Obesity and cardiovascular risk;Obesidad y riesgo cardiovascular

Revista Espanola de Nutricion Comunitaria

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 61-98

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 THIAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVE; ACARBOSE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; CHOLESTEROL; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FLUOXETINE; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLICLAZIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLIPIZIDE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; METFORMIN; MIGLITOL; NATEGLINIDE; NICOTINIC ACID; NISOXETINE; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PAROXETINE; PROBUCOL; REPAGLINIDE; RESIN; SERTRALINE; SIBUTRAMINE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADULT; ARTERIAL PRESSURE; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLELITHIASIS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIARRHEA; DIETARY FIBER; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG MECHANISM; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEMALE; FLATULENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIVER TOXICITY; MALE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MYOPATHY; NAUSEA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL HEALTH; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRURITUS; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SPAIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE;

EID: 0042170359     PISSN: 11353074     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. American Diabetes Association: Clinical Practice Recomendations. Diabetes Care 2002;25 (Supp-1): S147.
2. Aranceta J, Pérez Rodrigo C, Serra Majem LI, Ribas L, Quiles Izquierdo J, Vioque J, Tur Marí JA, Mataix Verdú J, Llopis González J, Tojo R, Foz M y Grupo Colaborativo para el Estubio de la Obesidad en España. Prevalencia de obesidad en España: Estudio SEEDO'2000. Med Clin (Barc) 2003;120:608-12
3. Aranceta Bartrina J, Serra Majem LI, Ribas L, Pérez Rodrigo C. Factores determinantes de la obesidad en la población infantil y juvenil española. En: Serra Majem LI, Aranceta Bartrina J (eds). Obesidad infantil y juvenil. Estudio enKid. Masson: Barcelona, 2001;109-28
4. Aranceta J, Perez Rodrigo C, Serra LI, Ribas L, and Spanish collaborative group for the study of obesity. Influence and sociodemographic factors in the prevalence of obesity in Spain. The SEEDO '97 study. Eur. J. Nutr. 2001;55:430-5.
5. Aranceta J, Pérez Rodrigo C, Serra Majem LI, Ribas L, Quiles Izquierdo J, Vioque J, Foz M et al. Prevalencia de la obesidad en España: estudio SEEDO'97. Med Clin (Barc) 1998;111:441-5
6. Aronson D, Rayfeld EJ. Diabetes and obesity. En: Fuster V, Ross R, Topol EJ, eds. Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Vol 1. Filadelfia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996:327-59.
7. Barbany M,. Carrillo M. Tratamiento dietético de la obesidad. Form Cont Nutr Obes 1999;2:226-36
8. Baron AD. Insulin and vasculature. Old actors, new roles. J Clin Invest Med 1996;44:406-41.
9. Baron AD, Brechtel G. Insulin differentially regulates sytematic and skeletal muscle vascular resistance. Am J physiol 1993;265:E61-67.
10. Barrett-Connor EL. Obesity, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:1.010-19.
11. Bastard JP, Bruckett E, Robert JJ, Ankri A, Grimaldi A, Jardel C, et al. Are free fatty acids related to plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in android obesity? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995;19:836-8.
12. Blair SN. Evidence for success of exercise in weight loss and control. Ann Inter Med 1993;119:702-6
13. Bouchard C. Current understanding of the etiology of the obesity: genetic and nongenetic factor. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:1561-5.
14. Bray G, Bouchard C, James WPT. Definitions and proposed current classification of obesity. En Bray G, Bouchard C, James WPT editores. Handbook of obesity. Nueva York: MArcel Dekker, 1996:31-40
15. Bray GA. Obesity: Health hazards of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996;25:907-19.
16. Bretón I, Cuerda MC, Camblor M, García Peris P. Técnicas de composicin corporal en el estudio de la obesidad. En: Moreno B, Monereo S & Alvarez J. Obesidad: la epidemia del siglo XXI. Madrid: Edit. Diaz de Santos, 2000:169-90.
17. Campbell P, Dhand R. Obesity. Nature 2000;404:631.
18. Carey DG, Jenkins AB, Campbell LV. Abdominal fat and insulin resistance in normal and overweight women: direct measurement reveal a strong relationship in subject at both low and high risk of NIDDM. Diabetes 1996;45:633-8.
