Gender and racial counter-stereotypes in science education television: A content analysis

Public Understanding of Science

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 255-269

  Long, Marilee ^a   Boiarsky, Greg ^a   Thayer, Greg ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041832075     PISSN: 09636625     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0963-6625/10/3/301     Document Type: Article

References (93)

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2. M. Gail Jones, Ann Howe, and Melissa J. Rua, "Gender differences in students' experiences, interests, and attitudes toward science and scientists," Science Education, 84 (2000): 180-192; Charles Barman, "Students' views of scientists and science: results of a national study," Science and Children, 35 (1997): 18-23; Dorothy R. Rosenthal, "Images of scientists: a comparison of biology and liberal studies majors," School Science and Mathematics, 93, no. 4 (1993): 212-216; Deborah C. Fort and Heather L. Varney, "How children see scientists: mostly male, mostly white, and mostly benevolent," Science and Children (1989): 8-13; and R. A. Schibeci, mostly male, mostly white, and mostly benevolent," Science and Children (1989): 8-13; and R. A. Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists and science education," Science Education, 70, no. 2 (1986): 139-149.
3. M. Gail Jones, Ann Howe, and Melissa J. Rua, "Gender differences in students' experiences, interests, and attitudes toward science and scientists," Science Education, 84 (2000): 180-192; Charles Barman, "Students' views of scientists and science: results of a national study," Science and Children, 35 (1997): 18-23; Dorothy R. Rosenthal, "Images of scientists: a comparison of biology and liberal studies majors," School Science and Mathematics, 93, no. 4 (1993): 212-216; Deborah C. Fort and Heather L. Varney, "How children see scientists: mostly male, mostly white, and mostly benevolent," Science and Children (1989): 8-13; and R. A. Schibeci, mostly male, mostly white, and mostly benevolent," Science and Children (1989): 8-13; and R. A. Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists and science education," Science Education, 70, no. 2 (1986): 139-149.
4. M. Gail Jones, Ann Howe, and Melissa J. Rua, "Gender differences in students' experiences, interests, and attitudes toward science and scientists," Science Education, 84 (2000): 180-192; Charles Barman, "Students' views of scientists and science: results of a national study," Science and Children, 35 (1997): 18-23; Dorothy R. Rosenthal, "Images of scientists: a comparison of biology and liberal studies majors," School Science and Mathematics, 93, no. 4 (1993): 212-216; Deborah C. Fort and Heather L. Varney, "How children see scientists: mostly male, mostly white, and mostly benevolent," Science and Children (1989): 8-13; and R. A. Schibeci, mostly male, mostly white, and mostly benevolent," Science and Children (1989): 8-13; and R. A. Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists and science education," Science Education, 70, no. 2 (1986): 139-149.
5. M. Gail Jones, Ann Howe, and Melissa J. Rua, "Gender differences in students' experiences, interests, and attitudes toward science and scientists," Science Education, 84 (2000): 180-192; Charles Barman, "Students' views of scientists and science: results of a national study," Science and Children, 35 (1997): 18-23; Dorothy R. Rosenthal, "Images of scientists: a comparison of biology and liberal studies majors," School Science and Mathematics, 93, no. 4 (1993): 212-216; Deborah C. Fort and Heather L. Varney, "How children see scientists: mostly male, mostly white, and mostly benevolent," Science and Children (1989): 8-13; and R. A. Schibeci, mostly male, mostly white, and mostly benevolent," Science and Children (1989): 8-13; and R. A. Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists and science education," Science Education, 70, no. 2 (1986): 139-149.
6. Jane Butler Kahle, Images of Scientists: Gender Issues in Science Classrooms (Perth, Australia: Curtin University of Technology, 1993, no. 4).
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13. Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Engineering, 1996.
