World population beyond six billion

Population Bulletin

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 3-43

  Gelbard, Alene ^a   Haub, Carl ^a   Kent, Mary M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIRTH RATE; DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS; DEMOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC FACTORS; ECONOMICS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS--STATISTICS; ESTIMATION TECHNICS; FERTILITY; FERTILITY DECLINE--STATISTICS; FORECASTING; GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS; GEOGRAPHY; LENGTH OF LIFE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIFE EXPECTANCY--STATISTICS; LONGEVITY; METHODOLOGY; MORTALITY; POPULATION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION DYNAMICS--STATISTICS; POPULATION GROWTH; POPULATION GROWTH--STATISTICS; POPULATION PROJECTION--STATISTICS; RESEARCH; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIOECONOMICS; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; STATISTICS; TECHNICAL REPORT; URBAN POPULATION; URBAN SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; URBANIZATION; URBANIZATION--STATISTICS; WORLD;

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS; ECONOMIC FACTORS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS--STATISTICS; ESTIMATION TECHNICS; FERTILITY; FERTILITY DECLINE--STATISTICS; GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS; LENGTH OF LIFE; LIFE EXPECTANCY--STATISTICS; MORTALITY; POPULATION; POPULATION DYNAMICS--STATISTICS; POPULATION GROWTH--STATISTICS; POPULATION PROJECTION--STATISTICS; RESEARCH METHODOLOGY; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TECHNICAL REPORT; URBAN SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; URBANIZATION--STATISTICS; WORLD;

BIRTH RATE; DEMOGRAPHY; ECONOMICS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FERTILITY; FORECASTING; GEOGRAPHY; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LONGEVITY; MORTALITY; POPULATION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION GROWTH; RESEARCH; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STATISTICS; URBAN POPULATION; URBANIZATION;

EID: 0004560673     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

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12. United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 1998 Revision: 546.
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19. Ibid.
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22. Haub and Cornelius, 1998 World Population Data Sheet, Abdel R. Omran and Farzaneh Roudi, "The Middle East Population Puzzle," Population Bulletin 48, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1993); and United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 1998 Revision.
23. Haub and Cornelius, 1998 World Population Data Sheet, Abdel R. Omran and Farzaneh Roudi, "The Middle East Population Puzzle," Population Bulletin 48, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1993); and United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 1998 Revision.
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27. The two major sources of refugee statistics are the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the U.S. Committee for Refugees. See U.S. Committee for Refugees, World Refugee Survey 1998 (Washington, DC: Immigration and Refugee Services of America, 1998): 3-5.
28. Urban, as defined by most countries, refers to relatively small population concentrations, such as 2,000 inhabitants or more. The definition varies considerably from country to country. See Martin Brockerhoff and Ellen Brennan, "The Poverty of Cities in Developing Regions," Population and Development Review 24, no. 1 (March 1998): 75-114.
29. United Nations, Patterns of Urban and Rural Population Growth (New York: United Nations, 1980): table 3.
30. Brockerhoff and Brennan, "The Poverty of Cities."
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32. John Bongaarts, "The Fertility Inhibiting Effects of the Intermediate Variables," Studies in Family Planning 13, no. 6/7 (June/July 1982): 179-89.
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34. Nancy E. Riley, "Gender, Power, and Population Change," Population Bulletin 52, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997); Roger Jeffrey and Alaka Basu, "Schooling As Contraception?" in Girl's Schooling, Women's Autonomy and Fertility Change in South Asia, eds. Roger Jeffrey and Alaka Basu (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996): 48-71; and John Knodel and Gavin W. Jones, "Does Promoting Girl's Schooling Miss the Mark?" Population and Development Review 22, no. 4 (1996): 683-702.
35. Nancy E. Riley, "Gender, Power, and Population Change," Population Bulletin 52, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997); Roger Jeffrey and Alaka Basu, "Schooling As Contraception?" in Girl's Schooling, Women's Autonomy and Fertility Change in South Asia, eds. Roger Jeffrey and Alaka Basu (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996): 48-71; and John Knodel and Gavin W. Jones, "Does Promoting Girl's Schooling Miss the Mark?" Population and Development Review 22, no. 4 (1996): 683-702.