19. Carrillo M, Barbany M, Foz M. Protocols Obesidad. Barcelona: Doyma, 2000
20. Cassasus P. Fontbonne A, Thibult N, Upper body fat distribution: a hyperinsulinemia independent predictor of coronary heart disease mortality - The Paris prospective study. Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12:1.387-92.
21. Connoley IP, Frost I, Heal DJ, Stock MJ. Role of adrenoreceptors in mediating the thermogenic effects of sibutramine. Br J Pharmacol 1996;117:170pp.
22. Cheetham SC, Viggers JA, Butler SA, Prow MR, Heal DJ. [3H] Nisoxetine - A radioligand for noradrenaline reuptake sites: correlation with inhibition of [3H] noradrenaline and effect of DSP-4 lesioning and antidepressant treatments. Neuropharmacology 1996; 35:63-70.
23. Cheethan SC, Viggers JA, Slater NA, Heal DJ. [3H] Paroxetine binding indicates that sibutramine is not neurotoxic and, like fluoxetine, it protects against the deficits in 5-HT reuptake sites produced by d-fenfluramine. Br J Pharmacol 1997;120:349P.
24. De la Cuerda C, Camblor M, Bretón Y. Dietas de muy bajo contenido calórico. En: Moreno B, Monereo S, Alvarez J. Obesidad: La epidemia del siglo XXI. Madrid: Edit Diaz de Santos, 1997:276-91.
25. Department de Sanitat y Seguritat Social. Generalitat de Catalunya. Estandards transversals de creixement de la població infantil y adolescent de Catalunya. Publ. Sandoz, 1987.
26. Douketis JD, Feightner JW, Attia J, Feldman WF, Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Periodic Health Examination, 1999 update: 1. Detection, prevention and treatment of obesity. Can Med Assoc J 1999; 160:513-25.
27. Drenick EJ. Definition and health consequences of morbid obesity. Surg Clin North Am 1979;59:963-76.
28. Drent ML, Van der Veen EA. First clinical studies with Orlistat: a short review. Obes Res 1995;3:23S-5S.
29. Esquius M, Parámetros antropómetricos de referencia de la población anciana. Med. Clin(Barc) 1993;100:692-8.
30. Estudio prospectivo Delphi. Costes sociales y económicos de la obesidad y sus patologías asociadas. Gabinet de estudios Bernard Krief. Madrid 1999.
31. European Association for the Study of Obesity. The Milan Declaration. 9th European Congress on Obesity. Milan, 3-6 June, 1999
32. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel of Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in adults. (Adult Treatment Panel III) JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
33. Expert Panel of Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Summary of the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). JAMA 1993;269:3.015-23.
34. Expert panel on the identification evaluation and treatment of overweight in adults. Clinical guidelines on the identification evaluation and treatment in adults. Executive Summary. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:899-917.
35. Field AE, Coakley EH, Must A, Spadano JL, et al. Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10-year period. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1581.
36. Fitchet M, Shepherd G, Kelly F. Sibutamine: A meta-analysis of changes in fasting serum lipids in placebo controlled studies. Int J Obes 1997;21(2):53.
37. Foz M. La Declaración de Milán. Med Clin (Barc) 1999; 113: 494-495; Form Cont Nutr Obes 1992;2:217-8.
38. Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, Brunzell JD, et al. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recomendation for the treatment and prevention of diabetes related complications (Technical Review). Diabetes Care 2002;25:S136-S138.
39. Freedman DS, Shear CI, Burke CL, Srinivasan DR, Webber LS, Harsha DW, Berenson GS. Persistence of juvenile onset obesity over eight years: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Public Health 1987;77:588-92.
40. Friedman MA. Psychological correlation of obesity: moving to the next research generation. Psychological Bull, 1995;117:13-20.
41. Gargallo M, De la Cuerda C, Garrido M, Tratamiento farmacológico de la obesidad. Nuevas perspectivas. En: B. Moreno, S. Monereo, J. Alvarez. Obesidad: presente y futuro. Madrid: Grupo Aula Médica, 1997:233-45.
