Is it time to measure microalbuminuria in hypertension?

Journal of Hypertension

Volumn 21, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 1213-1220

  Volpe, Massimo ^a,b,d   Cosentino, Francesco ^a,b   Ruilope, Luis M ^c  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b IRCCS NEUROMED   (Italy)

^c HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

^d SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Angiotensin receptor antagonists; Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition; Cardiovascular disease; Microalbuminuria; Proteinuria; Renal function

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; DIHYDROPYRIDINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; IRBESARTAN; LOSARTAN; VALSARTAN;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE; MICROALBUMINURIA; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STROKE; ALBUMINURIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION;

ALBUMINURIA; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, RENAL;

EID: 0043095589     PISSN: 02636352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200307000-00001     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Joint National Committee on Preventive Detection. Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Int Med 1997; 157:2413-2446.
2. World Health Organization. Guidelines Subcommittee. J Hypertens 1999; 17:151-183.
3. Patrick AW, Leslie PJ, Clarke BF, Frier BM. The natural history and associations of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes during the first year after diagnosis. Diabet Med 1990; 7:902-908.
4. Stehouwer CD, Nauta JJ, Zeldenrust GC, Hackeng WH, Donker AJ, Ottolander GJ den. Urinary albumin excretion, cardiovascular disease, and endothelial dysfunction in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1992; 340:319-323.
5. Stiegler H, Standl E, Schulz K, Roth R, Lehmacher W. Morbidity, mortality, and albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients: a three-year prospective study of a random cohort in general practice. Diabet Med 1992; 9:646-653.
6. Mattock MB, Morrish NJ, Viberti G, Keen H, Fitzgerald AP, Jackson G. Prospective study of microalbuminuria as predictor of mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes 1992; 41:736-741.
7. Niskanen L, Voutilanen R, Terasvirta M, Lehtinen J, Teppo AM, Groop L, et al. A prospective study of clinical and metabolic associates of proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1993; 10:543-549.
8. Neil A, Hawkins M, Potok M, Thorogood M, Cohen D, Mann J. A prospective population-based study of microalbuminuria as a predictor of mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1993; 16:996-1003.
9. Beatty OL, Ritchie CM, Bell PM, Hadden DR, Kennedy L, Atkinson AB. Microalbuminuria as identified by a spot morning urine specimen in non-insulin-treated diabetes: an eight-year follow-up study. Diabet Med 1995; 12:261-266.
10. Damsgaard EM, Froland A, Jorgensen OD, Morgensen CE. Prognostic value of urinary albumin excretion rate and other risk factors in elderly diabetic patients and non-diabetic control subjects surviving the first 5 years after assessment. Diabetologia 1993; 36:1030-1036.
11. MacLeod JM, Lutale J, Marshall SM. Albumin excretion and vascular deaths in NIDDM. Diabetologia 1995; 38:610-616.
12. Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GF, Gilst WH Van, De Zeeuw D, Veldhuisen DJ Van, et al. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population Circulation 2002; 106:1777-1782.
13. Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, Zinman B, Dinneen SF, Hoogwerf B, et al. HOPE Study Investigators. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA 2001; 286:421-426.
14. Roest M, Banga JD, Janssen WM, Grobbee DE, Sixma JJ, de Jong PE, et al. Excessive urinary albumin levels are associated with future cardiovascular mortality in postmenopausal women. Circulation 2001; 103:3057-3071.
15. Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Pogue J, Dinneen SF, Halle JP, Hoogwerf B, et al. Prevalence and determinants of microalbuminuria in high-risk diabetic and nondiabetic patients in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study. HOPE Study Invest Diabetes Care 2000; 23:B35-B39.
16. Jensen JS, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S, Schroll M, Borch-Johnsen K. Arterial hypertension, microalbuminuria and risk of ischemic heart disease. Hypertension 2000; 35:898-903.
17. Howard BV, Lee ET, Cowan LD, Devereux RB, Galloway JM, Go OT, et al. Rising tide of cardiovascular disease in American Indians. Strong Heart Study Circ 1999; 99:2389-2395.
18. Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Baldari D, Campese VM. Microalbuminuria predicts cardiovascular events and renal insufficiency in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1998; 16:1325-1333.
