Brain renin-angiotensin system dysfunction in hypertension: Recent advances and perspectives

British Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 139, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 191-202

  Veerasingham, Shereeni J ^a   Raizada, Mohan K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiotensin receptor signal transduction; Baroreflex; Brain renin angiotensin system; Noradrenaline neuromodulation; Phosphoinositide 3 kinase; Spontaneously hypertensive rat; Sympathetic activity

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; ANGIOTENSIN; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN II [1 SARCOSINE 8 ISOLEUCINE]; ANGIOTENSIN II [1 SARCOSINE 8 THREONINE]; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; CANDESARTAN; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; LOSARTAN; MESSENGER RNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; NORADRENALIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE INHIBITOR; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN KINASE C; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; VALSARTAN;

ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS; ARTERY; BLOOD VESSEL TONE; BRAIN; BRAIN CELL; BRAIN REGION; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPERTENSION; MEDULLA OBLONGATA; MICROINJECTION; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM; PATHOGENESIS; PRESSORECEPTOR REFLEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN DISORDER; REVIEW; SENSORY NERVE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLITARY TRACT NUCLEUS; SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT; SYMPATHETIC NERVE; SYMPATHETIC TONE; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; VASOMOTOR DISORDER; VIRAL GENE THERAPY;

1-PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANIMALS; BAROREFLEX; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MEDULLA OBLONGATA; RATS; RATS, INBRED SHR; RECEPTOR, ANGIOTENSIN, TYPE 1; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM;

EID: 0038606899     PISSN: 00071188     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705262     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. 1 receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats reduces blood pressure and sympathetic nerve discharge. J. Renin Angiotensin - Aldosterone Syst., 2, S120-S124.
2. ALLEN, A.M. (2002). Inhibition of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in spontaneously hypertensive rats dramatically reduces sympathetic vasomotor tone. Hypertension, 39, 275-280.
3. ALLEN, A.M., MACGREGOR, D.P., MCKINLEY, M.J. & MENDELSOHN, F.A. (1999). Angiotensin II receptors in the human brain. Regul. Pept., 79, 1-7.
4. ANDERSON, E.A., SINKEY, C.A., LAWTON, W.J. & MARK, A.L. (1989). Elevated sympathetic nerve activity in borderline hypertensive humans. Evidence from direct intraneural recordings. Hypertension, 14, 177-183.
5. ANDRESEN, M.C. & YANG, M. (1989). Arterial baroreceptor resetting: contributions of chronic and acute processes. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 15(Suppl), 19-30.
6. ARMSTRONG, W.E. (1995). Morphological and electrophysiological classification of hypothalamic supraoptic neurons. Prog. Neurobiol., 47, 291-339.
7. ARRIBAS, S.M., ALONSO, M.J., MARIN, J., FERNANDES, F., LLERGO, J.L., SANCHEZ-FERRER, C.F. & SALAICES, M. (1996). Noradrenergic transmission in the tail artery of hypertensive rats transgenic for the mouse renin gene Ren-2. J. Auton. Pharmacol., 16, 69-77.
8. AVERILL, D.B. & DIZ, D.I. (2000). Angiotensin peptides and baroreflex control of sympathetic outflow: pathways and mechanisms of the medulla oblongata. Brain Res. Bull., 51, 119-128.
9. 1) receptor antagonist, attenuates pressor and sympathoexcitatory responses evoked by angiotensin II and L-glutamate in rostral ventrolateral medulla. Brain Res., 665, 175-180.
10. 1 receptors induce depolarization and inward current in rat median preoptic neurons in vitro. Am. J. Physiol., 275, R632-R639.
11. BELLIN, S.I., BHATNAGAR, R.K. & JOHNSON, A.K. (1987). Periventricular noradrenergic systems are critical for angiotensin-induced drinking and blood pressure responses. Brain Res., 403, 105-112.
12. BERECEK, K.H., KIRK, K.A., NAGAHAMA, S. & OPARIL, S. (1987). Sympathetic function in spontaneously hypertensive rats after chronic administration of captopril. Am. J. Physiol., 252, H796-H806.
13. BLUME, A., LEBRUN, C.J., HERDEGEN, T., BRAVO, R., LINZ, W., MOLLENHOFF, E. & UNGER, T. (1997). Increased brain transcription factor expression by angiotensin in genetic hypertension. Hypertension, 29, 592-598.
14. BORGONIO, A., PUMMER, S., WITTE, K. & LEMMER, B. (2001). Reduced baroreflex sensitivity and blunted endogenous nitric oxide synthesis precede the development of hypertension in TGR(mREN2)27 rats. Chronobiol. Int., 18, 215-226.
