Population, food, and nutrition

Population Bulletin

Volumn 51, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 2-46

  Bender, William ^b   Smith, Margaret ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040456830     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Examples from the last several decades include: Center for Agricultural and Economic Development, Alternatives for Balancing World Food Production and Needs (Ames: The Iowa State University Press, 1967); M. Chou, D.P. Harmon Jr., H. Kahn, and S.H. Wittwer, World Food Prospects and Agricultural Potential (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977); and Council on Environmental Quality, The Global 2000 Report to the President (Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality and the Department of State, 1980). For more examples, see: FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2010 C93/24 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, Nov. 1993); D.O. Mitchell and M.D. Ingco, The World Food Outlook (Washington, DC: International Economics Department of the World Bank, Nov. 1993); and J. Bongaarts, "Can the Growing Human Population Feed Itself?" Scientific American 270, no. 3 (March 1994): 36-42.
2. Examples from the last several decades include: Center for Agricultural and Economic Development, Alternatives for Balancing World Food Production and Needs (Ames: The Iowa State University Press, 1967); M. Chou, D.P. Harmon Jr., H. Kahn, and S.H. Wittwer, World Food Prospects and Agricultural Potential (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977); and Council on Environmental Quality, The Global 2000 Report to the President (Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality and the Department of State, 1980). For more examples, see: FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2010 C93/24 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, Nov. 1993); D.O. Mitchell and M.D. Ingco, The World Food Outlook (Washington, DC: International Economics Department of the World Bank, Nov. 1993); and J. Bongaarts, "Can the Growing Human Population Feed Itself?" Scientific American 270, no. 3 (March 1994): 36-42.
3. Examples from the last several decades include: Center for Agricultural and Economic Development, Alternatives for Balancing World Food Production and Needs (Ames: The Iowa State University Press, 1967); M. Chou, D.P. Harmon Jr., H. Kahn, and S.H. Wittwer, World Food Prospects and Agricultural Potential (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977); and Council on Environmental Quality, The Global 2000 Report to the President (Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality and the Department of State, 1980). For more examples, see: FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2010 C93/24 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, Nov. 1993); D.O. Mitchell and M.D. Ingco, The World Food Outlook (Washington, DC: International Economics Department of the World Bank, Nov. 1993); and J. Bongaarts, "Can the Growing Human Population Feed Itself?" Scientific American 270, no. 3 (March 1994): 36-42.
4. Examples from the last several decades include: Center for Agricultural and Economic Development, Alternatives for Balancing World Food Production and Needs (Ames: The Iowa State University Press, 1967); M. Chou, D.P. Harmon Jr., H. Kahn, and S.H. Wittwer, World Food Prospects and Agricultural Potential (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977); and Council on Environmental Quality, The Global 2000 Report to the President (Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality and the Department of State, 1980). For more examples, see: FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2010 C93/24 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, Nov. 1993); D.O. Mitchell and M.D. Ingco, The World Food Outlook (Washington, DC: International Economics Department of the World Bank, Nov. 1993); and J. Bongaarts, "Can the Growing Human Population Feed Itself?" Scientific American 270, no. 3 (March 1994): 36-42.
5. Examples from the last several decades include: Center for Agricultural and Economic Development, Alternatives for Balancing World Food Production and Needs (Ames: The Iowa State University Press, 1967); M. Chou, D.P. Harmon Jr., H. Kahn, and S.H. Wittwer, World Food Prospects and Agricultural Potential (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977); and Council on Environmental Quality, The Global 2000 Report to the President (Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality and the Department of State, 1980). For more examples, see: FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2010 C93/24 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, Nov. 1993); D.O. Mitchell and M.D. Ingco, The World Food Outlook (Washington, DC: International Economics Department of the World Bank, Nov. 1993); and J. Bongaarts, "Can the Growing Human Population Feed Itself?" Scientific American 270, no. 3 (March 1994): 36-42.
6. Examples from the last several decades include: Center for Agricultural and Economic Development, Alternatives for Balancing World Food Production and Needs (Ames: The Iowa State University Press, 1967); M. Chou, D.P. Harmon Jr., H. Kahn, and S.H. Wittwer, World Food Prospects and Agricultural Potential (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977); and Council on Environmental Quality, The Global 2000 Report to the President (Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality and the Department of State, 1980). For more examples, see: FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2010 C93/24 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, Nov. 1993); D.O. Mitchell and M.D. Ingco, The World Food Outlook (Washington, DC: International Economics Department of the World Bank, Nov. 1993); and J. Bongaarts, "Can the Growing Human Population Feed Itself?" Scientific American 270, no. 3 (March 1994): 36-42.
