Transcranial color duplex sonography in cerebrovascular disease: A systematic review

Cerebrovascular Diseases

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 4-13

  Baumgartner, Ralf W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Aneurysm; Arteriovenous malformation; Cerebrovascular disease; Intracranial collateral; Intracranial occlusion; Intracranial stenosis; Stroke; Ultrasonography

Indexed keywords

ECHO CONTRAST MEDIUM; FS 069; SONOVUE;

ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY; ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION; ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; BASILAR ARTERY; BRAIN ARTERY; BRAIN ARTERY ANEURYSM; BRAIN CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN PERFUSION; BRAIN THIRD VENTRICLE; BRAIN VASOSPASM; BRAIN VEIN; CEREBELLUM TENTORIUM; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLLATERAL CIRCULATION; COMPRESSION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; HEMATOMA; HEMISPHERE; HUMAN; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MEASUREMENT; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION; MONITORING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; TIME; TRANSCRANIAL COLOR CODED DUPLEX SONOGRAPHY; VERTEBRAL ARTERY;

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; HUMANS; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, DUPLEX; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, TRANSCRANIAL;

EID: 0038581914     PISSN: 10159770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000070108     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Leksell L: Kirurgisk bahandling av skallskador. Vortrag auf dem Meeting of Svenska Läkarsällskapet, 1954.
2. Aaslid R, Markwalder T-M, Nornes H: Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg 1982;57:769-772.
3. Berland LL, Bryan CR, Sekar BC: Sonographic examination of the adult brain. J Clin Ultrasound 1988;16:337-345.
4. Bogdahn U, Becker G, Winkler J, Greiner K, Perez J, Meurers B: Transcranial color-coded real-time sonography in adults. Stroke 1990;21:1680-1688.
5. Baumgartner RW, Schmid C, Baumgartner I: Comparative study of power-based versus mean frequency-based transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in normal adults. Stroke 1996;27:101-104.
6. Bogdahn U, Becker G, Schlief R, Reddig J, Hassel W: Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Stroke 1993;24:676-684.
7. Bude RO, Rubin JM, Adler RS: Power versus conventional color Doppler sonography: Comparison in the depiction of normal intrarenal vasculature. Radiology 1994;192:777-780.
8. Wardlaw JM, Cannon JC: Color transcranial 'power' Doppler ultrasound of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 1996;84:459-461.
9. Turner CL, Kirkpatrick PJ: Detection of intracranial aneurysms with unenhanced and echo contrast enhanced transcranial power Doppler. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:489-495.
10. White P, Wardlaw JM, Teasdale E, Sloss S, Cannon J, Easton V: Power transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the detection of intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 2001;32:1291-1297.
11. Griewing B, Schminke U, Motsch L, Brassel F, Kessler C: Transcranial duplex sonography of middle cerebral artery stenosis: A comparison of colour-coding techniques - frequency- or power-based Doppler and contrast enhancement. Neuroradiology 1998;40:490-495.
12. Postert T, Federlein J, Braun B, et al: Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded real-time sonography: A reliable tool for the diagnosis of middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion in patients with insufficient temporal bone window (letter). Stroke 1998;29:1070-1073.
13. Baumgartner RW, Gönner F, Arnold M, Müri RM: Transtemporal power- and frequency-based color-coded duplex sonography of cerebral veins and sinuses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:1771-1781.
14. Baumgartner RW, Nirkko AC, Müri RM, Gönner F: Transoccipital power-based color-coded duplex sonography of cerebral sinuses and veins. Stroke 1997;28:1319-1323.
15. Baumgartner RW, Mathis J, Sturzenegger M, Mattle HP: A validation study on the intraobserver reproducibility of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography velocity measurements. Ultrasound Med Biol 1994;20:233-237.
16. Schöning M, Walter J: Evaluation of the vertebrobasilar-posterior system by transcranial color duplex sonography in adults. Stroke 1992;23:1280-1286.
17. Stolz E, Babacan S, Bödeker R, Gerriets T, Kaps M: Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of venous transcranial color-coded flow velocity measurements. J Neuroimaging 2001;11:385-392.
18. Baumgartner RW, Mattle HP, Aaslid R: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography, magnetic resonance angiography, and computed tomography angiography: Methods, applications, advantages, and limitations. J Clin Ultrasound 1995;23:89-111.
19. Kaps M, Seidel G, Bauer T, Behrmann B: Imaging of the intracranial vertebrobasilar system using color-coded ultrasound. Stroke 1992;23:1577-1582.
