Examining adolescents' responses to antimarijuana PSAs

Human Communication Research

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 343-369

  Stephenson, Michael T ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042825654     PISSN: 03603989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hcr/29.3.343     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 10, 411-423.
2. Andrews, J. C., Durvasula, S., & Akhter, S. H. (1990). A framework for conceptualizing and measuring the involvement construct in advertising research. Journal of Advertising, 19, 27-40.
3. Bardo, M. T., Donohew, R. L., & Harrington, N. G. (1996). Psychobiology of novelty seeking and drug seeking behavior. Behavioural Brain Research, 77, 23-43.
4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychology research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5. Batra, R., & Holbrook, M. B. (1990). Developing a typology of affective responses to advertising. Psychology and Marketing, 7, 11-25.
6. Bollen, K. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
7. Bollen, K. A., & Hoyle, R. H. (1989). Perceived cohesion: A conceptual and empirical examination. Social Forces, 69, 479-504.
8. Byrne, B. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9. Byrne, B., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthen, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456-466.
10. Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752-766.
11. Chen, S., & Chaiken, S. (1999). The heuristic-systematic model in its broader context. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 73-96). New York: Guilford Press.
12. Chaudhuri, A., & Buck, R. (1995). Affect, reason, and persuasion: Advertising strategies that predict affective and analytic-cognitive responses. Human Communication Research, 21, 422-441.
13. Chou, C., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling (pp. 37-55). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
14. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Dillard, J. P., & Peck, E. (2000). Affect and persuasion: Emotional responses to public service announcements. Communication Research, 27, 461-495.
16. Dillard, J. P., Plotnick, C. A., Godbold, L. C., Freimuth, V. S., & Edgar, T. (1996). The multiple affective outcomes of AIDS PSAs. Communication Research, 23, 44-72.
17. Donohew, L. (1988). Effects of drug abuse message styles: Final report. (Grant No. DA03462). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
18. Donohew, L. (1990). Public health campaigns: Individual message strategies and a model. In E. B. Ray & L. Donohew (Eds.), Communication and health: Systems and applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Donohew, L., Lorch, E., & Palmgreen, P. (1991). Sensation seeking and targeting of televised antidrug PSAs. In L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher, & W. J. Bukoski (Eds.), Persuasive communication and drug abuse prevention (pp. 209-226). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Donohew, L., Lorch, E., & Palmgreen, P. (1998). Applications of a theoretic model of information exposure to health interventions. Human Communication Research, 24, 454-468.
21. Donohew, L., Palmgreen, P., & Duncan, J. (1980). An activation model of information exposure. Communication Monographs, 47, 295-303.
22. Donohew, L., Zimmerman, R. S., Cupp, P. S., Novak, S., Colon, S., & Abell, R. (2000). Sensation seeking, impulsive decision-making, and risky sex: Implications for risk-taking and design of interventions. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 1079-1091.
23. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
24. Everett, M. W., & Palmgreen, P. (1995). Influences of sensation seeking, message sensation value, and program context on effectiveness of anticocaine public service announcements. Health Communication, 7, 225-248.
25. Fishbein, M., Cappella, J., Hornik, R., Sayeed, S., Yzer, M., & Ahern, R. K. (2002). The role of theory in developing effective antidrug public service announcements. In W. D. Crano & M. Burgoon (Eds.), Mass media and drug prevention: Classic and contemporary theories and research (pp. 89-117). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Gardner, M. P. (1994). Responses to emotional and informational appeals: The moderating role of context-induced mood states. In E. M. Clark, T. C. Brock, & D. W. Stewart (Eds.), Attention, attitude, and affect in response to advertising (pp. 207-221). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Greene, K., Krcmar, M., Walters, L. H., Rubin, D. L., & Hale, J. L. (2000). Targeting adolescent risk-taking behaviors: The contributions of egocentrism and sensation seeking. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 439-461.
28. Hitchon, J. C., & Thorson, E. (1995). Effects of emotion and product involvement on the experience of repeated commercial viewing. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 39, 313-389.
29. Holbert, R. L., & Stephenson, M. T. (2002). Structural equation modeling in the communication sciences, 1995-2000. Human Communication Research, 28, 531-551.