7. L. Brown, et al., State of the World 1994 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994).
8. FAO, Dimensions of Need: An Atlas of Food and Agriculture (Rome: UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 1995): 21-23.
9. J. Drèze and A. Sen, Hunger and Public Action (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989).
10. A. Elisabeth Sommerfelt and M. Kathryn Stewart, "Children's Nutritional Status," Comparative Studies no. 12 (Calverton, MD: Macro International, June 1994): 6-10.
11. UN, World Population Prospects: The 1996 Revision (New York: United Nations, 1996): medium series; and IFPRI, Feeding the World, Preventing Poverty, and Protecting the Earth: A 2020 Vision (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1996).
12. UN, World Population Prospects: The 1996 Revision (New York: United Nations, 1996): medium series; and IFPRI, Feeding the World, Preventing Poverty, and Protecting the Earth: A 2020 Vision (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1996).
13. Barney Cohen and James Trussell, eds., Preventing and Mitigating AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996): 46-47.
14. W.P.T. James and E.C. Schofield, Human Energy Requirements (Oxford: Oxford University Press by arrangement with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 1990).
15. W. Bender, "An End Use Analysis of Global Food Requirements," Food Policy 19, no. 4 (1994): 381-9.
16. National Research Council, Recommended Dietary Allowances,10th. ed. (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989): 24-38.
17. UN, World Urbanization Prospects: The 1994 Revision (New York: United Nations, 1995): table A-2.
18. L.A. Paulino, "Food in the Third World: Past Trends and Projections to 2000," Research Report 52 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, June 1986).
19. The income elasticities associated with increased income - the percentage increase in meat consumption for each percentage increase in income - form the basis of the models used by the World Bank, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) to predict future developments in the world agricultural system.
20. S. Ito, E. Wesley, F. Peterson, and W.R. Grant, "Rice in Asia: Is It Becoming an Inferior Good?" American Journal of Agricultural Economics 71, no. 1 (Feb. 1989): 32-42.
21. J. S. Sarma, Cereal Feed Use in the Third World: Past Trends and Projections to 2000 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1986). Sarma estimates that the ratios of feed input to animal product output are approximately 0.35:1 for milk, 2.5:1 for intensively fed chicken, and 5:1 for intensively fed pig meat. The ratio is higher for intensively fed beef. The feeding ratio for home-produced livestock products is approximately 3.5:1 for meat and eggs.
22. Ibid.
23. L.A. Duewer, K.R. Krause, and K.E. Nelson, "U.S. Poultry and Red Meat Consumption, Prices, Spreads, and Margins," Agriculture Information Bulletin, no. 684 (Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, 1993); G. Moschini, "Testing for Preference Change in Consumer Demand: An Indirectly Separable Semiparametric Model," Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 9, no. 1 (Jan. 1991): 111-17; and P. Crosson and J.R. Anderson, "Resources and Global Food Prospects: Supply and Demand for Cereals to 2030," World Bank Technical Paper, no. 184 (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1992).
24. L.A. Duewer, K.R. Krause, and K.E. Nelson, "U.S. Poultry and Red Meat Consumption, Prices, Spreads, and Margins," Agriculture Information Bulletin, no. 684 (Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, 1993); G. Moschini, "Testing for Preference Change in Consumer Demand: An Indirectly Separable Semiparametric Model," Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 9, no. 1 (Jan. 1991): 111-17; and P. Crosson and J.R. Anderson, "Resources and Global Food Prospects: Supply and Demand for Cereals to 2030," World Bank Technical Paper, no. 184 (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1992).
25. L.A. Duewer, K.R. Krause, and K.E. Nelson, "U.S. Poultry and Red Meat Consumption, Prices, Spreads, and Margins," Agriculture Information Bulletin, no. 684 (Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, 1993); G. Moschini, "Testing for Preference Change in Consumer Demand: An Indirectly Separable Semiparametric Model," Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 9, no. 1 (Jan. 1991): 111-17; and P. Crosson and J.R. Anderson, "Resources and Global Food Prospects: Supply and Demand for Cereals to 2030," World Bank Technical Paper, no. 184 (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1992).