20. Schöning JM, Buchholz R, Walter J: Comparative study of transcranial color duplex sonography and transcranial Doppler sonography in adults. J Neurosurg 1993;78:776-778.
21. Schöning M, Staab M, Walter J, Niemann G: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in childhood and adolescence. Age dependence of low velocities and waveform parameters. Stroke 1993;24:1305-1309.
22. Stolz E, Kaps M, Dorndorf W: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults. Reference data from 130 volunteers. Stroke 1999;30:70-75.
23. Martin PJ, Evans DH, Naylor AR: Transcranial color-coded sonography of the basal cerebral circulation. Stroke 1994;25:390-396.
24. Baumgartner RW, Baumgartner I, Mattle HP, Schroth G: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in the evaluation of collateral flow through the circle of Willis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:127-133.
25. Seidel G, Kaps M, Gerriets T: Potential and limitation of transcranial color-coded sonography in stroke patients. Stroke 1995;26:2061-2066.
26. Halsey JH: Effect of emitted power on waveform intensity in transcranial Doppler. Stroke 1990;21:1573-1578.
27. Nakatani S, Wakayama A, Ozaki H, Kumura E, Shimizu K, Mogami H: The temporal ultrasonic window. Proc Conf Jpn Acad Neuroson 1986;5:58-59.
28. Baumgartner RW, Arnold M, Gönner F, et al: Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1997;28:2473-2478.
29. Nabavi DG, Droste DW, Kemeny V, Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Weber S, Ringelstein EB: Potential and limitations of echocontrast-enhanced ultrasonography in acute stroke patients. Stroke 1998;29:949-954.
30. Forsberg F, Liu J-B, Burns PN, Merton DA, Goldberg BB: Artifacts in ultrasonic contrast agent studies. J Ultrasound Med 1994;13:357-365.
31. Khan HG, Gailloud P, Bude RO, et al: The effect of contrast material on transcranial Doppler evaluation of normal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:386-390.
32. Droste DW, Jürgens R, Weber S, Tietje R, Ringelstein EB: Benefit of echocontrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasound in the assessment of intracranial collateral pathways. Stroke 2000;31:920-923.
33. Postert T, Braun B, Meves S, et al: Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded sonography in acute hemispheric brain infarction. Stroke 1999;30:1819-1826.
34. Albrecht T, Urbank A, Mahler M, et al: Prolongation and optimization of Doppler enhancement with a microbubble US contrast agent by using continuous infusion: Preliminary experience. Radiology 1998;207:339-347.
35. Delcker A, Turowski B: Diagnostic value of three-dimensional transcranial contrast duplex sonography. J Neuroimaging 1997;7:139-144.
36. Klötzsch C, Bozzato A, Lammers G, Mull M, Lennartz B, Noth J: Three-dimensional transcranial color-coded sonography of cerebral aneurysms. Stroke 1999;30:2285-2290.
37. Klötzsch C, Bozzato A, Lammers G, Mull M, Noth J: Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional transcranial color-coded sonography of intracranial stenoses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:208-212.
38. Klötzsch C, Popescu O, Berlit P: Assessment of the posterior communicating artery by transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. Stroke 1996;27:486-489.
39. Seidel G, Kaps M, Gerriets T, Hutzelmann T: Evaluation of the ventricular system in adults by transcranial duplex sonography. J Neuroimaging 1995;5:105-108.
40. Gerriets T, Stolz E, Modrau B, Fiss I, Seidel G, Kaps M: Sonographic monitoring of midline shift in hemispheric infarctions. Neurology 1999;52:45-49.
41. Gerriets T, Stolz E, König S, et al: Sonographic monitoring of midline shift in space occupying stroke: An early outcome predictor. Stroke 2001;32:442-446.
42. Seidel G, Gerriets T, Kaps M, Missler U: Dislocation of the third ventricle due to space occupying stroke evaluated by transcranial duplex sonogaphy. J Neuroimaging 1996;6:227-230.
43. Stolz E, Fiss I, Gerriets T, Babacan S, Seidel G, Kaps M: Comparison of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography and cranial CT measurements for determining third ventricle midline shift in space-occupying stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1567-1571.
44. Babikian V, Sloan MA, Tegeler CH, et al: Transcranial Doppler validation pilot study. J Neuroimaging 1993;3:242-249.
45. De Bray J, Joseph P, Jeanvoine H, Maugin D, Dauzat M, Plassard F: Transcranial Doppler evaluation of middle cerebral artery stenosis. J Ultrasound Med 1988;7:611-616.
