Attaining global health: Challenges and opportunities

Population Bulletin

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 3-47

  Ratzan, Scott C ^a   Filerman, Gary L ^a   LeSar, John W ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0040194132     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (132)

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10. Dean T. Jamison, "Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries: An Overview," in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, eds. Dean T. Jamison, W. Henry Mosley, Anthony R. Measham, Jose Luis Bobadilla (New York: Oxford University Press for The World Bank, 1993): 3-15, and Figure 1-1; and John Cleland and Allan G. Hill, "Studying the Health Transition: An Overview," in The Health Transition: Methods and Measures, eds. John Cleland and Allan G. Hill (Canberra, Australia: Health Transition Centre, The Australian National University, 1991): 1-12; and John C. Caldwell and Pat Caldwell, "What Have We Learnt About the Cultural, Social, and Behavioural Determinants of Health? From Selected Readings of the First Health Transition Workshop," Health Transition Review 1, no. 1 (1991): 3-15.
11. Dean T. Jamison, "Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries: An Overview," in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, eds. Dean T. Jamison, W. Henry Mosley, Anthony R. Measham, Jose Luis Bobadilla (New York: Oxford University Press for The World Bank, 1993): 3-15, and Figure 1-1; and John Cleland and Allan G. Hill, "Studying the Health Transition: An Overview," in The Health Transition: Methods and Measures, eds. John Cleland and Allan G. Hill (Canberra, Australia: Health Transition Centre, The Australian National University, 1991): 1-12; and John C. Caldwell and Pat Caldwell, "What Have We Learnt About the Cultural, Social, and Behavioural Determinants of Health? From Selected Readings of the First Health Transition Workshop," Health Transition Review 1, no. 1 (1991): 3-15.
12. Cleland and Hill, "Studying the Health Transition": 1.
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18. Norman B. Ryder, "Observations on the History of Cohort Fertility in the United States," Population and Development Review 12, no. 4 (Dec. 1986): 617-43; R.L. Heuser, Fertility Tables for Birth Cohorts by Color: United States, 1917-73 (Rockville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 1976); and National Center for Health Statistics, "Births: Final Data for 1997," by Stephanie J. Ventura, Joyce A. Martin, Sally C. Curtin, and T.J. Mathews, National Vital Statistics Reports 47, no. 18 (April 29, 1999): Table 4.
19. Norman B. Ryder, "Observations on the History of Cohort Fertility in the United States," Population and Development Review 12, no. 4 (Dec. 1986): 617-43; R.L. Heuser, Fertility Tables for Birth Cohorts by Color: United States, 1917-73 (Rockville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 1976); and National Center for Health Statistics, "Births: Final Data for 1997," by Stephanie J. Ventura, Joyce A. Martin, Sally C. Curtin, and T.J. Mathews, National Vital Statistics Reports 47, no. 18 (April 29, 1999): Table 4.
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22. Rockett, "Population and Health: An Introduction to Epidemiology": 5-8.
23. See, for example, Olshansky, Carnes, Rogers, and Smith, "Infectious Diseases"; and Cleland and Hill, "Studying the Health Transition."
24. See, for example, Olshansky, Carnes, Rogers, and Smith, "Infectious Diseases"; and Cleland and Hill, "Studying the Health Transition."
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30. "Control of Infectious Diseases," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 29 (July 30, 1999); and McNeill, Plagues and Peoples: 287-88.
31. "Control of Infectious Diseases," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 29 (July 30, 1999); and McNeill, Plagues and Peoples: 287-88.
32. WHO, World Health Report 1998.
33. UNICEF, Progress of Nations (New York: United Nations Children's Fund, 1997); and UNICEF, The State of the World's Children 1998 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998): 64-65.
34. UNICEF, Progress of Nations (New York: United Nations Children's Fund, 1997); and UNICEF, The State of the World's Children 1998 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998): 64-65.
35. Muin Khoury, "From Genes to Public Health: Applications of Genetics in Disease Prevention," American Journal of Public Health 86, no. 12 (1996): 1717-22.