15. BOSCAN, P., ALLEN, A.M. & PATON, J.F. (2001). Baroreflex inhibition of cardiac sympathetic outflow is attenuated by angiotensin II in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Neuroscience, 103, 153-160.
16. CABASSI, A., VINCI, S., CANTONI, A.M., QUARTIERI, F., MOSCHINI, L., CAVAZZINI, S., CAVATORTA, A. & BORGHETTI, A. (2002). Sympathetic activation in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 39, 656-661.
17. CAMACHO, A. & PHILLIPS, M.I. (1981). Separation of drinking and pressor responses to central angiotensin by monoamines. Am. J. Physiol., 240, R106-R113.
18. CAMPAGNOLE-SANTOS, M.J., DIZ, D.I. & FERRARIO, C.M. (1988). Baroreceptor reflex modulation by angiotensin II at the nucleus tractus solitarii. Hypertension, 11, I167-I171.
19. CASTO, R. & PHILLIPS, M.I. (1985). Neuropeptide action in nucleus tractus solitarius: angiotensin specificity and hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol., 249, R341-R347.
20. CHAVES, G.Z., CALIGIORNE, S.M., SANTOS, R.A., KHOSLA, M.C. & CAMPAGNOLE-SANTOS, M.J. (2000). Modulation of the baroreflex control of heart rate by angiotensin (1 - 7) at the nucleus tractus solitarii of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Hypertens., 18, 1841-1848.
21. CIRIELLO, J., KLINE, R.L., ZHANG, T.X. & CAVERSON, M.M. (1984). Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus alter the development of spontaneous hypertension in the rat. Brain Res., 310, 355-359.
22. CLAUSMEYER, S., REINECKE, A., FARRENKOPF, R., UNGER, T. & PETERS, J. (2000). Tissue-specific expression of a rat renin transcript lacking the coding sequence for the prefragment and its stimulation by myocardial infarction. Endocrinology, 141, 2963-2970.
23. COLOMBARI, E., SATO, M.A., CRAVO, S.L., BERGAMACHI, C.T., CAMPOS JR., R.R. & LOPES, O.U. (2001). Role of the medulla oblongata in hypertension. Hypertension, 38, 549-554.
24. COUTO, A.S., BALTATU, O., SANTOS, R.A., GANTEN, D., BADER, M. & CAMPAGNOLE-SANTOS, M.J. (2002). Differential effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1 - 7) at the nucleus tractus solitarii of transgenic rats with low brain angiotensinogen. J. Hypertens., 20, 919-925.
25. CULMAN, J., HOHLE, S., QADRI, F., EDLING, O., BLUME, A., LEBRUN, C. & UNGER, T. (1995). Angiotensin as neuromodulator/neurotransmitter in central control of body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 17, 281-293.
26. CURNOW, K.M., PASCOE, L. & WHITE, P.C. (1992). Genetic analysis of the human type-1 angiotensin II receptor. Mol. Endocrinol., 6, 1113-1118.
27. DAMPNEY, R.A.L., FONTES, M.A.P., HIROOKA, Y., HORIUCHI, J., POTTS, P.D. & TAGAWA, T. (2002). Role of angiotensin II receptors in the regulation of vasomotor neurons in the ventrolateral medulla. Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol., 29, 467-472.
28. DAVISSON, R.L., OLIVERIO, M.I., COFFMAN, T.M. & SIGMUND, C.D. (2000). Divergent functions of angiotensin II receptor isoforms in the brain. J. Clin. Invest., 106, 103-106.
29. DE WARDENER, H. (2001). The hypothalamus and hypertension. Physiol. Rev., 81, 1559-1658.
30. DIZ, D.I., JESSUP, J.A., WESTWOOD, B.M., BOSCH, S.M., VINSANT, S., GALLAGHER, P.E. & AVERILL, D.B. (2002). Angiotensin peptides as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators in the dorsomedial medulla. Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol., 29, 473-482.
31. ELTON, T.S., STEPHAN, C.C., TAYLOR, G.R., KIMBALL, M.G., MARTIN, M.M., DURAND, J.N. & OPARIL, S. (1992). Isolation of two distinct type I angiotensin II receptor genes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 184, 1067-1073.
32. ESLER, M.J.G., KORNER, P., WILLETT, I., DUDLEY, F., HASKING, G., ANDERSON, W. & LABERT, G. (1988). The assessment of human sympathetic nervous system activity from measurements of norepinephrine turnover. Hypertension, 11, 3-20.
33. FABER, J.E. & BRODY, M.J. (1984). Central nervous system action of angiotensin during onset of renal hypertension in awake rats. Am. J. Physiol., 247, H349-H360.