42. Gaudet D, Vohl M-C, Perron P, et al. Relationships of abdominal obesity and hiperinsulinemia to angiographically assessed coronary artery disease in men with known mutations in the LDL receptor gene. Circulation 1998;97:871.
43. Godfrey KM, Barker DJP. Fetal programming and adult health. Public Health Nutr 2001;4(2B):611-24
44. Goldstein DJ, Potvin JH. Long-term weight loss: the effect of pharmacologic agents. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:647-57
45. Gortmaker SL, Must A, Perrin JM. Social and economic consecuences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. New Engl J Med 1993;329:1008-12.
46. Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Banegas Banegas JR, Rodríguez Artalejo F, Regidor E. Increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among Spanish adults, 1987-1997. Int J Obesity 2000;24:1677-82
47. Gutierrez Fisac JL, Regidor E, Rodriguez C. Prevalencia de la obesidad en España. Med. Clin (Barc) 1994;102:10-3.
48. Hazenberg BP, Johnson SG, Kelly F. Sibutramine in the treatment of obese subjects with hypertension. Int J Obes 1996;20(4):156.
49. Hernandez M, Castellet J, Narvaiza JL, et al. Curvas y Tablas de crecimiento. Fundación F. Orbegozo. Instituto de Investigación sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo. Bilbao 1988.
50. Heymsfield SB, Allison DB Wang ZM, Baumgartner RN, Ross R. Evaluation of total and regional body composition. En: Bray GA, Bouchard C, JamesWTP editores. Handbook of obesity. Nueva York: Marcek Drekker, 1998:41-70
51. Hirsch J, Leibel RL. A biological basis for human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:1.153-7.
52. Hunt ME, O'Malley PG, Vernalis MN, et al. C-reactive protein is not associated with the presence or extent of calcified subclinical atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 2001;141:206.
53. James WPT, Astrup A, Finer N, et al.. For the STORM group. Effect of sibutramine on weight maintenance after weight loss: a randomized trial. Lancet 2002; 356: 2119-25.
54. Jakicic JM, Winters C, Lang W, Wing RR. Effects of intermittent exercise and use of home exercise equipment women. A randomized trial. JAMA 1999; 282: 1554-60.
55. Jebb SA, Moore MS. Contribution of a sedentary lifesytle and inactivity to the etiology of overweight and obesity: Current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:S534-S41
56. Jefferey RW, Gray CW, French SA, et al. Evaluation of a weight reduction in community intervention for cardiovascular disease risk: changes in body mass index in the Minnesota Heart Health Program. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995;19:30-9.
57. JNC VI. Arch. Intern. Med. 1997;157:2413-46.
58. Jover E. Tabaco y arteriosclerosis. Cardiovasc Rev Rep 1990; 11: 40-46.
59. Kalkhoff RK, Hartz AH, Rupley D, Kissebah AH, Kelber S. Relationship of body fat distribution to blood pressure, carbohydrate tolerance, and plasma lipids in healthy obese women. J Lab Clin Med 1983;102:621-7.
60. Kannel WB, Brand M, Skinner JJ, Jr., Drawber TR, McNamara PM. The relation of adiposity to blood pressure, and development of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1967; 67:48-59.
61. Kannell WB, Gordon T. Obesity in America. Physiological and medical concomitans of obesity: The Framingham Study. Bray G de, 1979:125-63.
62. Kirchmar R, Ebenbichler CF, Patsch JR. Post-prandial lipaemia. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;9: 705-19.
63. Kopelman PG. Obesity is a medical problem. Nature 2000; 404:635-43.
64. Laakson M, Edelman, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Decreased effect of insulin to stimulate skeletal muscle blood flow in obese man: a novel mechanism for insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1990;85:1844-52.
65. Laakson M, Edelman, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Impaired insulin mediated skeletal muscle blood flow in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1992;41:1076-83.
66. Larrad A, Sanchez Cabezudo C, Moreno B. Tratamiento quirúrgico de la obesidad. En: Moreno B, Monereo S, Alvarez J. Madrid: ed. Diaz de Santos, 2000:340-71.
