOBARBITAL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANESTHESIA INDUCTION; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BRAIN STEM; CONTROLLED STUDY; GABAERGIC TRANSMISSION; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; MEDULLA OBLONGATA; MOTONEURON; NERVE CELL; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; RESPIRATORY NERVE CELL; THALAMUS VENTRAL NUCLEUS;

EID: 0141641041     PISSN: 02706474     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-26-08941.2003     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Anders K, Schwarzacher SW, Richter DW (1991) Morphology of postinspiratory neurons in the cat. Pflügers Arch 418[Suppl 1]:R16.
2. Bianchi AL, Barillot JC (1982) Respiratory neurons in the region of the retrofacial nucleus: pontile, medullary, spinal and vagal projections. Neurosci Lett 31:277-282.
3. Bieger D, Hopkins DA (1987) Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the medulla oblongata in the rat: the nucleus ambiguus. J Comp Neurol 262:546-562.
4. Bryant T, Yoshida S, De Castro D, Lipski J (1993) Expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex in the rat: a morphological study following intracellular labeling with biocytin. J Comp Neurol 335:267-282.
5. Büsselberg D, Bischoff AM, Paton JFR, Richter DW (2001) Reorganization of respiratory network activity after loss of glycinergic inhibition. Pflügers Arch 441:444-449.
6. Champagnat J, Denavit-Saubié M, Moyanova S, Rondouin G (1982) Involvement of amino acids in periodic inhibitions of bulbar respiratory neurones. Brain Res 237:351-365.
7. Chan RKW, Sawchenko PE (1998) Organization and transmitter specificity of medullary neurons activated by sustained hypertension: implications for understanding baroreceptor reflex circuitry. J Neurosci 18:371-387.
8. Cox KH, DeLeon DV, Angerer LM, Angerer RC (1984) Detection of mRNAs in sea urchin embryos by in situ hybridization using asymmetric RNA probes. Dev Biol 101:485-502.
9. Duffin J, Ezure K, Lipski J (1995) Breathing rhythm generation: focus on the rostral ventrolateral medulla. News Physiol Sci 10:133-140.
10. Dutschmann M, Paton JFR (2002a) Trigeminal reflex regulation of the glottis depends on central glycinergic inhibition in the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282:R999-R1005.
11. Dutschmann M, Paton JFR (2002b) Glycinergic inhibition is essential for co-ordinating cranial and spinal respiratory motor outputs in the neonatal rat. J Physiol (Lond) 543:643-653.
12. Erlander MG, Tillakaratne NJK, Feldblum S, Patel N, Tobin AJ (1991) Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases. Neuron 7:91-100.
13. Esclapez M, Tillakaratne NJK, Kaufman DL, Tobin AJ, Houser CR (1994) Comparative localization of two forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase and their mRNAs in rat brain supports the concept of functional differences between the forms. J Neurosci 14:1834-1855.
14. Ezure K (1990) Synaptic connections between medullary respiratory neurons and considerations on the genesis of respiratory rhythm. Prog Neurobiol 35:429-450.
15. Ezure K, Manabe M (1988) Decrementing expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex. II. Direct inhibitory synaptic linkage with ventral respiratory group. Exp Brain Res 72:159-166.
16. Ezure K, Manabe M, Yamada H (1988) Distribution of medullary respiratory neurons in the rat. Brain Res 455:262-270.
17. Feldman JL, Cohen MI (1978) Relation between expiratory duration and rostral medullary expiratory neuronal discharge. Brain Res 141:172-178.
18. Grélot L, Barillot JC, Bianchi AL (1989) Pharyngeal motoneurons: respiratory-related activity and responses to laryngeal afferents in the decerebrate cat. Exp Brain Res 78:336-344.
19. Haji A, Takeda R, Remmers JE (1992) Evidence that glycine and GABA mediate postsynaptic inhibition of bulbar respiratory neurons in the cat. J Appl Physiol 73:2333-2342.
20. Haji A, Takeda R, Okazaki M (2000) Neuropharmacology of control of respiratory rhythm and pattern in mature mammals. Pharmacol Ther 86:277-304.
21. Hayashi F, Lipski J (1992) The role of inhibitory amino acids in control of respiratory motor output in an arterially perfused rat. Respir Physiol 89:47-63.