34. FELIX, D. & SCHLEGEL, W. (1978). Angiotensin receptive neurones in the subfornical organ. Structure - activity relations. Brain Res., 149, 107-116.
35. FERGUSON, A.V. & LI, Z. (1996). Whole cell patch recordings from forebrain slices demonstrate angiotensin II inhibits potassium currents in subfornical organ neurons. Regul. Pept., 66, 55-58.
36. FERGUSON, A.V., WASHBURN, D.L. & LATCHFORD, K.J. (2001). Hormonal and neurotransmitter roles for angiotensin in the regulation of central autonomic function. Exp. Biol. Med., 226, 85-96.
37. FLORAS, J. (1992). Epinephrine and the genesis of hypertension. Hypertension, 19, 1-18.
38. FONTES, M.A., PINGE, M.C., NAVES, V., CAMPAGNOLE-SANTOS, M.J., LOPES, O.U., KHOSLA, M.C. & SANTOS, R.A. (1997). Cardiovascular effects produced by microinjection of angiotensins and angiotensin antagonists into the ventrolateral medulla of freely moving rats. Brain Res., 750, 305-310.
39. FONTES, M.A., SILVA, L.C., CAMPAGNOLE-SANTOS, M.J., KHOSLA, M.C., GUERTZENSTEIN, P.G. & SANTOS, R.A. (1994). Evidence that angiotensin-(1 - 7) plays a role in the central control of blood pressure at the ventro-lateral medulla acting through specific receptors. Brain Res., 665, 175-180.
40. FONTES, M.A.P., BALTATU, O., CALIGIORNE, S.M., CAMPAGNOLE-SANTOS, M.J., GANTEN, D., BADER, M. & SANTOS, R.A.S. (2000). Angiotensin peptides acting at rostral ventrolateral medulla contribute to hypertension of TGR(mREN2)27 rats. Physiol. Genom., 2, 137-142.
41. FRANCIS, S.C., YANG, H., VEERASINGHAM, S., SUMNERS, C. & RAIZADA, M.K. (2001). Differential gene expression profiling in SHR versus WKY brains. Hypertension, 38, 496 (Abstract).
42. GANTEN, D., HERMANN, K., BAYER, C., UNGER, T. & LANG, R.E. (1983). Angiotensin synthesis in the brain and increased turnover in hypertensive rats. Science, 221, 869-871.
43. GOLDSTEIN, D. (1981). Plasma norepinephrine in essential hypertension: a study of the studies. Hypertension, 27, 520-529.
44. GRASSI, G., CATTANEO, B.M., SERAVALLE, G., LANFRANCHI, A. & MANCIA, G. (1998). Baroreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in essential and secondary hypertension. Hypertension, 31, 68-72.
45. GUTKIND, J.S., KURIHARA, M., CASTREN, E. & SAAVEDRA, J.M. (1988). Increased concentration of angiotensin II binding sites in selected brain areas of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Hypertens., 6, 79-84.
46. GUZZETTI, S., PICCALUGA, E., CASATI, R., CERUTTI, S., LOMBARDI, F., PAGANI, M. & MALLIANI, A. (1988). Sympathetic predominance in essential hypertension: a study employing spectral analysis of heart rate variability. J. Hypertens., 6, 711-717.
47. HAYASHI, J., TAKEDA, K., KAWASAKI, S., NAKAMURA, Y., OGURO, M., NAKATA, T., TANABE, S., LEE, L.C., SASAKI, S. & NAKAGAWA, M. (1988). Central attenuation of baroreflex by angiotensin II in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Hypertens., 1, 15S-22S.
48. HERMANN, K., MCDONALD, W., UNGER, T., LANG, R.E. & GANTEN, D. (1984). Angiotensin biosynthesis and concentrations in brain of normotensive and hypertensive rats. J. Physiol. (Paris), 79, 471-480.
49. HIROOKA, Y., POTTS, P.D. & DAMPNEY, R.A.L. (1997). Role of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in mediating the sympathoexcitatory effects of exogenous and endogenous angiotensin peptides in the rostral ventolateral medulla of the rabbit. Brain Res., 772, 107-114.
50. 2 receptors in the pressor, drinking and vasopressin responses to central angiotensin. Brain Res., 586, 289-294.
51. HU, L., ZHU, D.N., YU, Z., WANG, J.Q., SUN, Z.J. & YAO, T. (2002). Expression of angiotensin II type 1 AT(1) receptor in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats. J. Appl. Physiol., 92, 2153-2161.
52. HUANG, B.S. & LEENEN, F.H. (1998). Both brain angiotensin II and 'ouabain' contribute to sympathoexcitation and hypertension in Dahl S rats on high salt intake. Hypertension, 32, 1028-1033.