19. Mattock MB, Barnes DJ, Viberti G, Keen H, Burt D, Hughes JM, et al. Microalbuminuria and coronary heart disease in NIDDM: an incidence study. Diabetes 1998; 47:1786-1792.
20. Agewall S, Wikstrand J, Ljungman S, Fagerberg B. Usefulness of microalbuminuria in predicting cardiovascular mortality in treated hypertensive men with and without diabetes mellitus. Risk Factor Intervention Study Group Am J Cardiol 1997; 80:164-169.
21. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney diseases. US Renal Data System: annual data report. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney diseases; 1989.
22. Ruilope LM, Campo C, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Lahera V, Garcia-Robles R, Rodicio JL. Blood pressure and renal function: therapeutic implications. J Hypertens 1996; 14:1259-1263.
23. Boissel JP, Collet JP, Moleur P, Haugh M. Surrogate endpoints: a basis for a rational approach. Eur J Clin Pharm 1992; 43:235-244.
24. Cannon CP. Clinical perspectives on the use of composite endpoints. Control Clin Trials 1997; 18:517-529.
25. Guyton AC, Hall JE, Coleman TG, Manning RD Jr. The dominant role of the kidneys in the long-term regulation of arterial pressure in normal and hypertensive states. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM (editors): Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990, pp. 1029-1052.
26. Ruilope LM, Lahera V, Rodicio JL, Romero JC. Are renal haemodynamics a key factor in the development and maintenance of arterial hypertension in humans? Hypertension 1994; 23:3-9.
27. Rodicio L, Campo C, Ruilope LM. Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Kidney Int Suppl 1998; 68:S51-S54.
28. Mimran A, Ribstein J, Du Cailar G. Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1999; 8:359-363.
29. Ruilope L, Veldhuisen DJ van, Ritz E, Luscher TF. Renal function: the Cinderella of cardiovascular risk profile. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38:1782-1787.
30. Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 1987; 31:673-689.
31. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:870-878.
32. Mimran A, Ribstein J, Du Cailar G. Is microalbuminuria a marker of early intrarenal vascular dysfunction in essential hypertension? Hypertension 1994; 23:1018-1021.
33. Miettinen H, Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Proteinuria predicts stroke and other atherosolerotic vascular disease events in nondiabetic and non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Stroke 1996; 27:2033-2039.
34. Redon J, Williams B. Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension: redefining the threshold. J Hypertens 2002; 20:353-355.
35. Wachtell K, Olsen MH, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Nieminen MS, Okin PM, et al. Microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE Study. J Hypertens 2002; 20:405-412.
36. Schmitz A, Voeth M. Microalbuminuria: a major risk factor in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. A 10 year follow-up study of 503 patients. Diabet Med 1988; 5:126-134.
37. Damsgaard EM, Froland A, Jorgensen OD, Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria as predictor of increased mortality in elderly people. BMJ 1990; 300:297-300.
38. Borch-Johnsen K, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S, Schroll M, Jensen JS. Urinary albumin excretion. An independent predictor of ischemic heart disease. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:1992-1997.
39. Mimran A, Ribstein J, Du Cailar G, Halimi JM. Albuminuria in normals and essential hypertension. J Diab Complic 1994; 8:150-156.
40. Metcalf P, Baker J, Scott A, Wild C, Scragg R, Dryson E. Albuminuria in people at least 40 years old: effect of obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Clin Chem 1992; 38:1802-1808.
41. Pontremoli R, Sofia A, Ravera M, Nicolella C, Viazzi F, Tirotta A, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of microalbuminuria in essential hypertension: The MAGIC study. Microalbuminuria: A Genoa Investigation on Complications. Hypertension 1997; 30:1135-1143.
42. Wasada T, Katsumori K, Saeki A, Saito S, Omori Y. Urinary albumin excretion rate is related to insulin resistance in normotensive subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 1997; 34:157-162.
43. Appleyard M, Jensen G. Microalbuminuria and its relation to cardiovascular disease and risk factors. A population-based study of 1254 hypertensive individuals. J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11:727-732.
44. Wachtell K, Palmieri V, Olsen MH, Bella JN, Aalto T, Dahlof B, Gerdts E, et al. Urine albumin/creatinine ratio and echocardiograpic left ventricular structure and function in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE Study. Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction. Am Heart J 2002; 143:319-326.
