Potential of Thraustochytrids to Partially Replace Fish Oil in Atlantic Salmon Feeds

Marine Biotechnology

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 480-492

  Carter, C G ^a   Bransden, M P ^a   Lewis, T E ^b   Nichols, P D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^c CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Atlantic salmon; Fatty acid; Fish oil replacement; Thraustochytrid

Indexed keywords

FISH OIL; LIPID;

MICROORGANISM;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL FOOD; AQUACULTURE; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CHEMISTRY; DIET; FUNGUS; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; SALMON;

ANIMAL NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; ANIMALS; AQUACULTURE; DIET; FISH OILS; FUNGI; LIPIDS; SALMON;

ANIMALIA; BRASSICA NAPUS VAR. NAPUS; FUNGI; LISTONELLA ANGUILLARUM; SALMO SALAR; THRAUSTOCHYTRIIDAE; VIBRIO;

EID: 0041991819     PISSN: 14362228     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10126-002-0096-8     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Anderson, D.P., and Siwicki, A.k. (1996). Assaying nonspecific defense mechanisms in fish: monitoring health, immunosuppression, immunostimulation and immunization regimes. In: Fish Vaccinology. Gudding, R., Lillehaug, A., Midtlyng, P.J., and Brown, F., eds. Basel, Switzerland: Carger, 1-26.
2. AOAC. (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Arlington, Va.: AOAC International.
3. Bell, J.G. (2000). Current aspects of lipid nutrition in fish farming. In: Biology of Farmed Fish eds. Black, K.D., and Pickering, A.D., Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 114-145.
4. Bell, J.G., Ashton, I., Secombes, C.J., Weirzel, B.R., Dick, J.R., and Sargent, J.R. (1996). Dietary lipid affects phospholipid fatty acid composition, eicosanoid production and immune function in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 54:173-182.
5. Bell, J.G., McEvoy, J., Tocher, D.R., and Sargent, J.R. (1997). The effect of dietary lipid on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) undergoing parr-smolt transformation. Lipids 32:515-525.
6. Bell, J.G., McEvoy, J., Tocher, D.R., and Sargent, J.R. (2000). Depletion of alpha-tocopherol and astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects autoxidative defense and fatty acid metabolism. J Nutr 130:1800-1808.
7. Bligh, E.G., and Dyer, W.G. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911-917.
8. Bransden, M.P., Carter, C.G., and Nowak, B.F. (2001). Effects of dietary protein source on growth, immune function, blood chemistry and disease resistance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr. Anim Sci 73:105-113.
9. Carter, C.G., and Hauler, R.C., (2000). Fish meal replacement by plant meals in extruded feeds for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture 185:299-311.
10. Carter, C.G., Houlihan, D.F., Buchanan, B., and Mitchell, A.I. (1994). Growth and feed utilization efficiencies of Atlantic salmon fed a diet containing supplementary enzymes. Aquacult Fisheries Manage 25:37-46.
11. Cho, C.Y., Slinger, S.J., and Bayley, H.S. (1982). Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp Biochem Physiol 73B:25-41.
12. Dosanjh, B.S., Higgs, D.A., McKenzie, D.J., Randall, D.J., Eales, J.G., Rowshandeli, N., Rowshandeli, M., and Deacon, G. (1998). Influence of dietary blends of menhaden oil and canola oil on growth, muscle lipid composition, and thyroidal status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in sea water. Fish Physiol Biochem 19:123-134.
13. Ellis, A.E. (1990). Serum antiproteases in fish. In: Techniques in Fish Immunology. Stolen, J.S., Fletcher, T.C., Anderson, D.P., Roberson, B.S., and van Muiswinkel, W.B., eds. Fair Haven, N.J.: SOS Publications, 95-99.
14. Grisdale-Helland, B., Ruyter, B., Rosenlund, G., Obach, A., Helland, S.J., Sandberg, M.G., Standal, H., and Røsjø, C. (2002). Influence of high contents of dietary soybean oil on growth, feed utilization, tissue fatty acid composition, heart histology and standard oxygen consumption of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) raised at two temperatures. Aquaculture 207:311-329.
15. Hansen, D.M. (1998). Hereditary anemias of increased destruction. In: Clinical Hematology, Principles, Procedures, Correlations. Steine-Martin, E.A., Lotspeich-Steininger, C.A., and Koepke, J.A., eds. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, 252-267.
16. Hardy, R.W. (1982). The use of soybean meal in trout and salmon diets. NOAA Tech Rep NMFS Circular 477:15-19.
17. Hardy, R.W. (1996). Alternate protein sources for salmon and trout diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 59:71-80.
18. Hart, P.J.B., and Pitcher, T.J. (1969). Field trials of fish marking using a jet inoculator. Fish Biol 1:383-385.
19. Iida, I., Nakahara, T., Yokochi, T., Kamisaka, Y., Yagi, H., Yamaoka, M., and Suzuki, O. (1996). Improvement of docosahexaenoic acid production in a culture of Thraustochytrium rosuem by medium optimization. J Ferment Bioeng 81:76-78.