53. HUANG, X.C., DENG, T. & SUMNERS, C. (1998). Angiotensin II stimulates activation of Fos-regulating kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in neuronal cultures from rat brain. Endocrinology, 139, 245-251.
54. HUTCHINSON, J.S., MENDELSOHN, F.A. & DOYLE, A.E. (1980). Blood pressure responses of conscious normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats to intracerebroventricular and peripheral administration of captopril. Hypertension, 2, 546-550.
55. INAGAMI, T. & EGUCHI, S. (2000). Angiotensin II-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell growth signaling. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 33, 619-624.
56. ITAYA, Y., SUZUKI, H., MATSUKAWA, S., KONDO, K. & SARUTA, T. (1986). Central renin - angiotensin system and the pathogenesis of DOCA-salt hypertension in rats. Am. J. Physiol., 251, H261-H268.
57. 1 receptors support blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 40, 552-559.
58. ITO, S., KOMATSU, K., ISUKAMOTO, K. & SVED, A.F. (2000). Excitatory amino acids in the rostral ventrolateral medulla support blood pressure in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 35, 413-417.
59. ITO, S. & SVED, A.F. (1996). Blockade of angiotensin receptors in rat rostral ventrolateral medulla removes excitatory vasomotor tone. Am. J. Physiol., 270, R1317-R1323.
60. ITO, S. & SVED, A.F. (2000). Pharmacological profile of depressor response elicited by sarthran in rat ventrolateral medulla. Am. J. Physiol., 279, H2961-H2966.
61. JENKINS, T.A., ALLEN, A.M, CHAI, S.Y., MACGREGOR, D.P., PAXINOS, G. & MENDELSOHN, F.A. (1996). Interactions of angiotensin II with central dopamine. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 396, 93-103.
62. JONES, D.L. (1984). Injections of phentolamine into the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area of rats blocks both pressor and drinking responses produced by central administration of angiotensin II. Brain Res. Bull., 13, 127-133.
63. KAGIYAMA, S., TSUCHIHASHI, T., ABE, L., MATSUMURA, K. & FUJISHIMA, M. (1999). Antisense inhibition of angiotensinogen attenuates vasopressin release in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res., 829, 120-124.
64. KAGIYAMA, S., VARELA, A., PHILLIPS, M.I. & GALLI, S.M. (2001). Antisense inhibition of brain rennin - angiotensin system decreased blood pressure in chronic 2-kidney, 1 clip hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 37, 371-375.
65. KASPAROV, S., BUTCHER, J.W. & PATON, J.F.R. (1998). Angiotensin II receptors within the nucleus of the solitary tract mediate the developmental attenuation of the baroreceptor vagal reflex in preweaned rats. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 74, 160-168.
66. 1B, receptor mRNA level at the preoptic area in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci., 58, 1109-1121.
67. LANTELME, P., CERUTTI, C., LO, M., PAULTRE, C.Z. & DUCHER, M. (1998). Mechanisms of spontaneous baroreflex impairment in lyon hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol., 275, R920-R925.
68. 1) receptors causes enhanced cradiovascular sensitivity in transgenic mice. Circ. Res., 90, 617-624.
69. LEE-KIRSCH, M.A., GAUDET, F., CARDOSO, M.C. & LINDPAINTNER, K. (1999). Distinct renin isoforms generated by tissue-specific transcription initiation and alternative splicing. Circ. Res., 84, 240-246.
70. LEENEN, F.H., RUZICKA, M. & HUANG, B.S. (2002). The brain and salt-sensitive hypertension. Curr. Hypertens. Rep., 4, 129-135.
71. 1A predominates in rat forebrain areas involved in blood pressure, body fluid homeostasis and neuroendocrine control. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 30, 53-60.
72. 2) receptor mRNAs in the adult rat brain: a functional neuroanatomical review. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 18, 383-439.
73. LEWIS, J.L., SERIKAWA, T. & WARNOCK, D.G. (1993). Chromosomal localization of angiotensin II type I receptor isoforms in the rat. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 194, 677-682.
74. A by angiotensin II. Neuroscience, 71, 133-145.
75. 2 receptor in the brain in regulation of blood pressure and water intake. Am. J. Physiol., 284, H116-H121.
76. 2 receptors at NRVL in tonic baroreflex suppression by endogenous angiotensins. Am. J. Physiol., 272, H2204-H2210.
77. 2 subtype receptors at nucleus reticularis ventolateralis in the rat. Synapse, 40, 85-94.
78. LLORENS-CORTES, C. & MENDELSOHN F.A.O. (2002). Organisation and functional role of the brain angiotensin system. J. Renin - Angiotensin - Aldosterone Syst., 3, S39-S48.