45. Romundstad S, Holmen J, Hallan H, Kvenild K, Kruger O, Midthjell K. Microalbuminuria, cardiovascular disease and risk factors in a nondiabetic/nonhypertensive population. The Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT, 1995-97). Norw J Intern Med 2002; 252:164-172.
46. Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Nenci R, Baldari D, Baldari G, Campese VM. Increased thickness of the carotid artery in patients with essential hypertension and microalbuminuria. J Hum Hypertens 1995; 9:827-833.
47. Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Borch-Johnsen K, Okin PM, Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Ibsen H. A blood pressure independent association between glomerular albumin leakage and electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. LIFE Study J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16:591-595.
48. Jiang X, Srinivasan SR, Radhakrishnamurthy B, Dalferes ER Jr, Bao W, Berenson GS. Microalbuminuria in young adults related to blood pressure in a biracial (black-white) population. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7:794-800.
49. Mogensen CE. Systemic blood pressure and glomerular leakage with particular reference to diabetes and hypertension. J Int Med 1994; 235:297-316.
50. Redon J, Liao Y, Lozano JV, Miralles A, Pascual JM, Cooper RS. Ambulatory blood pressure and microalbuminuria in essential hypertension: role of circadian variability. J Hypertens 1994; 12:947-953.
51. Cerasola G, Cottone S, Mule G, Nardi E, Mangano MT, Andronico G, et al. Microalbuminuria, renal dysfunction and cardiovascular complications in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1996; 14:915-920.
52. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Quinones Galvan A, Muscelli E, Baldari G, Pecori N, et al. Insulin resistance in microalbuminuric hypertension. Hypertension 1995; 26:789-795.
53. Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Baldari D, Sgherri G, Baldari G, Campese VM. Microalbuminuria in salt-sensitive patients. A marker for renal and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension 1994; 23:195-199.
54. Stehouwer CD, Nauta JJ, Zeldenrust GC, Hackeng WH, Donker AJ, Ottolander GJ den. Urinary albumin excretion, cardiovascular disease, and endothelial dysfunction in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1992; 340:319-323.
55. Pedrinelli R, Giampietro O, Carmassi F, Melillo E, Omo G Dell, Catapano G, et al. Microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. Lancet 1994; 344:14-18.
56. Jensen JS, Borch-Johnsen K, Jensen G, Feldt-Rasmussen B. Microalbuminuria reflects a generalized transvascular albumin leakiness in clinically healthy subjects. Clin Sci 1995; 88:629-633.
57. Jensen JS. Renal and systemic transvascular albumin leakage in severe atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15:1324-1329.
58. Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Matsuo M, Sakata T, Miyata T, et al. Factor VII hyperactivity and endothelial cell damage are found in elderly hypertensives only when concomitant with microalbuminuria. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16:445-461.
59. Yudkin JS. Hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, microalbuminuria and the risk of coronary heart disease. Ann Int Med 1996; 28:433-438.
60. Taddei S, Virdis A, Mattei P, Ghiadoni L, Sudano I, Arrighi P, et al. Lack of correlation between microalbuminuria and endothelial function in essential hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1994; 13:357-365.
61. Ueda S, Elliott HL, Connell JMC. Enhanced pressor response to angiotensin I in normotensive men with the deletion genotype (DD) for angiotensin-converting enzyme. Hypertension 1995; 25:1266-1269.
62. Pinto-Sietsma SJ, Janssen WM, Hillege HL, Navis G, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Urinary albumin excretion is associated with renal function abnormalities in a nondiabetic population. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:1882-1888.
63. Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Manley SE, Bilous RW, Cull CA, Holman RR. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Study (UKPDS 64). Kidney Int 2003; 63:225-232.
64. Redon J, Rovira E, Miralles A, Julve R, Pascual JM. Factors related to the occurrence of microalbuminuria during antihypertensive treatment in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2002; 39:794-798.
65. Jager A, Kostense PJ, Ruhe HG, Heine RJ, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, et al. Microalbuminuria and peripheral arterial disease are independent predictors of cardiovascular and all-cause modality, especially among hypertensive subjects: five-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Arteriosc Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:617-624.
66. Fabsitz RR, Sidawy AN, Go O, Lee ET, Welty TK, Devereux RB, et al. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and associated risk factors in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149:330-338.