46. Hennerici M, Rautenberg W, Schwartz A: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound for the assessment of intracranial arterial flow velocity. II. Evaluation of intracranial artery disease. Surg Neurol 1987;27:523-532.
47. Ley-Pozo JA, Ringelstein EB, Willmes K: Noninvasive detection of occlusive disease of the carotid siphon and middle cerebral artery. Ann Neurol 1990;28:640-647.
48. Lindegaard K, Bakke S, Aaslid R, Nornes H: Doppler diagnosis of intracranial artery occlusive disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:510-518.
49. Röther J, Schwartz AS, Wentz KU, Rautenberg W, Hennerici M: Middle cerebral artery stenoses: Assessment by magnetic resonance angiography and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4:273-279.
50. Baumgartner RW, Mattle HP, Schroth G: Assessment of ≥50 and <50% intracranial stenoses by transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. Stroke 1999;30:87-92.
51. Demchuk AM, Christou I, Wein TH, et al: Accuracy and criteria for localizing arterial occlusion with transcranial Doppler. J Neuroimaging 2000;10:1-12.
52. Mattle HP, Grolimund P, Huber P, Sturzenegger M, Zurbrügg H: Transcranial Doppler sonographic findings in middle cerebral artery disease. Arch Neurol 1988;45:289-295.
53. Chimowitz MI, Kokkinos J, Strong J, et al: The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study. Neurology 1995;45:1488-1493.
54. Kaps M, Damian MS, Teschendorf U, Dorndorf W: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound findings in middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 1990;21:532-537.
55. Ringelstein EB, Zeumer H, Poeck K: Non-invasive diagnosis of intracranial lesions in the vertebrobasilar system. A comparison of Doppler sonographic and angiographic findings. Stroke 1985;16:848-855.
56. Demchuk AM, Christou I, Wein TH, et al: Specific transcranial Doppler flow findings related to the presence and site of arterial occlusion. Stroke 2001;31:140-146.
57. Ringelstein EB, Biniek R, Weiller C, Ammeling B, Nolte PN, Thron A: Type and extent of hemispheric brain infarctions and clinical outcome in early and delayed middle cerebral artery recanalization. Neurology 1992;42:289-298.
58. Fieschi C, Bozzao L: Transient embolic occlusion of the middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries in cerebral apoplexy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1969;32:236-240.
59. Kenton A, Martin P, Abbott R, Moody A: Comparison of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography and magnetic resonance angiography in acute stroke. Stroke 1997;28:1601-1606.
60. Görtler M, Kross R, Bäumer M, et al: Diagnostic impact and prognostic relevance of early contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in acute stroke. Stroke 1998;29:955-962.
61. Gerriets T, Seidel G, Fiss I, Modrau B, Kaps M: Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. Neurology 1999;52:1133-1137.
62. Zanette EM, Roberti C, Mancini G, Pozzilli C, Bragoni M, Toni D: Spontaneous middle cerebral artery reperfusion in ischemic stroke: A follow-up study with transcranial Doppler. Stroke 1995;26:430-433.
63. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al: Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;282:2003-2011.
64. Baumgartner RW, Baumgartner I, Schroth G: Diagnostic criteria for transcranial color-coded duplex sonography evaluation of cross-flow through the circle of Willis in unilateral obstructive carotid artery disease. J Neurol 1996;243:516-521.
65. Khaffaf N, Karnik R, Winkler W-B, Valentin A, Slany J: Embolic stroke by compression maneuver during transcranial Doppler sonography. Stroke 1994;25:1056-1057.
66. Nelson DA, Mahru MM: Death following digital arterial occlusion. Arch Neurol 1963;8:640-643.
67. Postert T, Meves S, Bornke C, Przuntek H, Büttner T: Power Doppler compared to color-coded duplex sonography in the assessment of the basal cerebral circulation. J Neuroimaging 1997;7:221-226.
68. De Bray JM, Glatt B: Quantification of atheromatous stenosis in the extracranial internal carotid artery. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995;5:414-426.
69. Gerriets T, Postert T, Goertler M, et al: DIAS I: Duplex-sonographic assessment of the cerebrovascular status in acute stroke. A useful tool for future stroke trials. Stroke 2000;31:2342-2345.
70. Alexandrov AV, Demchuk AM, Felberg RA, et al: High rate of complete recanalization and dramatic clinical recovery during tPA infusion when continuously monitored with 2-MHz transcranial Doppler monitoring. Stroke 2000;31:610-614.