79. LU, D., YANG, H. & RAIZADA, M.K. (1996a). Angiotensin II regulation of neuromodulation: downstream signaling mechanism from activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Cell. Biol., 135, 1609-1617.
80. LU, D., YU, K., PADDY, M.R., ROWLAND, N.E. & RAIZADA, M.K. (1996b). Regulation of norepinephrine transport system by angiotensin II in neuronal cultures of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rat brains. Endocrinology, 137, 763-772.
81. 2 receptor subtypes in the tonic inhibitory modulation of baroreceptor reflex response by endogenous angiotensins at the nucleus tractus solitarii in the rat. Brain Res., 782, 73-82.
82. MATSUDA, T., SHIBATA, K., ABE, M., TOMONAGA, M. & FURUKAWA, T. (1987). Potentiation of pressor response to angiotensin II at the preoptic area in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Life Sci., 41, 749-754.
83. MATSUKAWA, T., GOTOH, E., HASEGAWA, O., MIYAJIMA, E., SHIONOIRI, H., TOCHIKUBO, O. & ISHII, M. (1991a). Reduced arterial baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in young borderline hypertensives. Funct. Neurol., 6, 113-120.
84. MATSUKAWA, T., GOTOH, E., HASEGAWA, O., SHIONOIRI, H., TOCHIKUBO, O. & ISHII, M. (1991b). Reduced baroreflex changes in muscle sympathetic nerve activity during blood pressure elevation in essential hypertention. J. Hypertens., 9, 537-542.
85. 1 receptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract to attenuate the baroreceptor reflex. Am. J. Physiol., 275, R1611-R1619.
86. MATSUURA, T., KUMAGAI, H., KAWAI, A., ONIMARU, H., IMAI, M., OSHIMA, N., SAKATA, K. & SARUTA, T. (2002). Rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons of neonatal Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneouly hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 40, 560-565.
87. MCKINLEY, M.J., ALLEN, A.M., MATHAI, M.L., MAY, C., MCALLEN, R.M., OLDFIELD, B.J. & WEISINGER, R.S. (2001). Brain angiotensin and body fluid homeostasis. Jpn. J. Physiol., 51, 281-289.
88. MIYAJIMA, E. & BUNAG, R.D. (1986). Impaired sympathetic baroreflexes in prehypertensive Dahl hypertension-sensitive rats. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. A, 8, 1049-1061.
89. MORIMOTO, S., CASSELL, M.D. & SIGMUND, C.D. (2002). Glial- and neuronal-specific expression of the rennin - angiotensin system in brain alters blood pressure, water intake, and salt preference. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 33235-33241.
90. MORISHITA, R., HIGAKI, J., NAKAMURA, Y., AOKI, M., YAMADA, K., MORIGUCHI, A., RAKUGI, H., TOMITA, N., TOMITA, S., YU, H., et al. (1995). Effect of an antihypertensive drug on brain angiotensin II levels in renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 22, 665-669.
91. MURATANI, H., AVERILL, D.B. & FERRARIO, C.M. (1991). Effect of angiotensin II in ventrolateral medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol., 260, R977-R984.
92. MURPHY, T.J., ALEXANDER, R.W., GRIENDLING, K.K., RUNGE, M.S. & BERNSTEIN, K.E. (1991). Isolation of a cDNA encoding the vascular type-1 angiotensin II receptor. Nature, 351, 233-236.
93. NAKAMURA, S., MORIGUCHI, A., MORISHITA, R., YAMADA, K., NISHII, T., TOMITA, N., OHISHI, M., KANEDA, Y., HIGAKI, J. & OGIHARA, T. (1999). Activation of the brain angiotensin system by in vivo human angiotensin-converting enzyme gene transfer in rats. Hypertension, 34, 302-308.
94. NAKAMURA, Y., TAKEDA, K., NAKATA, T., HAYASHI, J., KAWASAKI, S., LEE, L.C., SASAKI, S., NAKAGAWA, M. & IJICHI, H. (1988). Central attenuation of aortic baroreceptor reflex in prehypertensive DOCA-salt-loaded rats. Hypertension, 12, 259-266.
95. NGUYEN, G., DELARUE, F., BURCKLE, C., BOUZHIR, L., GILLER, T. & SRAER, J.-D. (2002). Pivotal role of the renin/prorenin receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin. J. Clin. Invest., 109, 1417-1427.
96. OBERMULLER, N., UNGER, T., CULMAN, J., GOHLKE, P. & BOTTARI, S.P. (1991). Distribution of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in rat brain nuclei. Neurosci. Lett., 132, 11-15.