30. Holbrook, M. B., & Batra, R. (1987). Assessing the role of emotions as mediators of consumer responses to advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 404-420.
31. Hornik, R., & Woolf, K. D. (1999). Using cross-sectional surveys to plan message strategies. Social Marketing Quarterly, 5, 34-41.
32. Hoyle, R. H., & Smith, G. T. (1994). Formulating clinical research hypotheses as structural equation models: A conceptual overview. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 429-440.
33. Hoyle, R. H., Stephenson, M. T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., & Donohew, L. (2002). Reliability and validity of scores on a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 401-414.
34. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
35. Isen, A. M. (1993). The influence of positive affect on cognitive organization: Some implications for consumer decision making in response to advertising. In A. A. Mitchell (Ed.), Advertising exposure, memory, and choice (pp. 239-258). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
36. Katz, E. (1988). On conceptualizing media effects: Another look. In A. A. Berger (Ed.), Media USA: Process and effect (pp. 391-403). New York: Longman. (Reprinted from Applied social psychology annual, Vol. 7, pp. 32-42, by S. Oskamp, Ed., 1988, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
37. Katz, E. (1988). On conceptualizing media effects: Another look. In A. A. Berger (Ed.), Media USA: Process and effect (pp. 391-403). New York: Longman. (Reprinted from Applied social psychology annual, Vol. 7, pp. 32-42, by S. Oskamp, Ed., 1988, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
38. Khattree, R., & Naik, D. N. (1995). Applied multivariate statistics with SAS software. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
39. Kim, M. S., & Hunter, J. E. (1993). Attitude-behavior relations: A meta-analysis of attitudinal relevance and topic. Journal of Communication, 43(1), 101-141.
40. Lang, A. (Ed.). (1994). Measuring psychological responses to media, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
41. Larsen, R.J. (1984). Theory and measurement of affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic. Dissertation Abstracts International, 84, 22112.
42. Larsen, R. J., Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1986). Affect intensity and reactions to daily life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 803-814.
43. Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 114-121.
44. Lorch, E. P., Palmgreen, P., Donohew, L., Helm, D., Baer, S. A., & D'Silva, M. U. (1994). Program context, sensation seeking, and attention to televised antidrug public service announcements. Human Communication Research, 20, 390-412.
45. Monahan, J. L. (1995). Thinking positively: Using positive affect when designing health messages. In E. Maibach & R. L. Parrott (Eds.), Designing health messages (pp. 81-98). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46. Moore, D. J., & Harris, W. D. (1996). Affect intensity and the consumer's attitude toward high impact emotional advertising appeals. Journal of Advertising, 25, 37-50.
47. Moore, D. J., Harris, W. D., & Chen, H. C. (1995). Affect intensity: An individual difference response to advertising appeals. Journal of Consumer Research, 22, 154-164.
48. O'Keefe, D. J. (2002). Persuasion: Theory & research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
49. Palmgreen, P., Donohew, L., & Harrington, N. (2001). Sensation seeking in antidrug campaign and message design. In R. E. Rice & C. K. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (3rd ed., pp. 300-304). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
50. Palmgreen, P., Donohew, L., Lorch, E. P., Hoyle, R. H., & Stephenson, M. T. (2001). Television campaigns and adolescent marijuana use: Tests of a sensation seeking targeting. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 292-296.
51. Palmgreen, P., Donohew, L., Lorch, E. P., Hoyle, R. H., & Stephenson, M. T. (2002). Television campaigns and sensation seeking targeting of adolescent marijuana use: A controlled time-series approach. In R. C. Hornik (Ed.), Public health communication: Evidence for behavior change (pp. 35-56). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
52. Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., Donohew, L., Harrington, N. G., D'Silva, M., & Helm, D. (1995). Reaching at-risk populations in a mass media drug abuse prevention campaign: Sensation seeking as a targeting variable. Drugs and Society, 8, 29-45.
53. Palmgreen, P., Stephenson, M. T., Everett, M. W., Basehart, J. R., & Francies, R. (2002). Perceived message sensation value (PMSV) and the dimensions and validation of a PMSV scale. Health Communication, 14, 403-428.
54. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag.