36. Various components of this model and its precursors are more fully described in Trudi Collins, "Models of Health: Pervasive, Persuasive, and Politically Charged," Health Promotion International 10, no. 4 (1995): 317-24; T. Hancock, "Health, Human Development and the Community Ecosystem: Three Ecological Models," Health Promotion International 8 (1993): 41-47; and J.F. Mustard and J. Frank, The Determinants of Health, CIAR Publication No. 5 (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Advanced Research, 1991).
37. Various components of this model and its precursors are more fully described in Trudi Collins, "Models of Health: Pervasive, Persuasive, and Politically Charged," Health Promotion International 10, no. 4 (1995): 317-24; T. Hancock, "Health, Human Development and the Community Ecosystem: Three Ecological Models," Health Promotion International 8 (1993): 41-47; and J.F. Mustard and J. Frank, The Determinants of Health, CIAR Publication No. 5 (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Advanced Research, 1991).
38. Various components of this model and its precursors are more fully described in Trudi Collins, "Models of Health: Pervasive, Persuasive, and Politically Charged," Health Promotion International 10, no. 4 (1995): 317-24; T. Hancock, "Health, Human Development and the Community Ecosystem: Three Ecological Models," Health Promotion International 8 (1993): 41-47; and J.F. Mustard and J. Frank, The Determinants of Health, CIAR Publication No. 5 (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Advanced Research, 1991).
39. Murray and Lopez, Global Burden of Disease.
40. See Jia Wang, Dean T. Jamison, Eduard Bos, Alexander Preker, and John Peabody, Measuring Country Performance on Health: Selected Indicators for 115 Countries (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1999): 7-19; and Mary Shaw, Danny Dorling, and George Davy Smith, "Poverty, Social Exclusion, and Minorities," in Social Determinants of Health, eds., Michael Marmot and Richard G. Wilkinson (Oxford, England, and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999): 211-33.
41. See Jia Wang, Dean T. Jamison, Eduard Bos, Alexander Preker, and John Peabody, Measuring Country Performance on Health: Selected Indicators for 115 Countries (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1999): 7-19; and Mary Shaw, Danny Dorling, and George Davy Smith, "Poverty, Social Exclusion, and Minorities," in Social Determinants of Health, eds., Michael Marmot and Richard G. Wilkinson (Oxford, England, and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999): 211-33.
42. WHO, World Health Report 1998: 123-24.
43. "Community Needs Assessment and Morbidity Surveillance Following an Earthquake - Turkey, August 1999," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 50 (Dec. 24, 1999); and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, "Venezuela Floods." Report accessed online at: www.ifrc.org/news/specials/venezuela, on Jan. 12, 2000.
44. "Community Needs Assessment and Morbidity Surveillance Following an Earthquake - Turkey, August 1999," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 50 (Dec. 24, 1999); and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, "Venezuela Floods." Report accessed online at: www.ifrc.org/news/specials/venezuela, on Jan. 12, 2000.
45. James N. Gribble and Samuel Preston, The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries (Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1993); WHO, 1996 World Health Statistics Annual (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998); WHO, "International Initiative for Road Injury Prevention for Sub-Saharan Africa." Accessed online at: www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/ pages/roadinjuryprevention.htm, on Jan. 18, 2000; and World Resources Institute, World Resources 1998-99 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
46. James N. Gribble and Samuel Preston, The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries (Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1993); WHO, 1996 World Health Statistics Annual (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998); WHO, "International Initiative for Road Injury Prevention for Sub-Saharan Africa." Accessed online at: www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/ pages/roadinjuryprevention.htm, on Jan. 18, 2000; and World Resources Institute, World Resources 1998-99 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
47. James N. Gribble and Samuel Preston, The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries (Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1993); WHO, 1996 World Health Statistics Annual (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998); WHO, "International Initiative for Road Injury Prevention for Sub-Saharan Africa." Accessed online at: www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/ pages/roadinjuryprevention.htm, on Jan. 18, 2000; and World Resources Institute, World Resources 1998-99 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
48. James N. Gribble and Samuel Preston, The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries (Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1993); WHO, 1996 World Health Statistics Annual (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998); WHO, "International Initiative for Road Injury Prevention for Sub-Saharan Africa." Accessed online at: www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/ pages/roadinjuryprevention.htm, on Jan. 18, 2000; and World Resources Institute, World Resources 1998-99 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
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54. World Resources Institute, World Resources 1998-99:115-17.