20. Kiron, V., Watanabe, T., Fukuda, H., Okamoto, N., and Takeuchi, T. (1995). Protein nutrition and defence mechanisms in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp Biochem Physiol 111A:351-359.
21. Lewis, T.E., Nichols, P.D., and McMeekin, T.A. (1999). The biotechnological potential of thraustochytrids. Mar Biotechnol 1:580-587.
22. Lewis, T.E., Nichols, P.D., and McMeekin, T.A. (2001). Sterol and squalene content of a docosahexaenoic-acid-producing thraustochytrid: influence of culture age, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Mar Biotechnol 3:439-447.
23. Lowry, H.O., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265-275.
24. Maynard, L.A., and Loosli, J.K. (1969). Animal Nutrition. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
25. Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beverage, M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H., and Troell, M. (2000). Effects of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405:1017-1024.
26. NRC. (1993). Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
27. Olli, J.J., Hjelmeland, K., and Krogdahl, Å. (1994). Soybean trypsin inhibitors in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) - effects on nutrient digestibilities and trypsin in pyloric caeca homogenate and intestinal content. Comp Biochem Physiol 109A:923-928.
28. Olli, J.J., Krogdahl, Å., and Vabeno, A. (1995). Dehulled solvent-extracted soybean meal as a protein source in diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquacult Res 26:167-174.
29. Perera, W.M.K., Carter, C.G., and Houlihan, D.F. (1995a). Apparent absorption efficiencies of amino acids in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fed diets containing bacterial single cell protein. Aquacult Nutr 1:95-103.
30. Perera, W.M.K., Carter, C.G., and Houlihan, D.F. (1995b). Feed consumption, growth and growth efficiency of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fed diets containing bacterial single cell protein. Br J Nutr 73:591-603.
31. Peto, R., Pike, M.C., Armitage, P., Breslow, N.E., Cox, D.R., Howard, S.V., Mantel, N., McPherson, K., Peto, J., and Smith, P.G. (1977). Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. Br J Cancer 35:1-39.
32. Refstie, S., Storebakken, T., Baeverfjord, G., and Roem, A.J. (2001). Long-term protein and lipid growth of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with partial replacement of fish meal by soy protein products at high lipid level. Aquaculture 193:91-106.
33. Roberts, R.J., and Shepherd, C.J. (1997). Handbook of Trout and Salmon Diseases, 3rd ed. Oxford, U.K.: Fishing News Books.
34. Siddall, M.E., Measures, L.N., and Desser, S.S. (1995). Seasonal changes in erythrocyte osmotic fragility and haematocrit in American plaice infected with Haemohormidium terranovae. J Fish Biol 47:1-6.
35. Singh, A., and Ward, O.P. (1996). Production of high yields of docosahexaenoic acid by Thraustochytrium rosuem ATCC 28210. J Indust Microbiol 16:370-373.
36. Siwicki, A.K., Anderson, D.P., and Rumsey, G.L. (1994). Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affect non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 41:125-139.
37. Storebakken, T., Shearer, K.D., Baeverfjord, G., Nielson, B.G., Asgard, T., Scott, T., and De Laporte, A. (2000). Digestibility of macronutrients, energy and amino acids, absorption of elements and absence of intestinal enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fed diets with wheat gluten. Aquaculture 184:115-132.
38. Thompson, I., Fletcher, T.C., Houlihan, D.F., and Secombes, C.J. (1994). The effect of dietary vitamin A on the immunocompetence of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Fish Physiol Biochem 12:513-523.
39. Thompson, K.D., Tatner, M.F., and Henderson, R.J. (1996). Effects of dietary (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio on the immune response of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture Nutr 2:21-31.
40. Tocher, D.R., Bell, J.G., Dick, J.R., Henderson, R.J., McGhee, F., Michell, D., and Morris, P.C. (2000). Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) undergoing parr-smolt transformation and the effects of dietary linseed and rape-seed oil. Fish Physiol Biochem 23:59-73.
41. Torstensen, B.E., Lie, O., and Frøyland, L. (2000). Lipid metabolism and tissue composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) - effects of capelin oil, palm oil, and oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil as dietary lipid sources. Lipids 35:653-664.
42. Waagbø, R., Glette, J., Sandnes, K., and Hemre, G.I. (1994). Influence of dietary carbohydrate on blood chemistry immunity and disease resistance in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 17:245-258.
43. Wedemeyer, G.A. (1996). Physiology of Fish in Intensive Culture Systems. New York, N.Y.: Chapman and Hall.