71. Alexandrov AV, Burgin WS, Demchuk AM, El-Mitwalli A, Grotta JC: Speed of intracranial clot lysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator therapy. Sonographic classification and short-term improvement. Circulation 2001;103:2897-2902.
72. El-Mitwalli A, Saad M, Christou J, Malkoff M, Alexandrov AV: Clinical and sonographic patterns of tandem internal carotid artery/middle cerebral artery occlusion in tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients. Stroke 2002;33:99-102.
73. Behrens S, Daffertshofer M, Spiegel D, Hennerici M: Low-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound accelerates thrombolysis through the skull. Ultrasound Med Biol 1999;25:269-273.
74. Francis CW, Blinc A, Lee S, Cox C: Ultrasound accelerates transport of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator into clots. Ultrasound Med Biol 1995;21:419-424.
75. Becker G, Winkler J, Hofmann E, Bogdahn U: Differentiation between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. J Neuroimaging 1993;3:41-47.
76. Seidel G, Kaps M, Dorndorf W: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracerebral hematomas in adults. Stroke 1993;24:1519-1527.
77. Maurer M, Shambal A, Lindner A, et al: Differentiation between intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke by transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. Stroke 1998;29:2563-2567.
78. Becker G, Greiner K, Kaune B, et al: Diagnosis and monitoring of subarachnoid hemorrhage by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurosurgery 1991;28:814-820.
79. Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H: Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg 1984;60:37-41.
80. Lindegaard KF, Nornes H, Bakke SJ, Sorteberg W, Nakstad P: Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage investigated by means of transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1988;42:81-84.
81. Soustiel JF, Shik V, Schreiber V, Tavor Y, Goldsher D: Basilar vasospasm diagnosis. Investigation of a modified 'Lindegaard Index' based on imaging studies and blood velocity measurements of the basilar artery. Stroke 2002;33:72-78.
82. Wardlaw JM, Cannon JC, Sellar RJ: Use of colour power transcranial Doppler sonography to monitor aneurysmal coiling. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:864-867.
83. Baumgartner RW, Mattle HP, Kothbauer K, Schroth G: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in cerebral aneurysms. Stroke 1994;25:2429-2434.
84. Klötzsch C, Nahser HC, Fischer B, Henkes H, Kühne D, Berlit P: Visualization of intracranial aneurysms by transcranial duplex sonography. Neuroradiology 1996;38:555-559.
85. Martin PJ, Gaunt ME, Naylor AR, Hope DT, Orpe V, Evans DH: Intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations: Transcranial colour-coded sonography as a diagnostic aid. Ultrasound Med Biol 1994;20:689-698.
86. Baumgartner RW, Mattle HP, Schroth G: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neuroradiology 1996;38:734-737.
87. El Sadem SM, Grant EG, Sayre J, Vinuela F, Duckwiler G: Transcranial color Doppler imaging of brain arteriovenous malformations in adults. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:327-334.
88. Mast H, Mohr JP, Thompson JLP, et al: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Diagnostic sensitivity and association of flow velocity with spontaneous hemorrhage and focal neurological deficit. Stroke 1995;26:1024-1027.
89. Klötzsch C, Henkes H, Nahser H, Kühne D, Berlit P: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 1995;26:2298-2301.
90. Becker G, Bogdahn U, Gehlberg C, Fröhlich T, Hofmann E, Schlief R: Transcranial color-coded real-time sonography of intracranial veins. J Neuroimaging 1995;5:87-94.
91. Stolz E, Kaps M, Dorndorf W: Assessment of intracranial venous hemodynamics in normal individuals and patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 1999;30:70-75.
92. Burns P: Harmonic imaging with ultrasound contrast agents. Clin Radiol 1996;51(suppl 1):50-55.
93. Porter TR, Xie F: Transient myocardial contrast after initial exposure to diagnostic ultrasound pressures with minute doses of intravenously injected microbubbles: Demonstration and potential benefit. Circulation 1995;92:2391-2395.
94. Hope-Simpson D, Chin CT, Burns PN: Pulse inversion Doppler: A new method to detect nonlinear echoes from microbubble contrast agents. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 1999;46:372-382.
95. Heidenreich PA, Wiencek JG, Zaroff JG, et al: In vitro calculation of flow by use of contrast ultrasound. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1993;6:51-61.
96. Rim S-J, Leong-Poi H, Lindner JR, et al: Quantification of cerebral perfusion with 'real-time' contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Circulation 2001;104:2582-2587.