97. OLIVEIRA, DR., SANTOS, R.A., SANTOS, G.F., KHOSLA, M. & CAMPAGNOLE-SANTOS, M.J. (1996). Changes in the baroreflex control of heart rate produced by central infusion of selective angiotensin antagonists in hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 27, 1284-1290.
98. PARK, C.G. & LEENEN, F.H. (2001). Effects of centrally administered losartan on deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension rats. J. Korean. Med. Sci., 5, 553-537.
99. PATON, J.F., BOSCAN, P., MURPHY, D. & KASPAROV, S. (2001). Unravelling mechanisms of action of angiotensin II on cardiorespiratory function using in vivo gene transfer. Acta Physiol. Scand, 173, 127-137.
100. PATON, J.F. & KASPAROV, S. (1999). Differential effects of angiotensin II on cardiorespiratory reflexes mediated by nucleus tractus solitarii - a microinjection study in the rat. J. Physiol., 521, 213-225.
101. PHILLIPS, M.I. & KIMURA, B. (1988). Brain angiotensin in the developing spontaneously hypertensive rat. J. Hypertens., 6, 607-612.
102. 1-R mRNA antisense. Hypertension, 29, 374-380.
103. PHILLIPS, M.I., SHEN, L., RICHARDS, E.M. & RAIZADA, M.K. (1993). Immunohistochemical mapping of angiotensin AT1 receptors in the brain. Regul. Pept., 44, 95-107.
104. PHILLIPS, M.I. & SUMNERS, C. (1998). Angiotensin II in central nervous system physiology. Regul. Pept., 78, 1-11.
105. POTTS, P.D., ALLEN, A.M., HORIUCHI, J. & DAMPNEY, R.A. (2000). Does angiotensin II have a significant tonic action on cardiovascular neurons in the rostral and caudal VLM? Am. J. Physiol., 279, R1392-R1402.
106. RAIZADA, M.K., LU, D., TANG, W., KURIAN, P. & SUMNERS, C. (1993). Increased angiotensin II type-1 receptor gene expression in neuronal cultures from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Endocrinology, 132, 1715-1722.
107. RAIZADA, M.K., LU, D., YANG, H., RICHARDS, E.M., GELBAND, C.H. & SUMNERS, C. (1999). Brain angiotensin receptor subtypes and their coupling to distinct signal transduction pathways. Adv. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 9, 75-101.
108. 1-receptors and cellular actions of angiotensin II in neuronal cultures of stroke prone-spontaneously hypertensive rat brain. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 396, 71-78.
109. RAIZADA, M.K., MUTHER, T.F. & SUMNERS, C. (1984). Increased angiotensin II receptors in neuronal cultures from hypertensive rat brain. Am. J. Physiol., 247, C364-C372.
110. REAUX, A., FOURNIE-ZALUSKI, M.C. & LLOREN-CORTES, C. (2001). Angiotensin III: a central regulator of vasopressin release and blood pressure. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 12, 157-162.
111. 1 receptor and phospholipase C are involved in angiotensin III modulation of hypothalamic noradrenergic transmission. Cell Mol. Neurobiol., 20, 747-762.
112. RUIZ, P., BASSO, N., CANNATA, M.A. & TAQUINI, A.C. (1990). The rennin-angiotensin system in different stages of spontaneous hypertension in the rat (SHR). Clin. Exp. Hypertens. A, 12, 63-81.
113. RUMANTIR, M.S., KAYE, D.M., JENNINGS, G.L., VAZ, M., HASTINGS, J.A. & ESLER, M.D. (2000). Phenotypic evidence of faulty neuronal norepinephrine reuptake in essential hypertension. Hypertension, 36, 824-829.
114. SANDBERG, K., JI, H., CLARK, A.J., SHAPIRA, H. & CATT, K.J. (1992). Cloning and expression of a novel angiotensin II receptor subtype. J. Biol. Chem., 267, 9455-9458.
115. SASAMURA, H., HEIN, L., KREIGER, J.E., PRATT, R.E., KOBILKA, B.K. & DZAU, V.J. (1992). Cloning, characterization, and expression of two angiotensin receptor (AT-1) isoforms from the mouse genome. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 185, 253-259.
116. SAYESKI, P.P. & BERNSTEIN, K.E. (2001). Signal transduction mechanisms of the angiotensin II type AT(1)-receptor: looking beyond the heterotrimeric G protein paradigm. J. Renin-Angiotensin - Aldosterone Syst., 2, 4-10.