36. Tanzania Bureau of Statistics and Demographic and Health Surveys, Demographic and Health Survey 1996 (Calverton, MD: Macro International, 1997): 77; Philippines National Statistics Office and Macro International, Inc., Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey 1998 (Calverton, MD: Macro International, 1998): 11; and Charles Westoff, Ann Blanc, and Laura Nyblade, "Marriage and Entry Into Parenthood," DHS Comparative Studies No. 10 (1994): table 6.3.
37. Tanzania Bureau of Statistics and Demographic and Health Surveys, Demographic and Health Survey 1996 (Calverton, MD: Macro International, 1997): 77; Philippines National Statistics Office and Macro International, Inc., Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey 1998 (Calverton, MD: Macro International, 1998): 11; and Charles Westoff, Ann Blanc, and Laura Nyblade, "Marriage and Entry Into Parenthood," DHS Comparative Studies No. 10 (1994): table 6.3.
38. Tanzania Bureau of Statistics and Demographic and Health Surveys, Demographic and Health Survey 1996 (Calverton, MD: Macro International, 1997): 77; Philippines National Statistics Office and Macro International, Inc., Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey 1998 (Calverton, MD: Macro International, 1998): 11; and Charles Westoff, Ann Blanc, and Laura Nyblade, "Marriage and Entry Into Parenthood," DHS Comparative Studies No. 10 (1994): table 6.3.
39. Riley, "Gender, Power, and Population Change": 20-23.
40. Ibid.
41. Barbara Shane, Family Planning Saves Lives (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997).
42. Population Reference Bureau, Women of Our World 1998 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1998).
43. Dominique Meekers, "Education and Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa," International Review of Modern Sociology 24 (Spring 1994): 1-43; and Caroline Bledsoe and Barney Cohen, eds., Social Dynamics of Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993): 89-115.
44. Dominique Meekers, "Education and Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa," International Review of Modern Sociology 24 (Spring 1994): 1-43; and Caroline Bledsoe and Barney Cohen, eds., Social Dynamics of Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993): 89-115.
45. Catherine Marquette and Richard Bilsborrow, "Population and Environment Relationships in Developing Countries: A Select Review of Approaches and Methods," in The Population, Environment, Security, Equation, eds. Barbara S. Baudot and William R. Moomaw (New York: Macmillan, 1997); and Gayl D. Ness with Meghan Golay, Population and Strategies for Sustainable Development (London: Earthscan Press, 1997).
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47. Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society. With Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. Reprinted in On Population, ed. Gertrude Himmelfarb (New York: Modern Library, 1960).
48. Ansley J. Coale and Edgar M. Hoover, Population Growth and Economic Development in Low-Income Countries: A Case Study of India's Prospects (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1958).
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50. Ester Boserup, "Environment, Population and Technology in Primitive Societies," Population and Development Review 2, no. 1 (1976): 21-36; and Ester Boserup, Population and Technological Change (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
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52. National Research Council, Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1986).
53. Robert Cassen and contributors, Population and Development: Old Debates, New Conclusions, ODC, U.S.-Third World Policy Perspectives, no. 19 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994): 4.
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55. Andrew Mason, "Will Population Change Sustain the 'Asian Economic Miracle'?" Asia Pacific Issues: Analysis from the East-West Center, no. 33 (October 1997).
56. Ibid.: 6.
57. Brockerhoff and Brennan, "The Poverty of Cities"; and Douglas S. Massey, "The Age of Extremes: Concentrated Affluence and Poverty in the 21st Century." (Presidential address delivered at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, New Orleans, May 10, 1996).
58. Brockerhoff and Brennan, "The Poverty of Cities"; and Douglas S. Massey, "The Age of Extremes: Concentrated Affluence and Poverty in the 21st Century." (Presidential address delivered at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, New Orleans, May 10, 1996).