22. Hayashi F, Coles SK, McCrimmon DR (1996) Respiratory neurons mediating the Breuer-Hering reflex prolongation of expiration in rat. J Neurosci 16:6526-6536.
23. Ichikawa T, Ohsako S, Deguchi T (1991) Production of an antiserum using a fusion protein produced by a cDNS for rat choline acetyltransferase. Neurosci Lett 131:213-216.
24. Ichikawa T, Ajiki K, Matsuura J, Misawa H (1997) Localization of two cholinergic markers, choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the central nervous system of the rat: in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. J Chem Neuroanat 13:23-39.
25. Iizuka M (1999) Intercostal expiratory activity in an in vitro brainstem-spinal cord-rib preparation from the neonatal rat. J Physiol (Lond) 520:293-302.
26. Jiang C, Lipski J (1990) Extensive monosynaptic inhibition of ventral respiratory group neurons by augmenting neurons in Bötzinger complex in the cat. Exp Brain Res 81:639-648.
27. Jonas P, Bischofberger J, Sandkühler J (1998) Corelease of two fast neurotransmitters at a central synapse. Science 281:419-424.
28. Kondo M, Sumino R, Okado H (1997) Combinations of AMPA receptor subunit expression in individual cortical neurons correlate with expression of specific calcium-binding proteins. J Neurosci 17:1570-1580.
29. Krolo M, Stuth EA, Tonkovic-Capin M, Hopp FA, McCrimmon DR, Zuperku EJ (2000) Relative magnitude of tonic and phasic synaptic excitation of medullary inspiratory neurons in dogs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279:R639-R649.
30. Lindsey BG, Segers LS, Shannon R (1987) Functional associations among simultaneously monitored lateral medullary respiratory neurons in the cat. II. Evidence for inhibitory actions of expiratory neurons. J Neurophysiol 57:1101-1117.
31. Liu Q-R, Lopez-Coreuera B, Mandiyan S, Nelson H, Nelson N (1993) Cloning and expression of a spinal cord- and brain-specific glycine transporter with novel structural features. J Biol Chem 268:22802-22808.
32. Luque JM, Nelson N, Richards JG (1995) Cellular expression of glycine transporter 2 messenger RNA exclusively in rat hindbrain and spinal cord. Neuroscience 64:525-535.
33. Manabe M, Ezure K (1988) Decrementing expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex. I. Response to lung inflation and axonal projection. Exp Brain Res 72:150-158.
34. Mellen NM, Feldman JL (2001) Phasic vagal sensory feedback transforms respiratory neuron activity in vitro. J Neurosci 21:7363-7371.
35. Merrill EG, Lipski J, Kubin L, Fedorco L (1983) Origin of the expiratory inhibition of nucleus tractus solitarius inspiratory neurons. Brain Res 263:43-50.
36. Miller AD, Ezure K (1992) Behavior of inhibitory and excitatory propriobulbar respiratory neurons during fictive vomiting. Brain Res 578:168-176.
37. Miller AD, Tan LK, Suzuki I (1987) Control of abdominal and expiratory intercostal muscle activity during vomiting: role of ventral respiratory group expiratory neurons. J Neurophysiol 57:1854-1866.
38. Okazaki M, Takeda R, Haji A, Yamazaki H (2001) Glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactivity of bulbar respiratory neurons identified by intracellular recording and labeling in rats. Brain Res 914:34-47.
39. Oku Y, Tanaka I, Ezure K (1994) Activity of bulbar respiratory neurons during fictive coughing and swallowing in the decerebrate cat. J Physiol (Lond) 480:309-324.
40. Otake K, Nakamura Y, Tanaka I, Ezure K (2001) Morphology of pulmonary rapidly adapting receptor relay neurons in the rat. J Comp Neurol 430:458-470.
41. Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J, Somogyi P (1988) Colocalization of glycine-like and GABA-like immunoreactivities in Golgi cell terminals in the rat cerebellum: a postembedding light and electron microscopic study. Brain Res 450:342-353.
42. Paton JFR (1996) The ventral medullary respiratory network of the mature mouse studied in a working heart-brainstem preparation. J Physiol (Lond) 494:819-831.