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17. Steinke, "Connecting theory and practice;" Barrie Gunter and Jill McAleer, Children & Television (London: Routledge, 1997); Richard Potts and Isaac Martinez, "Television viewing and children's beliefs about scientists," Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15 (1994): 287-300; Nancy Signorielli and Margaret Lears, "Children, television, and conceptions about chores: attitudes and behavior," Sex Roles, 27, no. 3/4 (1992): 157-170; Nancy Signorielli, "Television and conceptions about sex roles: maintaining conventionality and the status quo," Sex Roles, 21, no. 5/6 (1989): 341-360; Roberta Wroblewski and Aletha C. Huston, "Televised occupational stereotypes and their effects on early adolescents: are they changing?" Journal of Early Adolescence, 7, no. 3 (1987): 283-297; Bradley Greenberg and J. Brand, "Minorities and the mass media: 1970s to 1990s," in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, eds. Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillman, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 273-314; Potts and Martinez, "Television viewing;" and Sherryl Browne Graves, "Television, the portrayal of african americans, and the development of children's attitudes," in Children & Television: Images in a Changing Sociocultural World, eds. Gordon L. Berry and Joy Keiko Asamen (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage Publications, Inc., 1993), 179-190.
18. Steinke, "Connecting theory and practice;" Barrie Gunter and Jill McAleer, Children & Television (London: Routledge, 1997); Richard Potts and Isaac Martinez, "Television viewing and children's beliefs about scientists," Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15 (1994): 287-300; Nancy Signorielli and Margaret Lears, "Children, television, and conceptions about chores: attitudes and behavior," Sex Roles, 27, no. 3/4 (1992): 157- 170; Nancy Signorielli, "Television and conceptions about sex roles: maintaining conventionality and the status quo," Sex Roles, 21, no. 5/6 (1989): 341-360; Roberta Wroblewski and Aletha C. Huston, "Televised occupational stereotypes and their effects on early adolescents: are they changing?" Journal of Early Adolescence, 7, no. 3 (1987): 283-297; Bradley Greenberg and J. Brand, "Minorities and the mass media: 1970s to 1990s," in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, eds. Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillman, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 273-314; Potts and Martinez, "Television viewing;" and Sherryl Browne Graves, "Television, the portrayal of african americans, and the development of children's attitudes," in Children & Television: Images in a Changing Sociocultural World, eds. Gordon L. Berry and Joy Keiko Asamen (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage Publications, Inc., 1993), 179-190.
19. Steinke, "Connecting theory and practice;" Barrie Gunter and Jill McAleer, Children & Television (London: Routledge, 1997); Richard Potts and Isaac Martinez, "Television viewing and children's beliefs about scientists," Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15 (1994): 287-300; Nancy Signorielli and Margaret Lears, "Children, television, and conceptions about chores: attitudes and behavior," Sex Roles, 27, no. 3/4 (1992): 157- 170; Nancy Signorielli, "Television and conceptions about sex roles: maintaining conventionality and the status quo," Sex Roles, 21, no. 5/6 (1989): 341-360; Roberta Wroblewski and Aletha C. Huston, "Televised occupational stereotypes and their effects on early adolescents: are they changing?" Journal of Early Adolescence, 7, no. 3 (1987): 283-297; Bradley Greenberg and J. Brand, "Minorities and the mass media: 1970s to 1990s," in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, eds. Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillman, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 273-314; Potts and Martinez, "Television viewing;" and Sherryl Browne Graves, "Television, the portrayal of african americans, and the development of children's attitudes," in Children & Television: Images in a Changing Sociocultural World, eds. Gordon L. Berry and Joy Keiko Asamen (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage Publications, Inc., 1993), 179-190.
20. Steinke, "Connecting theory and practice;" Barrie Gunter and Jill McAleer, Children & Television (London: Routledge, 1997); Richard Potts and Isaac Martinez, "Television viewing and children's beliefs about scientists," Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15 (1994): 287-300; Nancy Signorielli and Margaret Lears, "Children, television, and conceptions about chores: attitudes and behavior," Sex Roles, 27, no. 3/4 (1992): 157- 170; Nancy Signorielli, "Television and conceptions about sex roles: maintaining conventionality and the status quo," Sex Roles, 21, no. 5/6 (1989): 341-360; Roberta Wroblewski and Aletha C. Huston, "Televised occupational stereotypes and their effects on early adolescents: are they changing?" Journal of Early Adolescence, 7, no. 3 (1987): 283-297; Bradley Greenberg and J. Brand, "Minorities and the mass media: 1970s to 1990s," in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, eds. Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillman, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 273-314; Potts and Martinez, "Television viewing;" and Sherryl Browne Graves, "Television, the portrayal of african americans, and the development of children's attitudes," in Children & Television: Images in a Changing Sociocultural World, eds. Gordon L. Berry and Joy Keiko Asamen (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage Publications, Inc., 1993), 179-190.