26. D. Norse, "A New Strategy for Feeding a Crowded Planet," Environment 34, no. 5 (June 1992).
27. R.O. Wheeler et al., The World Livestock Product, Feedstuff and Food Grain System (Marrilton, AR: Winrock International, 1981).
28. Bender, "An End Use Analysis."
29. W.A. Russell, "Genetic Improvement of Maize Yields," Advanced Agronomy 46 (1991): 245-98; and FAO, 1994 Production Yearbook (Rome: FAO, 1995): 77.
30. W.A. Russell, "Genetic Improvement of Maize Yields," Advanced Agronomy 46 (1991): 245-98; and FAO, 1994 Production Yearbook (Rome: FAO, 1995): 77.
31. Russell, "Genetic Improvement."
32. V.B. Cardwell, "Fifty Years of Minnesota Corn Production: Sources of Yield Increase," Agronomy Journal 74 (Nov.-Dec. 1982): 984-90.
33. FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2010.
34. V.A. Johnson, "World Wheat Production," in Genetic Improvement in Yield of Wheat, ed. E.L. Smith, CSSA Special Publication 13 (Madison: CSSA, ASA, 1986).
35. J.W. Schmidt, "Genetic Contribution to Yield Gains in Wheat," in Genetic Contributions to Yield Gains of Five Major Crop Plants, ed. W.R. Fehr, CSSA Special Publication 7 (Madison, WI: CSSA, ASA, 1984); see also Johnson, "World Wheat Production."
36. J.W. Schmidt, "Genetic Contribution to Yield Gains in Wheat," in Genetic Contributions to Yield Gains of Five Major Crop Plants, ed. W.R. Fehr, CSSA Special Publication 7 (Madison, WI: CSSA, ASA, 1984); see also Johnson, "World Wheat Production."
37. H.E. Bouis, "Measuring the Sources of Growth in Rice Yields: Are Growth Rates Declining in South and Southeast Asia?" (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute mimeo, 1990).
38. J.C. Flinn and S.K. DeDatta, "Trends in Irrigated-Rice Yields Under Intensive Cropping at Philippine Research Stations," Field Crops Research 9 (1984).
39. Thomas E. Downing, ed., "Climate Change and World Food Security," Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Workshop on Climate Change and World Food Security, Oxford, England, June 1993 (New York: Springer, 1995).
40. Brown, State of the World 1994.
41. P. Buringh, "Land for Crop and Livestock Production," in Food and Natural Resources, ed. D. Pimental and C. Hall (London: Academic Press, 1989).
42. P. Buringh and R. Dual, cited in Crosson and Anderson, "Resources and Global Food Prospects."
43. Crosson and Anderson, "Resources and Global Food Prospects."
44. P. Pinstrup-Andersen and J.L. Garrett, Rising Food Prices and Falling Grain Stocks: Short-Run Blips or New Trends? International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 30 (Jan. 1996).
45. U.S. Gupta, Crop Improvement, vol. 1: Physiological Attributes (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,1992
46. D.F. Betsch, Principles of Biotechnology, North Central Regional Extension Publication NCR# 487, (Ames, IA: Iowa State University, 1994); and G.D. Webber, Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables, Biotechnology Information Series, North Central Regional Extension Publication NCR# 551, (Ames, IA: Iowa State University, 1993).
47. D.F. Betsch, Principles of Biotechnology, North Central Regional Extension Publication NCR# 487, (Ames, IA: Iowa State University, 1994); and G.D. Webber, Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables, Biotechnology Information Series, North Central Regional Extension Publication NCR# 551, (Ames, IA: Iowa State University, 1993).
48. S. Borojevic, "Genetic Changes in Morphophysiologic Characters in Relation to Breeding for Increased Wheat Yield," in Genetic Improvement in Yield of Wheat, ed. E.L Smith CSSA Special Publication 13 (Madison, WI: CSSA, ASA, 1986); D.N. Duvick, "Plant Breeding: Past Achievements and Expectations for the Future," Economic Botany 40, no. 3 (summer 1986); H. Hobbelink, Biotechnology and the Future of World Agriculture (London: Zed Books, Ltd., 1991); and L. Zhensheng, "Recent Developments in Agriculture and Biotechnology in China," in Biotechnology in Agriculture, ed. M.S. Swaminathan (Madras, India: Macmillan India Limited, 1991).