97. Seidel G, Claassen L, Meyer K, Vidal-Langwasser M: Evaluation of blood flow in the cerebral microcirculation: Analysis of the refill kinetics during ultrasound contrast agent infusion. Ultrasound Med Biol 2001;27:1059-1064.
98. Claassen L, Seidel G, Algermissen C: Quantification of flow rates using harmonic grey-scale imaging and an ultrasound contrast agent: An in vitro and in vivo study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2001;27:83-88.
99. Seidel G, Algermissen C, Arnd C, Katzer T, Kaps M: Visualization of brain perfusion using harmonic grey scale and power Doppler technology - an animal pilot study. Stroke 2000;31:1728-1734.
100. Seidel G, Meyer K, Algermissen C, Broillet A: Harmonic imaging of the brain parenchyma using perfluorobutane-containing ultrasound contrast agent. Ultrasound Med Biol 2001;27:915-918.
101. Postert T, Muhs A, Meves S, Federlein J, Przuntek H, Büttner T: Transient response harmonic imaging: An ultrasound technique related to brain perfusion. Stroke 1998;29:1901-1907.
102. Pohl C, Tiemann K, Schlosser T, Becher H: Stimulated acoustic emission detected by transcranial color Doppler ultrasound. A contrast-specific phenomenon useful for the detection of cerebral tissue perfusion. Stroke 2000;31:1661-1666.
103. Seidel G, Algermissen C, Arnd C, Claassen L, Vidal-Langwasser M, Katzer T: Harmonic imaging of human brain. Visualization of brain perfusion with ultrasound. Stroke 2000;31:151-154.
104. Wiesmann M, Seidel G: Ultrasound perfusion imaging of the human brain. Stroke 2000;31:2421-2425.
105. Federlein J, Postert T, Meves S, Weber S, Przuntek H, Büttner T: Ultrasonic evaluation of pathological brain perfusion in acute stroke using second harmonic imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:616-622.
106. Meairs S, Daffertshofer M, Neff W, Eschenfelder C, Hennerici MG: Pulse-inversion contrast harmonic imaging: Ultrasonographic assessment of cerebral perfusion. Lancet 2000;355:550-551.
107. Postert T, Federlein J, Weber S, Przuntek H, Büttner T: Second harmonic imaging in acute middle cerebral artery infarction: Preliminary results. Stroke 1999;301702-1706.
108. Lanza GM, Wallace KD, Scott MJ, et al: A novel site-targeted ultrasound contrast agent with broad biomedical application. Circulation 1997;95:3334-3340.
109. Villanueva FS, Jankowski RJ, Klibanow S, et al: Microbubbles targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 bind to activated coronary artery endothelial cells. Circulation 1998;98:1-5.
110. Skyba DM, Price RJ, Linka AZ, Skalak TC, Kaul S: Direct in vivo visualization of intravascular destruction of microbubbles by ultrasound and its local effects on tissue. Circulation 1998;98:290-293.
111. Price RJ, Skyba DM, Kaul S, Skalak TC: Delivery of colloidal particles and red blood cells to tissue through microvessel ruptures created by targeted microbubble destruction with ultrasound. Circulation 1998;98:1264-1267.
112. Mukherjee D, Wong J, Griffin B: Ten-fold augmentation of endothelial uptake of vascular endothelial growth factor with ultrasound after systemic administration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1678-1686.
113. Porter TR, Iversen PL, Li S: Interaction of diagnostic ultrasound with synthetic oligonucleotide-labeled perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin microbubbles. J Ultrasound Med 1996;15:577-584.
114. Kim HJ, Greenleaf JF, Kinnick RR: Ultrasound-mediated transfection of mammalian cells. Hum Gene Ther 1996;7:1339-1346.
115. Teupe C, Richter S, Fisslthaler B, et al: Vascular gene transfer of phosphomimetic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (S1177D) using ultrasound-enhanced destruction of plasmid-loaded microbubbles improves vasoreactivity. Circulation 2002;105:1104-1109.
116. Puls I, Becker G, Maurer M, Müllges W: Cerebral arteriovenous transit time (CTT): A sonographic assessment of cerebral microcirculation using ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasound Med Biol 1999;25:503-507.
117. Puls I, Hauck K, Demuth K, et al: Diagnostic impact of cerebral circulation time in the identification of microangiopathy in dementia: A transcranial ultrasound study. Stroke 1999;30:2291-2295.
118. Liebetrau M, Herzog J, Kloss CUA, Hamann GF, Dichgans M: Prolonged cerebral circulation time in CADASIL. A transcranial ultrasound study. Stroke 2002;33:509-512.