21. Steinke, "Connecting theory and practice;" Barrie Gunter and Jill McAleer, Children & Television (London: Routledge, 1997); Richard Potts and Isaac Martinez, "Television viewing and children's beliefs about scientists," Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15 (1994): 287-300; Nancy Signorielli and Margaret Lears, "Children, television, and conceptions about chores: attitudes and behavior," Sex Roles, 27, no. 3/4 (1992): 157- 170; Nancy Signorielli, "Television and conceptions about sex roles: maintaining conventionality and the status quo," Sex Roles, 21, no. 5/6 (1989): 341-360; Roberta Wroblewski and Aletha C. Huston, "Televised occupational stereotypes and their effects on early adolescents: are they changing?" Journal of Early Adolescence, 7, no. 3 (1987): 283-297; Bradley Greenberg and J. Brand, "Minorities and the mass media: 1970s to 1990s," in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, eds. Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillman, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 273-314; Potts and Martinez, "Television viewing;" and Sherryl Browne Graves, "Television, the portrayal of african americans, and the development of children's attitudes," in Children & Television: Images in a Changing Sociocultural World, eds. Gordon L. Berry and Joy Keiko Asamen (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage Publications, Inc., 1993), 179-190.
22. Steinke, "Connecting theory and practice;" Barrie Gunter and Jill McAleer, Children & Television (London: Routledge, 1997); Richard Potts and Isaac Martinez, "Television viewing and children's beliefs about scientists," Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15 (1994): 287-300; Nancy Signorielli and Margaret Lears, "Children, television, and conceptions about chores: attitudes and behavior," Sex Roles, 27, no. 3/4 (1992): 157- 170; Nancy Signorielli, "Television and conceptions about sex roles: maintaining conventionality and the status quo," Sex Roles, 21, no. 5/6 (1989): 341-360; Roberta Wroblewski and Aletha C. Huston, "Televised occupational stereotypes and their effects on early adolescents: are they changing?" Journal of Early Adolescence, 7, no. 3 (1987): 283-297; Bradley Greenberg and J. Brand, "Minorities and the mass media: 1970s to 1990s," in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, eds. Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillman, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 273-314; Potts and Martinez, "Television viewing;" and Sherryl Browne Graves, "Television, the portrayal of african americans, and the development of children's attitudes," in Children & Television: Images in a Changing Sociocultural World, eds. Gordon L. Berry and Joy Keiko Asamen (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage Publications, Inc., 1993), 179-190.
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30. Gerbner, et al., "Growing up with television."
31. Orly Shachar, "Spotlighting women scientists in the press: tokenism in science journalism," Public Understanding of Science, 9 (2000): 347-358; Marcel LaFollette, Making Science Our Own: Public Images of Science, 1910- 1955 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); and Dorothy Nelkin, "The scientific mystique," in Selling Science (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1995), 14-30.
32. Orly Shachar, "Spotlighting women scientists in the press: tokenism in science journalism," Public Understanding of Science, 9 (2000): 347-358; Marcel LaFollette, Making Science Our Own: Public Images of Science, 1910-1955 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); and Dorothy Nelkin, "The scientific mystique," in Selling Science (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1995), 14-30.
33. Orly Shachar, "Spotlighting women scientists in the press: tokenism in science journalism," Public Understanding of Science, 9 (2000): 347-358; Marcel LaFollette, Making Science Our Own: Public Images of Science, 1910- 1955 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); and Dorothy Nelkin, "The scientific mystique," in Selling Science (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1995), 14-30.
34. Shachar, "Spotlighting women scientists;" Nelkin, "The scientific mystique;" and LaFollette, Making Science Our Own.
35. Shachar, "Spotlighting women scientists;" Nelkin, "The scientific mystique;" and LaFollette, Making Science Our Own.
36. Shachar, "Spotlighting women scientists;" Nelkin, "The scientific mystique;" and LaFollette, Making Science Our Own.
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41. Steinke, "Women scientist role models," p. 133.