59. S. Jay Olshansky, Bruce Carnes, Richard G. Rogers, and Len Smith, "Infectious Diseases-New And Ancient Threats to World Health," Population Bulletin 52, no. 2 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1997): 24-26.
60. Brockerhoff and Brennan, "The Poverty of Cities."
61. Maternal and Child Health Association of the Republic of China, ed., Fertility Control Experiences in the Republics of Korea and China. (Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Comparative Study of Population and Family Planning in ROK and ROC, Taiwan, July 9-17, 1991): 39.
62. Anrudh Jain, ed., Do Population Policies Matter? (New York: The Population Council, 1998): 128-31.
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67. Jain, Do Population Policies Matter?
68. Lori S. Ashford, "New Perspectives on Population: Lessons from Cairo," Population Bulletin 50, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1995): 5.
69. International meetings on population had convened periodically since the late 19th century, but these were mostly discussions of population censuses and statistics. Policy-makers and the public were largely unaware of population growth trends. See Ashford, "New Perspectives on Population": 5; and Rafael Salas, International Population Assistance: The First Decade (Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, 1979): xvi-xvii.
70. International meetings on population had convened periodically since the late 19th century, but these were mostly discussions of population censuses and statistics. Policy-makers and the public were largely unaware of population growth trends. See Ashford, "New Perspectives on Population": 5; and Rafael Salas, International Population Assistance: The First Decade (Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, 1979): xvi-xvii.
71. Stephen L. Isaacs, Gail S. Cairns, and Nancy I. Heckel, Population Policy: A Manual for Policymakers and Planners, 2d ed. (New York: Center for Population and Family Health, Columbia University, and The Futures Group, 1991): 2; and Omran and Roudi, "The Middle East Population Puzzle": 32.
72. Stephen L. Isaacs, Gail S. Cairns, and Nancy I. Heckel, Population Policy: A Manual for Policymakers and Planners, 2d ed. (New York: Center for Population and Family Health, Columbia University, and The Futures Group, 1991): 2; and Omran and Roudi, "The Middle East Population Puzzle": 32.
73. Goliber, "Population and Reproductive Health": 4-5.
74. Isaacs, Cairns, and Heckel, Population Policy.
75. H. Juan Tien, with Zhang Tianlu, Ping Yu, Li Jingneng, and Liang Zhongtang, "China's Demographic Dilemmas," Population Bulletin 47, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1992): 9-11; and Judith Banister, China's Changing Population (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987): 183-226.
76. H. Juan Tien, with Zhang Tianlu, Ping Yu, Li Jingneng, and Liang Zhongtang, "China's Demographic Dilemmas," Population Bulletin 47, no. 1 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1992): 9-11; and Judith Banister, China's Changing Population (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987): 183-226.
77. Leela Visaria and Pravin Visaria, "India's Population in Transition," Population Bulletin 50, no. 3 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1995): 39.
78. Jean-Claude Chesnais, "The Demographic Sunset of the West?," Population Today 25, no. 1 (January 1997): 4-5; R.L. Cliquet, ed., Desirabilities and Possibilities of A Fertility Recovery at Replacement Level in Europe, NIDI CBGS Publications 21 (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger, 1991): 83-90; and United Nations, Global Population Policy Database, 1997 (New York: United Nations, 1998).
79. Jean-Claude Chesnais, "The Demographic Sunset of the West?," Population Today 25, no. 1 (January 1997): 4-5; R.L. Cliquet, ed., Desirabilities and Possibilities of A Fertility Recovery at Replacement Level in Europe, NIDI CBGS Publications 21 (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger, 1991): 83-90; and United Nations, Global Population Policy Database, 1997 (New York: United Nations, 1998).
80. Jean-Claude Chesnais, "The Demographic Sunset of the West?," Population Today 25, no. 1 (January 1997): 4-5; R.L. Cliquet, ed., Desirabilities and Possibilities of A Fertility Recovery at Replacement Level in Europe, NIDI CBGS Publications 21 (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger, 1991): 83-90; and United Nations, Global Population Policy Database, 1997 (New York: United Nations, 1998).