43. Paton JFR, Richter DW (1995) Role of fast inhibitory synaptic mechanisms in respiratory rhythm generation in the maturing mouse. J Physiol (Lond) 484:505-521.
44. Paxinos G, Watson C (1998) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 4th Ed. San Diego: Academic.
45. Pierrefiche O, Schwarzacher SW, Bischoff AM, Richter DW (1998) Blockage of synaptic inhibition within the pre-Bötzinger complex in the cat supresses respiratory rhythm generation in vivo. J Physiol (Lond) 509:245-254.
46. Pilowsky PM, Makeham J (2001) Juxtacellular labeling of identified neurons: kiss the cells and make them dye. J Comp Neurol 433:1-3.
47. Pinault D (1996) A novel single-cell staining procedure performed in vivo under electrophysiological control: morpho-functional features of juxtacellularly labeled thalamic cells and other central neurons with biocytin or Neurobiotin. J Neurosci Methods 65:113-136.
48. Remmers JE, Richter DW, Ballantyne D, Bainton CR, Klein JP (1986) Reflex prolongation of stage I of expiration. Pflügers Arch 407:190-198.
49. Richter DW (1982) Generation and maintenance of the respiratory rhythm. J Exp Biol 100:93-107.
50. Richter DW, Ballantyne D, Remmers JE (1986) How is the respiratory rhythm generated? A model. News Physiol Sci 1:109-112.
51. Rybak IA, Paton JFR, Schwaber JS (1997) Modeling neural mechanisms for genesis of respiratory rhythm and pattern. II. Network models of the central respiratory pattern generator. J Neurophysiol 77:2007-2026.
52. Saito Y, Ezure K, Tanaka I (2002) Morphology of the decrementing expiratory neurons in the brainstem of the rat. Neurosci Res 44:141-153.
53. Schmid K, Bohmer G, Gebauer K (1991) Glycine receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition in the brainstem respiratory system. Respir Physiol 84:351-361.
54. A receptors shape the discharge pattern of bulbar respiratory neurons. Brain Res 710:150-160.
55. Schreihofer AM, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG (1999) Evidence for glycinergic respiratory neurons: Bötzinger neurons express mRNA for glycinergic transporter 2. J Comp Neurol 407:583-597.
56. Schwarzacher SW, Wilhelm Z, Anders K, Richter DW (1991) The medullary respiratory network in the rat. J Physiol (Lond) 435:631-644.
57. Schwarzacher SW, Maschket M, Rudolph T, Richter DW (1992) GABA- and serotonin-ergic innervation of medullary postinspiratory neurons in the cat. Soc Neurosci Abstr 18:313.
58. Shen L, Duffin J (2002) Caudal expiratory neurones in the rat. Pflügers Arch 444:405-410.
59. Shen L, Li YM, Duffin J (2003) Inhibitory connections among rostral medullary expiratory neurones detected with cross-correlation in the decerebrate rat. Pflügers Arch 446:365-372.
60. Shiba K, Umezaki T, Zheng Y, Miller AD (1997) The nucleus retroambigualis controls laryngeal muscle activity during vocalization in the cat. Exp Brain Res 115:513-519.
61. A or glycine receptors. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 132:265-277.
62. Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG (1999) Distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase in rat medulla projecting to thoracic spinal cord in relation to monoaminergic brainstem neurons. J Comp Neurol 407:367-380.
63. Tanaka I, Ezure K, Kondo M (2003) Distribution of glycine transporter 2 mRNA-containing neurons in relation to glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA-containing neurons in rat medulla. Neurosci Res 47:139-151.
64. Tian G-F, Peever JH, Duffin J (1999) Bötzinger-complex, bulbospinal expiratory neurones monosynaptically inhibit ventral-group respiratory neurones in the decerebrate rat. Exp Brain Res 124:173-180.
65. Wenthold RJ, Huie D, Altschuler RA, Reeks KA (1987) Glycine immunoreactivity localized in the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex. Neuroscience 22:897-912.
66. Zheng Y, Barillot JC, Bianchi AL (1991) Are the post-inspiratory neurons in the decerebrate rat cranial motoneurons or interneurons? Brain Res 551:256-266.