42. Marilee Long and Jocelyn Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science: images of science and scientists on children's educational science programmes in the United States," Public Understanding of Science, 5 (1996): 101-119; Jocelyn Steinke and Marilee Long, "A lab of her own? portrayals of female characters on children's educational science programs," Science Communication, 18, no. 2 (1996): 91-115; and Susanna Hornig, "Television's NOVA and the construction of scientific truth," Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, (1990): 11-23.
43. Marilee Long and Jocelyn Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science: images of science and scientists on children's educational science programmes in the United States," Public Understanding of Science, 5 (1996): 101-119; Jocelyn Steinke and Marilee Long, "A lab of her own? portrayals of female characters on children's educational science programs," Science Communication, 18, no. 2 (1996): 91-115; and Susanna Hornig, "Television's NOVA and the construction of scientific truth," Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, (1990): 11-23.
44. Marilee Long and Jocelyn Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science: images of science and scientists on children's educational science programmes in the United States," Public Understanding of Science, 5 (1996): 101-119; Jocelyn Steinke and Marilee Long, "A lab of her own? portrayals of female characters on children's educational science programs," Science Communication, 18, no. 2 (1996): 91-115; and Susanna Hornig, "Television's NOVA and the construction of scientific truth," Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, (1990): 11-23.
45. Elena, "Skirts in the lab;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own?;" and Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science."
46. Elena, "Skirts in the lab;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own?;" and Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science."
47. Elena, "Skirts in the lab;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own?;" and Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science."
48. Jocelyn Steinke, "A portrait of a woman as a scientist: breaking down barriers created by gender-role stereotypes," Public Understanding of Science, 6 (1997): 409-428.
49. Steinke, "A portrait of a woman."
50. Jeffrey D. Stanger, Television in the Home 1998 (University of Pennsylvania: Annenberg Public Policy Center, 1998), www.appcpenn.org/pubs.htm.
51. Barbara Eisenstock, "Sex-role differences in children's identification with counterstereotypical televised portrayals," Sex Roles, 10, no. 5/6 (1984): 417-430.
52. Robert J. Griffin, S. Shaikat, and R. Poltkin, "Sex, schemata, and social status: TV character identification and occupational aspirations among adolescents," in Differences That Make a Difference: Examining the Assumptions of Gender Research, eds. L. H. Turner and H. M. Sterk (Westport, CT: Bergin Garvey, 1994), 85-97.
53. Marie-Louise Mares, Joanne Cantor, and James Burr Steinbach, "Using television to foster children's interest in science," Public Understanding of Science, 20, no. 3 (1999): 283-297.
54. Dale Kunkel and Ursula Goette, "Broadcasters' response to the children's television act," Communication Law and Policy, 2, no. 3 (1997): 289-308.
55. Kunkel and Goette, "Broadcasters' response;" Stanger, Television in the Home 1998.
56. Kunkel and Goette, "Broadcasters' response;" Stanger, Television in the Home 1998.
57. Greg Boiarsky, Marilee Long, and Greg Thayer, "Formal features in children's science television: sound effects, visual pace, and topic shifts," Communication Research Reports, 16, no. 2 (1999): 185-192.
58. Robert Kubey, Mark Shifflet, Niranjala Weerekkody, and Stephen Ukeiley, "Demographic diversity on cable: have the new cable channels made a difference in the representation of gender, race, and age?" Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 39 (1995): 459-471; Signorielli, "Television, the portrayal of women."
59. Robert Kubey, Mark Shifflet, Niranjala Weerekkody, and Stephen Ukeiley, "Demographic diversity on cable: have the new cable channels made a difference in the representation of gender, race, and age?" Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 39 (1995): 459-471; Signorielli, "Television, the portrayal of women."
60. Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" and Hornig, "Television's NOVA."
61. Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" and Hornig, "Television's NOVA."
62. Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" and Hornig, "Television's NOVA."
63. Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science," and Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Nelkin, "The scientific mystique;" and Hornig, "Television's NOVA."
64. Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science," and Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Nelkin, "The scientific mystique;" and Hornig, "Television's NOVA."
65. Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science," and Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Nelkin, "The scientific mystique;" and Hornig, "Television's NOVA."
66. Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science," and Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Nelkin, "The scientific mystique;" and Hornig, "Television's NOVA."
67. To obtain cooperation from Beakman's World, the researchers had to allow the producers to choose the 12 programs used in this study. The producers chose three programs from each of the four seasons during which the program had aired. Although the episodes were not chosen randomly, they appear to be representative of the series.
68. Because of concerns that a single dominant character may have skewed the results, we reanalyzed the data, removing characters whose average time on screen was at least twice the group average. This decision resulted in the removal of the following characters: Beakman, Bill Nye, and David Heil. Results were largely the same as when these characters are in the analysis (F(1, 441) = 1.98, ns).
69. Because of concerns that a single dominant character may have skewed the results, we reanalyzed the data, removing characters whose average time on screen was at least twice the group average. This decision resulted in the removal of the following characters: Beakman, Bill Nye, and David Heil. Results were largely the same as when these characters are in the analysis (F(1, 377) = 5.83, p < 0.05).
70. The differences in gender between main and visiting characters were not analyzed on a program-by-program basis because the n's were too small.
71. Because the standard error of the means differed significantly between these two groups, the standard t-test was not appropriate. We conducted the Mann-Whitney U, which does not require equality of variances.
72. Griffin, et al., "Sex, schemata, and social status;" and Eisenstock, "Sex-role differences." Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Hornig, "Television's NOVA;" Barman, "Students' views of scientists;" Kahle, Images of Scientists;" Fort and Varney, "How children see scientists;" and Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists."
73. Griffin, et al., "Sex, schemata, and social status;" and Eisenstock, "Sex-role differences." Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Hornig, "Television's NOVA;" Barman, "Students' views of scientists;" Kahle, Images of Scientists;" Fort and Varney, "How children see scientists;" and Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists."
74. Griffin, et al., "Sex, schemata, and social status;" and Eisenstock, "Sex-role differences." Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Hornig, "Television's NOVA;" Barman, "Students' views of scientists;" Kahle, Images of Scientists;" Fort and Varney, "How children see scientists;" and Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists."
75. Griffin, et al., "Sex, schemata, and social status;" and Eisenstock, "Sex-role differences." Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Hornig, "Television's NOVA;" Barman, "Students' views of scientists;" Kahle, Images of Scientists;" Fort and Varney, "How children see scientists;" and Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists."
76. Griffin, et al., "Sex, schemata, and social status;" and Eisenstock, "Sex-role differences." Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Hornig, "Television's NOVA;" Barman, "Students' views of scientists;" Kahle, Images of Scientists;" Fort and Varney, "How children see scientists;" and Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists."
77. Griffin, et al., "Sex, schemata, and social status;" and Eisenstock, "Sex-role differences." Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Hornig, "Television's NOVA;" Barman, "Students' views of scientists;" Kahle, Images of Scientists;" Fort and Varney, "How children see scientists;" and Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists."
78. Griffin, et al., "Sex, schemata, and social status;" and Eisenstock, "Sex-role differences." Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Hornig, "Television's NOVA;" Barman, "Students' views of scientists;" Kahle, Images of Scientists;" Fort and Varney, "How children see scientists;" and Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists."
79. Griffin, et al., "Sex, schemata, and social status;" and Eisenstock, "Sex-role differences." Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Hornig, "Television's NOVA;" Barman, "Students' views of scientists;" Kahle, Images of Scientists;" Fort and Varney, "How children see scientists;" and Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists."
80. Griffin, et al., "Sex, schemata, and social status;" and Eisenstock, "Sex-role differences." Long and Steinke, "The thrill of everyday science;" Steinke and Long, "A lab of her own;" Hornig, "Television's NOVA;" Barman, "Students' views of scientists;" Kahle, Images of Scientists;" Fort and Varney, "How children see scientists;" and Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists."
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82. Jones, et al., "Gender differences;" Barman, "Students' views of scientists;" Kahle, Images of Scientists;" Fort and Varney, "How children see scientists;" and Schibeci, "Images of science and scientists."
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