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Although this paper is not within the scope of this review, it is closely related. This paper contains theoretical modeling of the transport through a superlattice driven very far from equilibrium by intense terahertz fields. Remarkable agreement with spectacular experimental data are obtained with very few adjustable parameters.
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Wacker A, Jauho AP, Zeuner S, Allen SJ. Sequential tunneling in doped superlattices: fingerprints of impurity bands and photon-assisted tunneling. Phys Rev B. 56:1997;13268-13278 Although this paper is not within the scope of this review, it is closely related. This paper contains theoretical modeling of the transport through a superlattice driven very far from equilibrium by intense terahertz fields. Remarkable agreement with spectacular experimental data are obtained with very few adjustable parameters.
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Wendler L, Kraft T, Hartung M, Berger Wixforth A, Sundaram M, English JH, Gossard AC. Optical response of grating-coupler-induced intersubband resonances: the role of Wood's anomalies. Phys Rev B. 55:1997;2303-2314.
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This paper reports the first time-domain measurements of intersubband oscillations in a quantum well.
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Heyman JN, Unterrainer K, Craig K, Williams J, Sherwin MS, Campman K, Hopkins P, Gossard AC, Murdin BN, Langerak CJGM. Far-infrared pump-probe measurements of the intersubband lifetime in an AlGaAs/GaAs coupled-quantum well. Appl Phys Lett. 68:1996;3019-3021.
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Murdin BN, Langerak CJGM, Helm M, Kruck P, Heiss W, Rosskopf V, Strasser G, Gornik E, Dur M, Goodnick SM, et al. Time resolved studies of intersubband relaxation in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells below the optical phonon energy using a free electron laser. Superlattice Microstruct. 19:1996;17-24.
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Murdin BN, Knippels GMH, Langerak CJGM, Heiss W, Unterrainer K, Gornik E, Hertle H, Helm M, Pidgeon CR. Determination of the intersubband lifetime in GaAs/AlGaAs and Si/SiGe quantum wells using a free electron laser. The 22nd International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors. 2:1995;1177-1180.
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Murdin BM, Knippels GMH, van der Meer AFG, Pidgeon CR, Langerak CJGM, Helm M, Heiss W, Unterrainer K, Gornik E, Geerinck KK, et al. Excite-probe determination of the intersubband lifetime in wide GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells using a far-infrared free-electron laser. Semiconductor Sci Technol. 9:1994;1554-1557.
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Craig K, Galdrikian B, Heyman JN, Markelz AG, Williams JB, Sherwin MS, Campman K, Hopkins PF, Gossard AC. Undressing a collective intersubband excitation in a quantum well. Phys Rev Lett. 76:1996;2382-2385.
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This paper demonstrates experimentally the nonexponential recovery of intersubband absorption after excitation with an intense THz pulse. Initially, electrons are hot enough to emit LO phonons, and relax with a ≈ 50 ps time constant. As they cool, LO phonon relaxation is forbidden, and the relaxation time increases to hundreds of picoseconds.
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1-xAs quantum wells. Phys Rev B. 55:1997;5171-5176 This paper demonstrates experimentally the nonexponential recovery of intersubband absorption after excitation with an intense THz pulse. Initially, electrons are hot enough to emit LO phonons, and relax with a ≈ 50 ps time constant. As they cool, LO phonon relaxation is forbidden, and the relaxation time increases to hundreds of picoseconds.
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Reference [16] suggested the hypothesis that, for all levels of intersubband excitation, intersubband relaxation can be described by the cooling of a single Fermi - Dirac distribution. This paper rejects that hypothesis for sufficiently low excitation intensities
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LO. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference on Modulated Semiconductor Structures. 1998; Reference [16] suggested the hypothesis that, for all levels of intersubband excitation, intersubband relaxation can be described by the cooling of a single Fermi - Dirac distribution. This paper rejects that hypothesis for sufficiently low excitation intensities.
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Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference on Modulated Semiconductor Structures
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Heyman, J.N.1
Barnhorst, J.2
Unterrainer, K.3
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Hyldgaard P, Wilkins JW. Electron-electron scattering in far-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Phys Rev B. 53:1996;6889-6892.
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This paper demonstrates picosecond intersubband scattering rates in a photoexcited population of electrons in undoped wide quantum wells.
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Hartig M, Haacke S, Taylor RA, Rota L, Deveaud B. Intersubband scattering rates in GaAs quantum wells under selective and resonant excitation, measured by femtosecond luminescence. Superlattice Microstruct. 21:1997;77-83 This paper demonstrates picosecond intersubband scattering rates in a photoexcited population of electrons in undoped wide quantum wells.
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Hartig M, Haacke S, Selbmann PE, Deveaud B, Taylor RA, Rota L. Efficient intersubband scattering via carrier-carrier interaction. Phys Status Solidi B. 204:1997;159.
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Luo K, Zheng H, Lu Z, Xu J, Xu Z, Zhang T, Li C, Yang X, Tian J. Subband separation energy dependence of intersubband relaxation time in wide quantum wells. Appl Phys Lett. 70:1997;1155-1157.