117. SCHINKE, M., BALTATU, O., BOHM, M., PETERS, J., RASCHER, W., BRICCA, G., LIPPOLDT, A., GANTEN, D. & BADER, M. (1999). Blood pressure reduction and diabetes insipidus in transgenic rats deficient in brain angiotensinogen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 96, 3975-3980.
118. 1 receptors in rat median eminence increases phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Brain Res., 705, 24-30.
119. SENANAYAKE, P.D., MORIGUCHI, A., KUMAGAI, H., GANTEN, D., FERRARIO, C.M. & BROSNIHAN, K.B. (1994). Increased expression of angiotensin peptides in the brain of transgenic hypertensive rats. Peptides, 15, 919-926.
120. SEYEDABADI, M., GOODCHILD, A.K. & PILOWSKY, P.M. (2001). Differential role of kinases in brain stem of hypertensive and normotensive rats. Hypertension, 38, 1087-1092.
121. SHIBATA, K., KOMATSU, C., MISUMI, Y. & FURUKAWA, T. (1993). Developmental differences of angiotensinogen mRNA in the preoptic area between spontaneously hypertensive and age-matched Wistar - Kyoto rats. Mol. Brain Res., 19, 115-120.
122. SINN, P.L. & SIGMUND, C.D. (2000). Identification of three human renin mRNA isoforms from alternative tissue-specific transcriptional initiation. Physiol. Genom., 3, 25-31.
123. SMITH, J.K. & BARRON, K.W. (1990). GABAergic responses in ventrolateral medulla in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol., 258, R450-R456.
124. SONG, K., ALLEN, A.M., PAXINOS, G. & MENDELSOHN, F.A.O. (1992). Mapping of angiotensin II receptor subtype heterogeneity in rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol., 316, 467-484.
125. STADLER, T., VELTMAR, A., QADRI, F. & UNGER, T. (1992). Angiotensin II evokes noradrenaline release from the paraventricular nucleus in conscious rats. Brain Res., 569, 117-122.
126. SUGA, T. & SUZUKI, M. (1979). Effects of angiotensin II on the medullary neurons and their sensitivity to acetylcholine and catecholamines. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 29, 541-552.
127. SUMNERS, C., FLEEGAL, M. & ZHU, M. (2002). Angiotensin AT1 receptor signalling pathways in neurons. Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol., 29, 483-490.
128. SUMNERS, C. & PHILLIPS, M.I. (1983). Central injection of angiotensin II alters catecholamine activity in rat brain. Am. J. Physiol., 244, R257-R263.
129. 2+ currents: intracellular mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol., 271, C154-C163.
130. SUN, C., DU, J., SUMNERS, C. & RAIZADA, M.K. (2002a). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates enhanced chronotropic action of angiotensin II in the SHR brain neurons. Hypertension, abstract (In press).
131. SUN, C., SUMNERS, C. & RAIZADA, M.K. (2002b). Chronotropic action of angiotensin II in neurons via protein kinase C and CaMKII. Hypertension, 39, 562-566.
132. SZCZEPANSKA-SADOWSKA, E., PACZWA, P., LON, S. & GANTEN, D. (1998). Increased pressor function of central vasopressinergic system in hypertensive renin transgenic rats. J. Hypertens., 16, 1505-1514.
133. 1 receptors in the ventrolateral medulla. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 33, 643-652.
134. TAGAWA, T., HORIUCHI, J., POTTS, P.D. & DAMPNEY, R.A.L. (1999). Sympathoinhibition after angiotensin receptor blockade in the rostral ventrolateral medulla is independent of glutamate and GABA receptors. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 77, 21-30.
135. TAKEDA, K. & BUNAG, RD. (1980). Augmented sympathetic nerve activity and pressor responsiveness in DOCA hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 2, 97-101.
136. TAKEDA, K., NAKATA, T., TAKESAKO, T., ITOH, H., HIRATA, M., KAWASAKI, S., HAYASHI, J., OGURO, M., SASAKI, S. & NAKAGAWA, M. (1991). Sympathetic inhibition and attenuation of spontaneous hypertension by PVN lesions in rats. Brain Res., 543, 296-300.
137. TAMURA, K., UMEMURA, S., NYUI, N., YAMAKAWA, T., YAMAGUCHI, S., ISHIGAMI, T., TANAKA, S., TANIMOTO, K., TAKAGI, N., SEKIHARA, H., MURAKAMI, K. & ISHII, M. (1996). Tissue-specific regulation of angiotensinogen gene expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 27, 1216-1223.
138. TASKER, J.G. & DUDEK, F.E. (1991). Electrophysiological properties of neurones in the region of the paraventricular nucleus in slices of rat hypothalamus. J. Physiol., 434, 271-293.