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56. WHO, World Health Report 1999: 25, 97; and WHO, World Health Report 1998: 20.
57. WHO, World Health Report 1999: 25, 97; and WHO, World Health Report 1998: 20.
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61. Ibid; Patricia A. Haggerty and Shea O. Rutstein, "Breastfeeding and Complementary Infant Feeding, and the Postpartum Effects of Breastfeeding" DHS Comparative Studies, no. 30 (Calverton, MD: Macro International Inc., 1999): xiii-2; and "Breastfeeding Reduces Infectious Disease Infant Mortality." Accessed online at: www.usnewswire.com/topnews/Current_Releases/0204-103.html, on Feb. 9, 2000.
62. Ibid; Patricia A. Haggerty and Shea O. Rutstein, "Breastfeeding and Complementary Infant Feeding, and the Postpartum Effects of Breastfeeding" DHS Comparative Studies, no. 30 (Calverton, MD: Macro International Inc., 1999): xiii-2; and "Breastfeeding Reduces Infectious Disease Infant Mortality." Accessed online at: www.usnewswire.com/topnews/Current_Releases/0204-103.html, on Feb. 9, 2000.
63. Ibid; Patricia A. Haggerty and Shea O. Rutstein, "Breastfeeding and Complementary Infant Feeding, and the Postpartum Effects of Breastfeeding" DHS Comparative Studies, no. 30 (Calverton, MD: Macro International Inc., 1999): xiii-2; and "Breastfeeding Reduces Infectious Disease Infant Mortality." Accessed online at: www.usnewswire.com/topnews/Current_Releases/0204-103.html, on Feb. 9, 2000.
64. Alene Gelbard, Carl Haub, and Mary M. Kent, "World Population Beyond Six Billion," Population Bulletin 54, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1999): 34-35.
65. Shane, "Family Planning Saves Lives"; and Nancy E. Riley, "Gender, Power, and Population Change," Population Bulletin 52, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997): 20-25.
66. Shane, "Family Planning Saves Lives"; and Nancy E. Riley, "Gender, Power, and Population Change," Population Bulletin 52, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997): 20-25.
67. Lina Parikh and Barbara Shane, 1998 Women of Our World (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1998).
68. Dominique Meekers, "Education and Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa," International Review of Modern Sociology 24 (Spring 1994): 1-43; and Caroline Bledsoe and Barney Cohen, eds., Social Dynamics of Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993): 89-115.
69. Dominique Meekers, "Education and Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa," International Review of Modern Sociology 24 (Spring 1994): 1-43; and Caroline Bledsoe and Barney Cohen, eds., Social Dynamics of Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993): 89-115.
70. Gelbard, Haub, and Kent, "World Population Beyond Six Billion": 36-38.
71. Thomas Valente and Rebecca Davis, "Accelerating the Diffusion of Innovations Using Opinion Leaders," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (AAPSS) 566 (November 1999): 55-67; and Everett Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed. (New York: Free Press, 1995) .
72. Thomas Valente and Rebecca Davis, "Accelerating the Diffusion of Innovations Using Opinion Leaders," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (AAPSS) 566 (November 1999): 55-67; and Everett Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed. (New York: Free Press, 1995) .
73. WHO, World Health Report 1998: 98.
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76. National Center for Health Statistics, Health United States 1996-97 and Injury Chartbook (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 1997): 32; "Nonfatal and Fatal Firearm-Related Injuries - United States, 1993-1997," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 45 (Nov. 19, 1999): 1029-34; and "Rates of Homicide, Suicide, and Firearm-Related Death Among Children-26 Industrialized Countries," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46, no. 5 (Feb. 7, 1997): 101-05.
77. National Center for Health Statistics, Health United States 1996-97 and Injury Chartbook (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 1997): 32; "Nonfatal and Fatal Firearm-Related Injuries - United States, 1993-1997," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 45 (Nov. 19, 1999): 1029-34; and "Rates of Homicide, Suicide, and Firearm-Related Death Among Children-26 Industrialized Countries," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46, no. 5 (Feb. 7, 1997): 101-05.
78. U.S. Committee for Refugees, World Refugee Survey 1998 (Washington, DC: Immigration and Refugee Services of America, 1998).