49. S. Borojevic, "Genetic Changes in Morphophysiologic Characters in Relation to Breeding for Increased Wheat Yield," in Genetic Improvement in Yield of Wheat, ed. E.L Smith CSSA Special Publication 13 (Madison, WI: CSSA, ASA, 1986); D.N. Duvick, "Plant Breeding: Past Achievements and Expectations for the Future," Economic Botany 40, no. 3 (summer 1986); H. Hobbelink, Biotechnology and the Future of World Agriculture (London: Zed Books, Ltd., 1991); and L. Zhensheng, "Recent Developments in Agriculture and Biotechnology in China," in Biotechnology in Agriculture, ed. M.S. Swaminathan (Madras, India: Macmillan India Limited, 1991).
50. S. Borojevic, "Genetic Changes in Morphophysiologic Characters in Relation to Breeding for Increased Wheat Yield," in Genetic Improvement in Yield of Wheat, ed. E.L Smith CSSA Special Publication 13 (Madison, WI: CSSA, ASA, 1986); D.N. Duvick, "Plant Breeding: Past Achievements and Expectations for the Future," Economic Botany 40, no. 3 (summer 1986); H. Hobbelink, Biotechnology and the Future of World Agriculture (London: Zed Books, Ltd., 1991); and L. Zhensheng, "Recent Developments in Agriculture and Biotechnology in China," in Biotechnology in Agriculture, ed. M.S. Swaminathan (Madras, India: Macmillan India Limited, 1991).
51. S. Borojevic, "Genetic Changes in Morphophysiologic Characters in Relation to Breeding for Increased Wheat Yield," in Genetic Improvement in Yield of Wheat, ed. E.L Smith CSSA Special Publication 13 (Madison, WI: CSSA, ASA, 1986); D.N. Duvick, "Plant Breeding: Past Achievements and Expectations for the Future," Economic Botany 40, no. 3 (summer 1986); H. Hobbelink, Biotechnology and the Future of World Agriculture (London: Zed Books, Ltd., 1991); and L. Zhensheng, "Recent Developments in Agriculture and Biotechnology in China," in Biotechnology in Agriculture, ed. M.S. Swaminathan (Madras, India: Macmillan India Limited, 1991).
52. N.K. Fageria, "Crop Yield, Problems, and Prospects," in Maximizing Crop Yields, ed. N.K. Fageria (New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1992). Yield potential may be estimated by calculating photosynthesis during grain filling (the development of the grain kernal, accounting for respiratory losses and translocation of materials assimilated in the plant before grain filling).
53. Y. Murata and S. Matsushima, "Rice," in Crop Physiology: Some Case Histories, ed. L.T. Evans (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
54. See for example, discussions in S. Vosti and S. Scherr, Conservation and Enhancement of Natural Resources, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 8 (Oct. 1994); J.T. Pierce, The Food Resource (Harlow, Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1990); M. Yudelman, "Demand and Supply of Foodstuffs up to 2050 with Special Reference to Irrigation" (draft manuscript - an abridged version was published as "Issues and Challenges for Irrigated Agriculture in the 21st Century," IIMI Review 8, no. 1 (International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI), Dec. 1994): 4-14); and R. Repetto, "Population, Resources, Environment: An Uncertain Future," Population Bulletin 42, no. 2 (July 1987): 15.
55. See for example, discussions in S. Vosti and S. Scherr, Conservation and Enhancement of Natural Resources, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 8 (Oct. 1994); J.T. Pierce, The Food Resource (Harlow, Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1990); M. Yudelman, "Demand and Supply of Foodstuffs up to 2050 with Special Reference to Irrigation" (draft manuscript - an abridged version was published as "Issues and Challenges for Irrigated Agriculture in the 21st Century," IIMI Review 8, no. 1 (International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI), Dec. 1994): 4-14); and R. Repetto, "Population, Resources, Environment: An Uncertain Future," Population Bulletin 42, no. 2 (July 1987): 15.