67. Parving HH, Jensen HAE, Mogensen CE, Evrin PE. Increased urinary albumin excretion rate in benign essential hypertension. Lancet 1974; 1:1190-1192.
68. Ljungman S. Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3:956-960.
69. Gerber LM, Shmunkler C, Alderman MH. Differences in urinary albumin excretion rate between normotensive and hypertensive, white and non-white subjects. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152:373-377.
70. Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Campese V, Baldari G. Prevalence of microalbuminuria in a large population of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Nephron 1992; 61:94-97.
71. Palatini P, Graniero GR, Mormino P, Mattarei M, Sanzuol F, Cignacco GB, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of microalbuminuria in Stage I hypertension. Results from the Hypertension and Ambulatory recording Venetia Study (HARVEST Study). Am J Hypertens 1996; 9:334-341.
72. Agrawal B, Berger A, Wolf K, Luft F. Microalbuminuria screening by reagent strip predicts cardiovascular risk in hypertension. J Hypertens 1996; 14:223-228.
73. Agewall S, Persson B, Samuelsson O, Ljungman S, Herlitz H, Fagerberg B. Microalbuminuria in treated hypertensive men at high risk of coronary disease. Risk Factor Intervention Study Group J Hypertens 1993; 11:459-461.
74. Agewall S, Bjorn F. Microalbuminuria and intima-media thickness of the carotid artery in clinically healthy men. Atherosclerosis 2002; 16:161-166.
75. Losito A, Fortunati F, Zampi I, Favero A Del. Impaired renal functional reserve and albuminuria in essential hypertension. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988; 296:1562-1564.
76. Berton G, Cordiano R, Mbaso S, De Toni R, Mormino P, Palatini P. Prognostic significance of hypertension and microalbuminuria for early mortality after acute myocardial infarction. J Hypertens 1998; 16:525-530.
77. Samuelsson O, Wihlelmsen L, Elmfeldt D, Pennert K, Wedel H, Wikstrand J, et al. Predictors of cardiovascular morbidity in treated hypertension: results from the primary preventive trial in Goteborg, Sweden. J Hypertens 1985; 3:167-176.
78. Hoogeveen EK, Kostense PJ, Jager A, Heine RJ, Jakobs C, Bouter LM, et al. Serum homocysteine level and protein intake are related to risk of microalbuminuria: the Hoorn Study. Kidney Int 1998; 54:203-209.
79. Agrawal B, Wolf K, Berger A, Luft FC. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on qualitative estimates of microalbuminuria. J Hum Hypertens 1996; 10:551-555.
80. Alderman MH, Furberg CD, Kostis JB, Laragh JH, Psaty BM, Ruilope LM et al. Hypertension guidelines: criteria that might make them more clinically useful. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15:917-923.
81. Ruilope LM, Alcazar JM, Hernandez E, Praga M, Lahera V, Rodicio JL. Long-term influences of antihypertensive therapy on microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Kidney Int Suppl 1994; 45:S171-S173.
82. Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris GL, Beck G, Bourgoignie J, Briggs JP, et al. African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Study Group. Effect of Ramipril versus Amlodipine on Renal Outcomes in Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis. JAMA 2001; 285:2719-2728.
83. Shigihara T, Sato A, Hayashi K, Saruta T. Effect of combination therapy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor plus calcium channel blocker on urinary albumin excretion in hypertensive microalbuminuric patients with type II diabetes. Hypertens Res 2000; 23:219-226.
84. Monster TB, Janssen WM, de Jong PE, de Jong-van den Berg LT; PREVEND Study Group. The impact of antihypertensive drug group on urinary albumin excretion in a non-diabetic population. Br J Clin Pharm 2002; 53:31-36.
85. Garg J, Bakris GL. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in nephropathy from type 2 diabetes. Curr Hypertens Rep 2002; 4:185-190.
86. Pisoni R, Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G. Renoprotective therapy in patients with non-diabetic nephropathies. Drugs 2001; 61:733-745.
87. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LJ, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, et al. Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:851-860.
88. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, et al. RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:861-869.
89. American Diabetes Association: clinical practice recommendations 1996. Diabetes Care 1996; 19 (Suppl 1):S1-118.
90. Diercks GF, van Boven AJ, Hillege JL, de Jong PE, Rouleau JL, van Gilst WH. The importance of microalbuminuria as a cardiovascular risk indicator: A review. Can J Cardiol 2002; 18:525-535.
91. Ruilope LM, Barrios V, Volpe M. Renal implications of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in heart failure. J Hypertens 2000; 18:1545-1551.