79. WHO, World Health Report 1998: 71.
80. Ian R.H. Rockett, "Injury and Violence: A Public Health Approach," Population Bulletin 53, no. 4 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1998): 21-22, 33.
81. Francis S. Collins and Karin G. Jegalain, "Deciphering the Code of Life," Scientific American 281, no. 6 (December 1999): 86-93; and Francis S. Collins, Ari Patrinos, Elke Jordan, Aravinda Chakravarti, Raymond Gesteland, and LeRoy Walters, "New Goals for the U.S. Human Genome Project: 1998-2003," Science 282, no. 5389 (Oct. 23, 1998): 682-89.
82. Francis S. Collins and Karin G. Jegalain, "Deciphering the Code of Life," Scientific American 281, no. 6 (December 1999): 86-93; and Francis S. Collins, Ari Patrinos, Elke Jordan, Aravinda Chakravarti, Raymond Gesteland, and LeRoy Walters, "New Goals for the U.S. Human Genome Project: 1998-2003," Science 282, no. 5389 (Oct. 23, 1998): 682-89.
83. Francis S. Collins and David Galas, "A New Five-Year Plan for the U.S. Human Genome Program," Science 262 (1993): 43-46.
84. FAO, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 1999. Accessed online at: www.fao.org/NEWS/1999/img/ SOFISU-E.pdf, on Jan. 29, 2000.
85. FAO, Food Safety and Nutrition, WFS96/TECH/9 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1995): 8, 130; and WHO, "Malnutrition: The Global Picture." Accessed online at: www.who.int/nut/malnutrition_worldwide.htm, on Jan. 18, 2000.
86. FAO, Food Safety and Nutrition, WFS96/TECH/9 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1995): 8, 130; and WHO, "Malnutrition: The Global Picture." Accessed online at: www.who.int/nut/malnutrition_worldwide.htm, on Jan. 18, 2000.
87. William Bender and Margaret Smith, "Population, Food, and Nutrition," Population Bulletin 51, no. 4 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997); Lester R. Brown, "Feeding Nine Billion," in State of the World 1999, eds., L.R. Brown et al. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999): 115-32; and Mick Brklacich and Shona Leybourne, "Food Security in a Changing World," Aviso 4 (Victoria, Canada: GECHS International Project Office, University of Victoria, September 1999).
88. William Bender and Margaret Smith, "Population, Food, and Nutrition," Population Bulletin 51, no. 4 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997); Lester R. Brown, "Feeding Nine Billion," in State of the World 1999, eds., L.R. Brown et al. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999): 115-32; and Mick Brklacich and Shona Leybourne, "Food Security in a Changing World," Aviso 4 (Victoria, Canada: GECHS International Project Office, University of Victoria, September 1999).
89. William Bender and Margaret Smith, "Population, Food, and Nutrition," Population Bulletin 51, no. 4 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997); Lester R. Brown, "Feeding Nine Billion," in State of the World 1999, eds., L.R. Brown et al. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999): 115-32; and Mick Brklacich and Shona Leybourne, "Food Security in a Changing World," Aviso 4 (Victoria, Canada: GECHS International Project Office, University of Victoria, September 1999).
90. Phillip J. Longman, "The Curse of Frankenfood," U.S. News and World Report. Online edition, July 26, 1999. Accessed online at: www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/990726/26food.htm, on Feb. 15, 2000;
91. and Andrew Pollack, "We Can Engineer Nature. But Should We?" The New York Times, Feb. 6, 2000, sec. 4, p. 16.
92. Obesity is defined in the United States in terms of the body mass index. Body mass index (BMI) equals a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of his or her height in meters. An individual with a BMI of less than 20 is underweight. A BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 is considered overweight and a BMI of 30.0 or more is considered obese. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Review 48, no. 40 (1999): 911.
93. WHO, World Health Report 1998: 132.
94. Jia Wang, Dean T. Jamison, Eduard Bos, Alexander Preker, and John Peabody, Measuring Country Performance on Health: Selected Indicators for 115 Countries: 11-19.