55. Petty, R. E., & Priester, J. R. (1994). Mass media attitude change: Implications of the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 91-122). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
56. Petty, R. E., Schumann, D. W., Richman, S. A., & Strathman, A. J. (1993). Positive mood and persuasion: Different roles for affect under high- and low-elaboration conditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 5-20.
57. Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1999). The elaboration likelihood model: Current status and controversies. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 41-72). New York: Guilford Press.
58. Reeves, B., & Geiger, S. (1994). Designing experiments that assess psychological responses to media messages. In A. Lang (Ed.), Measuring psychological responses to media (pp. 165180). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
59. Schumann, D., & Thorson, E. (1990). The influence of viewing context on commercial effectiveness. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 12, 1-24.
60. Slater, M. D. (1997). Persuasion processes across receiver goals and message genres. Communication Theory, 7, 125-148.
61. Slater, M. D., Karan, D. N., Rouner, D., & Walters, D. (2002). Effects of threatening visuals and announcer differences on responses to televised alcohol warnings. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30, 27-49.
62. Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (1996). Value-affirmative and value-protective processing of alcohol education messages that include statistical or anecdotal evidence. Communication Research, 23, 210-235.
63. Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (2002). Entertainment-education and elaboration likelihood: Understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Communication Theory, 12, 173191.
64. Stephenson, M. T. (2002a). Sensation seeking as a moderator of the processing of anti-heroin PSAs. Communication Studies, 53, 358-380.
65. Stephenson, M. T. (2002b). Antidrug public service announcements targeting parents: An analysis and evaluation. Southern Communication Journal, 67, 335-350.
66. Stephenson, M. T., Benoit, W. L., & Tschida, D. A. (2001). Testing the mediating role of cognitive responses in the elaboration likelihood model. Communication Studies, 52, 324-337.
67. Stephenson, M. T., & Holbert, R. L. (in press). A Monte Carlo simulation of observable-versus latent-variable structural equation modeling techniques. Communication Research.
68. Stephenson, M. T., Morgan, S. E., Lorch, E. P., Palmgreen, P., Donohew, L., & Hoyle, R. H. (2002), Predictors of exposure from an antimarijuana media campaign: Outcome research assessing sensation seeking targeting. Health Communication, 14, 23-43.
69. Stephenson, M. T., & Palmgreen, P. (2001). Sensation seeking, message sensation value, personal involvement, and processing of antidrug PSAs. Communication Monographs, 68, 49-71.
70. Stephenson, M. T., Palmgreen, P., Hoyle, R. H., Donohew, L., Lorch, E. P., & Colon, S. E. (1999). Short-term effects of an antimarijuana media campaign targeting high sensation seeking adolescents. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27, 175-195.
71. Stephenson, M. T., & Witte, K. (2001). Generating fear in a risky world: Creating effective risk messages. In R. E. Rice & C. K. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (3rd ed., pp. 88-102). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
72. Sussman, S., Stacy, A. W., Dent, C. W., Simon, T. R., & Johnson, C. (1996). Marijuana use: Current issues and new research directions. Journal of Drug Issues, 26, 695-720.
73. Thorson, E., & Friestad, M. (1989). The effects of emotion on episodic memory for television commercials. In A. Trybout & P. Cafferata (Eds.), Advertising and consumer psychology (pp. 305-326). Lexington, MA: Lexington Press.
74. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
75. Watson, D., & Walker, L. M. (1996). The long-term stability and predictive validity of trait measures of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 567-577.
76. West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling (pp. 56-75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
77. Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: An empirical test of the extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 61, 113-134.
78. Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education and Behavior, 27, 591-615.
79. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
80. Zajonc, R. B., & Markus, H. (1982). Affective and cognitive factors in preferences. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 123-131.
81. Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1994). Entertainment as media effect. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 437-462). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
82. Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
83. Zuckerman, M. (1988). Behavior and biology: Research on sensation seeking and reactions to the media. In L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 173-194). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
84. Zuckerman, M., Kuhlman, D. M., Joireman, J., Teta, P., & Kraft, M. (1993). A comparison of three structural models for personality: The big three, the big five, and the alternative five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 757-768.
85. Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and bisocial bases of sensation seeking. New York: Cambridge University Press.