56. See for example, discussions in S. Vosti and S. Scherr, Conservation and Enhancement of Natural Resources, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 8 (Oct. 1994); J.T. Pierce, The Food Resource (Harlow, Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1990); M. Yudelman, "Demand and Supply of Foodstuffs up to 2050 with Special Reference to Irrigation" (draft manuscript - an abridged version was published as "Issues and Challenges for Irrigated Agriculture in the 21st Century," IIMI Review 8, no. 1 (International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI), Dec. 1994): 4-14); and R. Repetto, "Population, Resources, Environment: An Uncertain Future," Population Bulletin 42, no. 2 (July 1987): 15.
57. See for example, discussions in S. Vosti and S. Scherr, Conservation and Enhancement of Natural Resources, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 8 (Oct. 1994); J.T. Pierce, The Food Resource (Harlow, Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1990); M. Yudelman, "Demand and Supply of Foodstuffs up to 2050 with Special Reference to Irrigation" (draft manuscript - an abridged version was published as "Issues and Challenges for Irrigated Agriculture in the 21st Century," IIMI Review 8, no. 1 (International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI), Dec. 1994): 4-14); and R. Repetto, "Population, Resources, Environment: An Uncertain Future," Population Bulletin 42, no. 2 (July 1987): 15.
58. Crosson and Anderson, "Resources and Global Food Prospects."
59. F. Pearce, "Africa's Farmers Know Best," New Scientist 142, no. 1925 (May 14, 1994): 11.
60. M. Tiffen, M. Mortimore, and F. Gichuki, More People, Less Erosion: Environmental Recovery in Kenya (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1994).
61. G.R. Foster, Understanding Ephemeral Gully Erosion in Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resource Inventory 2 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1986).
62. Pierre Crosson, "Soil Erosion and Its On-Farm Productivity Consequences: What Do We Know?" Discussion Paper 95-29 (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, June 1995); National Research Council, "Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory" (Washington, DC: Academic Press, 1986); and Edwin H. Clark II, Jennifer A. Haverkamp, and William Chapman, Eroding Soils: The Off-Farm Impacts (Washington, DC: The Conservation Foundation, 1985).
63. Pierre Crosson, "Soil Erosion and Its On-Farm Productivity Consequences: What Do We Know?" Discussion Paper 95-29 (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, June 1995); National Research Council, "Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory" (Washington, DC: Academic Press, 1986); and Edwin H. Clark II, Jennifer A. Haverkamp, and William Chapman, Eroding Soils: The Off-Farm Impacts (Washington, DC: The Conservation Foundation, 1985).
64. Pierre Crosson, "Soil Erosion and Its On-Farm Productivity Consequences: What Do We Know?" Discussion Paper 95-29 (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, June 1995); National Research Council, "Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory" (Washington, DC: Academic Press, 1986); and Edwin H. Clark II, Jennifer A. Haverkamp, and William Chapman, Eroding Soils: The Off-Farm Impacts (Washington, DC: The Conservation Foundation, 1985).
65. D. Tribe, Feeding and Greening the World: The Role of International Agricultural Research (Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1994).
66. R. Lal, Soil Erosion in the Tropics: Principles and Management (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990).
67. M. Jackson, "Amish Agriculture and No-Till: The Hazards of Applying the USLE to Unusual Farms," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 43, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1988): 483-86.
68. R.P.C. Morgan, Soil Erosion and Conservation (Essex: Longman Scientific and Technical, 1986).
69. National Resource Council, Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against Erosion (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995).
70. Pierce, The Food Resource; Crosson and Anderson, "Resources and Global Food Prospects"; and Yudelman, "Demand and Supply of Foodstuffs."
71. Pierce, The Food Resource; Crosson and Anderson, "Resources and Global Food Prospects"; and Yudelman, "Demand and Supply of Foodstuffs."
72. Pierce, The Food Resource; Crosson and Anderson, "Resources and Global Food Prospects"; and Yudelman, "Demand and Supply of Foodstuffs."
73. IFPRl, Feeding the World.
74. M. Rosengrant, Dealing with Water Scarcity in the Next Century, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 21 (June 1995); and IFPRI, Feeding the World.
75. M. Rosengrant, Dealing with Water Scarcity in the Next Century, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 21 (June 1995); and IFPRI, Feeding the World.
76. Yudelman, "Demand and Supply of Foodstuffs."
77. Ibid.
78. S. Postel, "Carrying Capacity: Earth's Bottom Line," in State of the World: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Towards a Sustainable Society (New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994).
79. FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2010.
80. Ibid.
81. U. Lele, "Sources of Growth in East African Agriculture," World Bank Economic Review 3, no. 1 (Jan. 1989): 119-44.
82. M. Ali, "Institutional and Socioeconomic Constraints on the Second-Generation Green Revolution: A Case Study of Basmati Rice Production in Pakistan's Punjab," Economic Development and Cultural Change 43, no. 4 (July 1995): 835-81.
83. Agricultural Research Service and Soil Conservation Service, The Effects of Soils and Fertilizers on Human and Animal Nutrition, by W.H. Allaway (Washington, DC: USDA, March 1995).
84. V. Smil, Nutrient Flows in Agriculture: Notes on the Complexity of Biogeochemical Cycles and Tools for Modeling Nitrogen and Phosphorus Flows in Agroecosystems (draft manuscript, 1993).
85. H.P. Mapp, D.J. Bernardo, G.J. Sabbagh, S. Geleta, and K.B. Watkins, "Economic and Environmental Impacts of Limiting Nitrogen Use to Protect Water Quality: A Stochastic Regional Analysis," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76, no. 4 (Nov. 1994): 889-903.
86. FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2010.
87. H.I. Shuval, Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Night-Soil Composting (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1981), cited in L.R. Brown and J.L. Jacobson, The Future of Urbanization: Facing the Ecological and Economic Constraints, Worldwatch Paper 77 (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Inst., May 1987).
88. H.I. Shuval, Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Night-Soil Composting (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1981), cited in L.R. Brown and J.L. Jacobson, The Future of Urbanization: Facing the Ecological and Economic Constraints, Worldwatch Paper 77 (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Inst., May 1987).
89. Brown and Jacobson, The Future of Urbanization.
90. R.K. Bastian, cited in L.R. Brown and J.L. Jacobson, The Future of Urbanization.
91. P. Pinstrup-Andersen and R. Pandya-Lorch, Agricultural Growth Is the Key to Poverty Alleviation in Low-Income Developing Countries, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 15 (April 1995).
92. P.G. Pardey and J.M. Alston, Revamping Agricultural R&D, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 24 (June 1995).
93. ISNAR Agricultural Research Indicator Series: A Global Database on National Agricultural Research Systems, eds. P.G. Pardey and J. Roseboom (1989).
94. Lele, "Sources of Growth."
95. L.S. Hardin, "Whence International Agricultural Research?" Food Policy 19, no. 6 (Dec. 1994): 561-67.
96. H.F. French, "Rebuilding the World Bank," in State of the World: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Towards a Sustainable Society (New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994): 156-76.
97. G. Dresrüsse, Declining Assistance to Developing-Country Agriculture: Change of Paradigm? International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 16 (April 1995).
98. P.G. Pardey and J.M. Alston, Revamping Agricultural R&D. According to this source, some of the controversy over calculation of rates of return to agricultural research revolves around the failure of studies to adjust for some of the following factors: the effects of price-distorting policies on research benefits; the cost of environmental degradation; social and administrative costs of taxation; and benefits to sectors other than agriculture. These oversights work both to over-and underestimate the rates of return of agricultural research.
99. E. Lutz, S. Pagiola, and C. Reiche, "The Costs and Benefits of Soil Conservation: The Farmer's Viewpoint," The World Bank Research Observer 9, no. 2 (July 1994): 273-95.
100. L.R. Brown, H. Feldstein, L. Haddad, C. Pena, and A. Quisumbing, Generating Food Security in the Year 2020: Women as Producers, Gatekeepers and Shock Absorbers, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 17 (May 1995).
101. M. Ravallion and G. Datt, "How Important to India's Poor Is the Sectoral Composition of Economic Growth?" The World Bank Economic Review 10, no. 1 (Jan. 1996): 1-21.
102. R. Pandya-Lorch, Economic Growth and Development, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 1 (Aug. 1994).
103. R.L. Paarlberg, "Sustainable Farming: A Political Geography," International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020 Brief 4 (Aug. 1994.)
104. Crosson and Anderson, "Resources and Global Food Prospects."
105. R. Repetto, The "Second India" Revisited: Population, Poverty, and Environmental Stress Over Two Decades (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, Aug. 1994).