95. National Academy on an Aging Society, Understanding Health Literacy: New Estimates of the Costs of Inadequate Health Literacy. (Paper presented at the Pfizer Conference on Health Literacy, "Promoting Health Literacy: A Call to Action." Oct. 7-8, 1998, Washington, DC.)
96. World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000 (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1999).
97. World Bank, World Development Indicators (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1999): 109.
98. WHO, World Health Report 1999: 19.
99. WHO, World Health Report 1998: 57.
100. Olshansky, Carnes, Rogers, and Smith, "Infectious Diseases - New And Ancient Threats."
101. Daniel Epstein, "Malaria: Failure, Puzzles, and Challenge," Perspectives in Health 4, no. 1 (1999): 2-7.
102. Ibid.
103. National Center for Health Statistics, Health United States 1999 (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 1999).
104. WHO, Tuberculosis Fact Sheet: table A-10. Accessed online at: www.who.int/gtb/publications/factsheet/ index.htm, on Jan. 7, 2000.
105. WHO, World Health Report 1999: 25.
106. WHO, World Health Report 1998: 55-56.
107. Scott C. Ratzan, ed., AIDS: Effective Health Communication for the 90s (Boston: Taylor and Francis, Inc., 1992): 30; and NCHS, "Births and Deaths: Preliminary Data for 1998," by Joyce A. Martin, Betty L. Smith, T.J. Mathews, and Stephanie J. Ventura, National Vital Statistics Reports 47, no. 25 (Oct. 5, 1999): 6.
108. Scott C. Ratzan, ed., AIDS: Effective Health Communication for the 90s (Boston: Taylor and Francis, Inc., 1992): 30; and NCHS, "Births and Deaths: Preliminary Data for 1998," by Joyce A. Martin, Betty L. Smith, T.J. Mathews, and Stephanie J. Ventura, National Vital Statistics Reports 47, no. 25 (Oct. 5, 1999): 6.
109. UNAIDS/WHO, "Global Summary of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic, December 1999." Accessed online at: www.who.int/emc-hiv, on Jan. 18, 2000.
110. See Olshansky, Carnes, Rogers, and Smith, "Infectious Diseases."
111. WHO, Removing Obstacles to Healthy Development (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999).
112. Scott C. Ratzan, ed., The Mad Cow Crisis: Health and the Public Good (New York: New York University Press, 1998).
113. Tore Godal and James Tulloch, Investing in Health Research and Development (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999). Companion report to Murray and Lopez, The Global Burden of Disease.
114. Tore Godal and James Tulloch, Investing in Health Research and Development (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999). Companion report to Murray and Lopez, The Global Burden of Disease.
115. Institute of Medicine, Control of Cardiovascular Diseases in Developing Countries: Research, Development, and Institutional Strengthening (Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1998).
116. Ibid.
117. "Decline in Deaths from Heart Disease and Stroke - United States, 1900-1999," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48, no. 30 (Aug. 6, 1999): 649-56.
118. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 1999 with Health and Aging Chartbook (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics 1999): tables 63, 70.
119. Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Relating to Future Intervention Options, Investing in Health Research and Development (Geneva: WHO, 1996).
120. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2d ed. (Alexandria, VA: International Medical Publishing, 1996).
121. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Chronic Diseases: Risk Behaviors." Accessed online at: www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/risk.htm, on Jan. 30, 2000.
122. Institute of Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases.
123. World Bank, Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1999).
124. Ibid: 3.
125. Scott Ratzan, "A Tobacco-Free Generation in the 21st Century," Journal of Health Communication 5, no. 1 (2000): 1-3.
126. T. Bedirhan Üstün, "The Global Burden of Mental Disorders," American Journal of Public Health 89, no. 9 (1999): 1315-18.
127. Ibid.
128. UN Development Programme (UNDP), Technology Revolution Study: Communications and Knowledge-Based Technologies for Sustainable Human Development (New York: UNDP, 1999).
129. Robert Livernash and Eric Rodenburg, "Population Change, Resources, and the Environment," Population Bulletin 53, no. 1 (1998).
130. Ratzan, AIDS: Effective Health Communication for the 90s.
131. Alfred North Whitehead, The Aims of Education and Other Essays (New York: Macmillan, 1929).
132. G. Vickers, Human Systems Are Different (New York: Harper and Row, 1983).