81. Omran and Roudi, "The Middle East Population Puzzle": 32.
82. Peter Donaldson, Nature Against Us: The United States and the World Population Crisis: 1965-1980 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1990); and Craig Lasher, "U.S. Population Policy Since the Cairo Conference," Environmental Change and Security Project Report no. 4 (Spring 1998): 18.
83. Peter Donaldson, Nature Against Us: The United States and the World Population Crisis: 1965-1980 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1990); and Craig Lasher, "U.S. Population Policy Since the Cairo Conference," Environmental Change and Security Project Report no. 4 (Spring 1998): 18.
84. Lasher, "U.S. Population Policy Since the Cairo Conference."
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86. Peter J. Donaldson and Amy Ong Tsui, "The International Family Planning Movement," Population Bulletin 45, no. 3 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1990); and Jason L. Finkle and Barbara B. Crane, "Ideology and Politics at Mexico City: The United States at the 1984 International Conference on Population," Population and Development Review 11, no. 1 (March 1985):1-28.
87. Peter J. Donaldson and Amy Ong Tsui, "The International Family Planning Movement," Population Bulletin 45, no. 3 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1990); and Jason L. Finkle and Barbara B. Crane, "Ideology and Politics at Mexico City: The United States at the 1984 International Conference on Population," Population and Development Review 11, no. 1 (March 1985):1-28.
88. Ashford, "New Perspectives on Population."
89. Claudia Garcia-Moreno and Amparo Claro, "Challenges from the Women's Health Movement," in Population Policies Reconsidered: Health, Empowerment, and Rights, eds. Gita Sen, Adrienne Germain, and Lincoln C. Chen (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994): 47.
90. Gita Sen, Adrienne Germain, and Lincoln C. Chen, "Reconsidering Population Policies: Ethics, Development, and Strategies for Change," in Population Policies Reconsidered, eds. Sen, Germain, and Chen: 4.
91. Alene H. Gelbard, "The Empowerment of Women, Population Growth, and Development: A Consensus?" (Paper presented at ITEST Workshop "Population Issues: Cairo, Copenhagen, Beijing," St. Louis, Oct. 13-15, 1995 (updated 1996)).
92. Ashford, "New Perspectives on Population": 33.
93. United Nations, The World Conferences; Harold N. Burdett, "Food for Thought: Population and the World Food Summit," Toward the 21st Century no. 4 (Washington, DC: Population Institute, 1996); and "UN Conference Reaffirms Reproductive Rights," Reproductive Freedom News 5, no. 13 (July 26, 1996): 8.
94. United Nations, The World Conferences; Harold N. Burdett, "Food for Thought: Population and the World Food Summit," Toward the 21st Century no. 4 (Washington, DC: Population Institute, 1996); and "UN Conference Reaffirms Reproductive Rights," Reproductive Freedom News 5, no. 13 (July 26, 1996): 8.
95. United Nations, The World Conferences; Harold N. Burdett, "Food for Thought: Population and the World Food Summit," Toward the 21st Century no. 4 (Washington, DC: Population Institute, 1996); and "UN Conference Reaffirms Reproductive Rights," Reproductive Freedom News 5, no. 13 (July 26, 1996): 8.
96. UNFPA, The State of World Population 1997 (New York: UNFPA, 1997).
97. Jain, Do Population Policies Matter?; Lori Ashford and Carolyn Makinson, Reproductive Health in Policy and Practice: Case Studies from Brazil, India, Morocco, and Uganda (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1999); and Karen Hardee, Kokila Agarwal, Nancy Luke, Ellen Wilson, Margaret Pendzich, and Harry Cross, "Post-Cairo Reproductive Health Policies: A Comparative Study of Eight Countries." (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Chicago, April 2-4, 1998).
98. Jain, Do Population Policies Matter?; Lori Ashford and Carolyn Makinson, Reproductive Health in Policy and Practice: Case Studies from Brazil, India, Morocco, and Uganda (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1999); and Karen Hardee, Kokila Agarwal, Nancy Luke, Ellen Wilson, Margaret Pendzich, and Harry Cross, "Post-Cairo Reproductive Health Policies: A Comparative Study of Eight Countries." (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Chicago, April 2-4, 1998).