139. TERUYA, H., MURATANI, H., TAKISHITA, S., SESOKO, S., MATAYOSHI,R. & FUKIYAMA, K. (1995). Brain angiotensin II contributes to the development of hypertension in Dahl - Iwai salt-sensitive rats. J. Hypertens., 13, 883-890.
140. TOUYZ, R.M. & SCHIFFRIN, E.L. (2000). Signal transduction mechanisms mediating the physiological and pathophysiological actions of angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol. Rev., 52, 639-672.
141. 2) in rat brain. Am. J. Physiol., 216, R209-R216.
142. VEERASINGHAM, S.J., YANG, H., FRANCIS, S.C., SUMNERS, C. & RAIZADA, M.K. (2002). Profiling reveals altered Angiotensin II regulation of gene expression in neurons from pre-hypertensive SHR. Hypertension, abstract (In press).
143. VELTMAR, A., CULMAN, J., QADRI, F., RASCHER, W. & UNGER, T. (1992). Involvement of adrenergic and angiotensinergic receptors in the paraventricular nucleus in the angiotensin II-induced vasopressin release. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 263, 1253-1260.
144. + current in neurons cultured from neonatal rat hypothalamus and brain stem: modulation by angiotensin II. J. Neurophysiol., 78, 1021-1029.
145. WEYHENMEYER, J.A. & PHILLIPS, M.I. (1982). Angiotensin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension, 4, 514-523.
146. WIELBO, D., SERNIA, C., GYURKO, R. & PHILLIPS, M.I. (1995). Antisense inhibition of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension, 25, 314-319.
147. WRIGHT, J.W., SULLIVAN, M.J., QUIRK, W.S., BATT, C.M. & HARDING, J.W. (1987). Heightened blood pressure and drinking responsiveness to intracerebroventricularly applied angiotensins in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Brain Res., 420, 289-294.
148. YANG, C.R., PHILLIPS, M.I. & RENAUD, L.P. (1992a). Angiotensin II receptor activation depolarizes rat supraoptic neurons in vitro. Am. J. Physiol., 263, R1333-R1338.
149. YANG, H., FRANCIS, S.C., SELLERS, K., DEBARROS, M., SUN, C., SUMNERS, C., FERRARIO, C.M., KATOVITCH, M.J., MURO, A.F. & RAIZADA, M.K. (2002). Hypertension-linked decrease in the expression of brain γ-adducin. Circ. Res., 91, 633-639.
150. 1 receptor from rat brain neurons. Hypertension, 30, 351-357.
151. YANG, H., LU, D., YU, K. & RAIZADA, M.K. (1996). Regulation of neuromodulatory actions of angiotensin II in the brain neurons by the Ras-dependent mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. J. Neurosci., 16, 4047-4058.
152. YANG, H. & RAIZADA, M.K. (1998). MAP kinase-independent signaling in angiotensin II regalation of neuromodulation in SHR neurons. Hypertension, 32, 473-481.
153. YANG, H. & RAIZADA, M.K. (1999). Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in angiotensin II regulation of norepinephrine neuromodulation in brain neurons of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J. Neurosci., 19, 2413-2423.
154. YANG, H., WANG, X. & RAIZADA, M.K. (2001). Characterization of signal transduction pathway in neurotropic action of Angiotensin II in brain neurons. Endocrinology, 142, 3502-3511.
155. YANG, R.H., JIN, H., WYSS, J.M. & OPARIL, S. (1992). Depressor effect of blocking angiotensin subtype 1 receptors in anterior hypothalamus. Hypertension, 19, 475-481.
156. 1 receptor-like immunoreactivity in catecholaminergic neurons of the rat medulla oblongata. Neuroscience, 81, 503-515.
157. YU, K., LU, D., ROWLAND, N.E. & RAIZADA, M.K. (1996). Angiotensin II regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the neuronal cultures of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Endocrinology, 137, 3566-3576.
158. ZHU, D.N., MORIGUCHI, A., MIKAMI, H., HIGAKI, J. & OGIHARA, T. (1998). Central amino acids mediate cardiovascular response to angiotensin II in the rat. Brain Res. Bull., 45, 189-197.
159. ZHU, M., GELBAND, C.H., POSNER, P. & SUMNERS, C. (1999). Angiotensin II decreases neuronal delayed rectifier potassium current: role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. J. Neurophysiol., 82, 1560-1568.
160. ZINI, S., FOURNIE-ZALUSKI, M.C., CHAUVEL, E., ROQUES, B.P., CORVOL, P. & LLORENS-CORTES, C. (1996). Identification of metabolic pathways of brain angiotensin II and III using specific aminopeptidase inhibitors: predominant role of angiotensin III in the control of vasopressin release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 93, 11968-11973.