67. Larson B Svadsur K, Welin L, Wilhemsen L, Bjorntorp P Tibblin G. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow-up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. BMJ 1984;288:1.401-4.
68. Lee CD, Blair SN, Jackson AS. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69: 373-80.
69. Leutenegger M, Hanotin C, Thomas F, Leutenegger E. Sibutramine in the treatment of obese patients presenting a risk of developing diabetes. Int J Obes 1997;21(2):55.
70. Liu Y-L, Kashani SMZ, Heal DJ, Stock MJ. Effect of sibutramine on tissue glucose utilisation in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1996;21(2):55.
71. Loughlin T, Cunningham SK, Culliton M. Altered androstendione and estrone dynamics associated with abnormal hormonal profiles in amenorrheic subjects with weight loss or obesity. Fertil Steril, 1983;43:720.
72. Lundgren CH, Brown SL, Nordt TK, Sobel BE, Fujii S. Elaboration of type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor from adipocytes. A potential pathogenetic link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 1996; 93: 106-10.
73. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA 1999;282: 1519-22.
74. Molinero J, Jover E, Martín A, López IM, Escudero JM, Lorenzo A. Influencia del hábito tabáquico sobre algunas fracciones de lípidos plasmáticos, presión arterial y glucemia. Clin Invest Arteriosclerosis 1992;4:56-62.
75. Moreno B, Ranera FJ, Jimenez AI. Tratamiento farmacológico de la Obesidad. En: M. Gargallo & B. Moreno edit Sobrepeso y Obesidad. Madrid: Drug Farma, 2001: 149-174.
76. Moreno B, Rodriguez P, Palacio E, Concepto y clasificación de la obesidad. En: M. Gargallo & B. Moreno edit Sobrepeso y Obesidad. Madrid: Drug Farma, 2001: 31-50.
77. Moreno B, Lajo T, Cancer E, Álvarez V. Dietas aberrantes y heterodoxas: un grave problema sanitario. En: Moreno B, Monereo S, Alvarez J, eds. Obesidad: presente y futuro. Madrid: Grupo Aula Médica, 1997, 215-22.
78. Moreno B, Hernandez E, Ortega R, Cancér E, Lajo T. Fraudes y milagros en el tratamiento de la obesidad: la epidemia del siglo XXI. Madrid: Ed. Diaz de Santos, 2000:453-70.
79. Moreno B, Monereo S, Moreno FJ, Desco M. Curvas de crecimiento en los niños de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. Salud Rural. Jarpyo edit, 1, 1988.
80. National Health and Medical Research Council. Acting on Australia's weight: A strategic plan for the prevention of overweight and obesity. Canberra: AGPS, 1997
81. National Task Force Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/fund/divisions/DNN/obesitytaskforce.htm
82. NIH Concensus Development Conference Draft Statement on Gastrointestinal Surgery for severe obesity. Obesity Surgery, 1991,1;257-65.
83. NIH. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. Bethesda, 1999.
84. Oya M, Dominguez R, Heath M. The effect of sibutramine induced weight loss in obese subjacts with hyperlipidaemia. Int J Obes 1997;21(2):54.
85. Palou A, Serra F, Bonet ML, Picó C. Obesity: Molecular basis of a multifactorial problem. Eur. J. Nutr. 2000; 39:127-44.
86. Pérez Rodrigo C, Ribas Barba L, Serra Majem LI, Aranceta Bartrina J. Estrategies de prevención de la obesidad infantil y juvenil. En: Serra Majem LI, Aranceta Bartrina J (eds). Obesidad infantil y juvenil. Estudio enKid. Barcelona: Masson, 2001:165-76.
87. Pi-Sunyer FX. Medical hazards of obesity. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:655-60.
88. Pouliot MC, Despres JP, Lemieux S, Moorjani S, Bouchard C, Tremblay A et al. Waist circumference and abdominal saggital diameter. Best simple athropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am. J. cardiol. 1994,73:460-8.
89. Pyorala M, Miettinen H, Laakson M, et al. Hiperinsulinemia predicts coronary heart disease risk in healthy middle-aged men: The 22 year follow-up results of the Helsinki Policeman Study. Circulation 1998;98:398.