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This paper demonstrates Terahertz intersubband emission in a quantum cascade structure. The goal of this research group is to make a Terahertz quantum cascade laser.
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Xu B, Hu Q, Melloch MR. Electrically pumped tunable terahertz emitter based on intersubband transition. Appl Phys Lett. 71:1997;440-442 This paper demonstrates Terahertz intersubband emission in a quantum cascade structure. The goal of this research group is to make a Terahertz quantum cascade laser.
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Xu, B.1
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This paper contains a straightforward application of Floquet theory to make the first published calculations of the intersubband absorption spectrum of a quantum well driven by intense Terahertz radiation. Nonperturbative AC stark shifts and photon replicas of intersubband absorption are observed.
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Fromherz T. Floquet states and intersubband absorption in strongly driven double quantum wells. Phys Rev B. 56:1997;4772-4777 This paper contains a straightforward application of Floquet theory to make the first published calculations of the intersubband absorption spectrum of a quantum well driven by intense Terahertz radiation. Nonperturbative AC stark shifts and photon replicas of intersubband absorption are observed.
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Cerne J, Markelz AG, Sherwin MS, Allen SJ, Sundaram M, Gossard AC, van Son PC, Bimberg D. Quenching of excitonic quantum-well photoluminescence by intense far-infrared radiation: free-carrier heating. Phys Rev B. 51:1995;5253-5262.
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36
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This and the next reference [36], published back-to-back in Physical Review Letters, contain the first observations of hydrogenic internal transitions of excitons in quantum wells with a 'type I' band line-up (electron-hole recombination direct in k-space and real space). The technique used is optically-detected Terahertz resonance, in which Terahertz radiation modulates excitonic photoluminescence.
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Cerne J, Kono J, Sherwin MS, Sundaram M, Gossard AC, Bauer GEW. Terahertz dynamics of excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. Phys Rev Lett. 77:1996;1131-1134 This and the next reference [36], published back-to-back in Physical Review Letters, contain the first observations of hydrogenic internal transitions of excitons in quantum wells with a 'type I' band line-up (electron-hole recombination direct in k-space and real space). The technique used is optically-detected Terahertz resonance, in which Terahertz radiation modulates excitonic photoluminescence.
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Observation of internal transitions of confined excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells
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See annotation [36].
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Salib MS, Nickel HA, Herold GS, Petrou A, McCombe BD, Chen R, Bajaj KK, Schaff W. Observation of internal transitions of confined excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. Phys Rev Lett. 77:1996;1135-1138 See annotation [36].
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Chen, R.6
Bajaj, K.K.7
Schaff, W.8
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38
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In this paper, a sample containing a quantum well is simultaneously illuminated with near-infrared radiation near the band gap and intense Terahertz radiation. The NIR and Terahertz fields mix to generate NIR sidebands, which are separated by two Terahertz photons from the NIR laser frequency.
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Cerne J, Kono J, Inoshita T, Sherwin M, Sundaram M, Gossard AC. Near-infrared sideband generation induced by intense far-infrared radiation in GaAs quantum wells. Appl Phys Lett. 70:1997;3543-3545 In this paper, a sample containing a quantum well is simultaneously illuminated with near-infrared radiation near the band gap and intense Terahertz radiation. The NIR and Terahertz fields mix to generate NIR sidebands, which are separated by two Terahertz photons from the NIR laser frequency.
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Appl Phys Lett
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Cerne, J.1
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39
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0001533501
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In this paper, detailed experimental and theoretical studies show that the sidebands arise from a four-wave mixing process which is enhanced when the NIR or Terahertz frequencies are near excitonic resonances. The sidebands are used to perform a novel nonlinear optically-detected resonance spectroscopy of magnetoexcitons.
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Kono J, Su MY, Inoshita T, Noda T, Sherwin MS, Allen SJ, Sakaki H. Resonant terahertz optical sideband generation from confinedm magnetoexcitons. Phys Rev Lett. 79:1997;1758 In this paper, detailed experimental and theoretical studies show that the sidebands arise from a four-wave mixing process which is enhanced when the NIR or Terahertz frequencies are near excitonic resonances. The sidebands are used to perform a novel nonlinear optically-detected resonance spectroscopy of magnetoexcitons.
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Phys Rev Lett
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Kono, J.1
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Allen, S.J.6
Sakaki, H.7
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40
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0031479330
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Observation of dynamical Franz - Keldysh effect
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This paper reports the first observations of the dynamical Franz - Keldysh effect. The band-edge absorption in a quantum well is modified when it is illuminated with intense Terahertz radiation.
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Nordstrom KB, Johnsen K, Allen SJ Jr, Jauho AP, Birnir B, Kono J, Noda T, Akiyama H, Sakaki H. Observation of dynamical Franz - Keldysh effect. Phys Status Solidi B. 204:1997;52 This paper reports the first observations of the dynamical Franz - Keldysh effect. The band-edge absorption in a quantum well is modified when it is illuminated with intense Terahertz radiation.
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Phys Status Solidi B
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Nordstrom, K.B.1
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Kono, J.6
Noda, T.7
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Sakaki, H.9
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