99. Jain, Do Population Policies Matter?; Lori Ashford and Carolyn Makinson, Reproductive Health in Policy and Practice: Case Studies from Brazil, India, Morocco, and Uganda (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1999); and Karen Hardee, Kokila Agarwal, Nancy Luke, Ellen Wilson, Margaret Pendzich, and Harry Cross, "Post-Cairo Reproductive Health Policies: A Comparative Study of Eight Countries." (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Chicago, April 2-4, 1998).
100. UNFPA, The State of World Population 1997.
101. Ashford and Makinson, Reproductive Health in Policy and Practice: Case Studies.
102. UNFPA, The State of World Population 1997.
103. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), "Shaping the 21st Century: The Contribution of Development Co-Operation: Summary of Development Co-Operation Efforts and Policies of the Members of the Development Assistance Committee" (Paris: OECD, 1996).
104. Carl Wahren, Supporting Reproductive Health Services: Low Cost/High Yield (Paris: OECD, September 1997): 20-24.
105. United Nations, The World Conferences: 71.
106. Ibid.: 72.
107. David J.P. Barker, "Maternal Nutrition, Fetal Nutrition, and Disease in Later Life," Nutrition 13, no. 9 (1997): 807-13.
108. UNESCO, World Education Report 1998 (Paris: UNESCO, 1998): table 3.
109. Anne Tinker, "Safe Motherhood as a Social and Economic Investment." (Paper prepared for the Technical Consultation on Safe Motherhood, in Sri Lanka, October, 1997); Ann G. Tinker and Marjorie A Koblinsky, "Making Motherhood Safe," World Bank Discussion Paper no. 202 (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1993); and United Nations, World Population Monitoring, Health and Mortality: Selected Aspects. Draft, Dec. 22, 1997, UN ESA/P/WP.142.
110. Anne Tinker, "Safe Motherhood as a Social and Economic Investment." (Paper prepared for the Technical Consultation on Safe Motherhood, in Sri Lanka, October, 1997); Ann G. Tinker and Marjorie A Koblinsky, "Making Motherhood Safe," World Bank Discussion Paper no. 202 (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1993); and United Nations, World Population Monitoring, Health and Mortality: Selected Aspects. Draft, Dec. 22, 1997, UN ESA/P/WP.142.
111. Anne Tinker, "Safe Motherhood as a Social and Economic Investment." (Paper prepared for the Technical Consultation on Safe Motherhood, in Sri Lanka, October, 1997); Ann G. Tinker and Marjorie A Koblinsky, "Making Motherhood Safe," World Bank Discussion Paper no. 202 (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1993); and United Nations, World Population Monitoring, Health and Mortality: Selected Aspects. Draft, Dec. 22, 1997, UN ESA/P/WP.142.
112. Tinker, "Safe Motherhood": 6-7
113. Paul Hewitt and Bradley Belt, "Staying Afloat as the World Ages," The Washington Post, Feb. 12, 1998, sec. A: p. 23.
114. Constance Holden, "New Populations of Old Add to Poor Nations' Burdens," Science 273 (July 5, 1996): 46-47.
115. Castles and Miller, The Age of Migration: 8-9.
116. Philip Martin, "Trade, Aid, and Migration," International Migration Review 26, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 162-72.
117. UN High Commissioner for Refugees, State of the World's Refugees 1997-1998: A Humanitarian Approach (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
118. UNAIDS and WHO, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. 12; and Lawrence K. Altman, "Parts of Africa Showing HIV in 1 in 4 Adults," The New York Times, June 24, 1998, sec. A: p. 1.
119. UNAIDS and WHO, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. 12; and Lawrence K. Altman, "Parts of Africa Showing HIV in 1 in 4 Adults," The New York Times, June 24, 1998, sec. A: p. 1.
120. United Nations, Report on the World Social Situation 1997 (New York: United Nations, 1997): 68.