90. Pyörsis M, Miettinen H, Laakson M, Pyörsis K. Plasma insulin and all-cause, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality. The 22-year follow-up results of the Helsinki policeman Study. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1097.
91. Seidell JC. Obesity in Europe: scaling an epidemic. Int J Obes 1995;19 (Suppl 3):S1-S4.
92. Shepherd G, Fitchet M, Kelly F. Sibutramine: A meta-analysis of the change in fasting plasma glucose in patients with a high baseline fasting value (>5.5 mmo/l). Int J Obes 1997;21(2):54.
93. Sjostrom CD, Lissner L, Wedel H, Sjostrom L. Reduction in incidence of diabetes, hypertension and lipid disturbances after intentional weight loss induced by bariatric surgery: the SOS Intervention Study. Obes Res 1999;7:477.
94. Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), Sociedad Española para el Estudio de la Obesidad (SEEDO), Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN). Dislipemia y obesidad. Form Cont Nutr Obes 1998; 2:58-92.
95. Sociedad Española para el Estudio de la Obesidad (SEEDO) Consenso español 1995 para la evaluación de la obesidad y para la realización de estudios epidemiológicos. Med Clin (Barc) 1996; 107: 782-7
96. Sociedad Española para el Estudio de la Obesidad (SEEDO). Consenso SEEDO'2000 para la evaluación del sobrepeso y la obesidad y el establecimiento de criterios de intervención terapéutica. Med Clin (Barc) 2000; 115:587-97.
97. Stec JJ, Silbershatz H, Ofler GH, et al. Association of fibrinogen with cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham offspring population. Circulation 2000;102:1634.
98. Steooan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Bannerjee R, et al.. The hormone resistine links obesity to diabetes. Nature 2001;409:307-12.
99. Stefanick ML. Obesity: Role of physical activity. In: Coulston AM, Rock CL, Monsen ER (eds). Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease. San Diego (CA): Academic Press, 2001:481-97.
100. Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leaming R, Jonson A, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. J Clin Invest 1996;97:2601-10.
101. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Executive summary of the clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. J Am Diet Assoc 1998; 98:1178-91
102. Trichopoulou A, Gnardellis C, Lagiou A, Benetou V, Trichopoulos D. Body mass index in relation to energy intake and expenditure among adults in Greece. Epidemiology 2000;11:333-6
103. Tuck ML, Sowers J, Dornfeld L. The effect of weight reduction on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone levels in obese patients. N Engl J Med 1981;304:930-3.
104. Van Baak MA. Physical activity and energy balance. Public Health Nutr 1999; 2 (3A):335-9
105. Van Gaal LF, Zhang A, Steijaert MM, De Leeuw IH. Human obesity: from lipid abnormalities to lipid oxidation. Int J Obes 1995;19:521-6.
106. Van Italie TB, Gray GA, Connor WE. Task Force of the American Society for Clinical Nutrition: Guidelines for surgery for morbil obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;42: 904-5.
107. Vazquez C, Del Olmo D, López del Val T. Tratamiento dietético: dieta hipocalórica equilibrada. En: Moreno B, Monereo S, Alvarez J. Obesidad: presente y futuro. Madrid: Grupo Aula Médica. 1997:191-202
108. Waller DK, Mills JL, Simpson JL. Are obese women at higher risk for producing malformed offspring ?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:541-8.
109. WHO: Programme of Nutrition, Family and Reproductive Health. Obesity. Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation on obesity. Ginebra 3-5 junio 1997. Ginebra WHO 1998.
110. Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Current estimates of the economic costs of obesity in the United States. Obes Res 1998; 6:97-106.
111. Wolf AM, Colditz GA. The cost of obesity. The US perspective. PharmacoEconomics 1994;5 (Suppl 1):34-7
112. Wynne RD, Brown T, Braybrooke RM, Jones S, Stott DA, Thornton GM. Han evaluation of cardiovascular effects of sibutramine in normal volunteers. Pharm Med 1997; 2(2):65-70.
113. Zavaroni I, Bonora E, Pagliara M, Dall'Aglio E, Luchetti L, Buonanno G et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in healthy persons with hyperinsulinemia and normal glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 1989;320:702-6.