Current concepts on diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis

Advances in Clinical Chemistry

Volumn 37, Issue , 2003, Pages 47-81

  Kusnierz Cabala, B ^a   Kedra, B ^a   Sierzega, M ^a  

^a JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE DISEASE; ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PANCREATITIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANIMALS; HUMANS; PANCREATITIS; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 0038162492     PISSN: 00652423     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(03)37006-4     Document Type: Article

References (233)

1. 1. Agarwal N. Pitchumoni C.S. Assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis Am. J. Gastroenterol. 86 1991 1385 1391
2. 2. Aho H.J. Sternby B. Kallajaki M. Nevalainen T.J. Carboxyl ester lipase in human tissue and in acute pancreatitis Int. J. Pancreatol. 5 1989 123 134
3. 3. Al-Nawas B. Krammer L. Shah P.M. Procalcitonin in diagnosis of severe infections Eur. J. Med. Res. 1 1995/1996 331 333
4. 4. Amano Y. Oishi T. Takahashi M. Kumazaki T. Nonenhanced magnetic resonance imaging of mild acute pancreatitis Abdom. Imaging 26 2001 59 63
5. 5. Ashley S.W. Perez A. Pierce D.C. Brooks D.C. Moore F.D. Jr. Whang E.E. Banks P.A. Zinner M.J. Necrotizing pancreatitis: Contemporary analysis of 99 consecutive cases Ann. Surg. 234 2001 579 583
6. 6. Asimakopoulos G. Mechanisms of the systemic inflammatory response Perfusion 14 1999 269 277
7. 7. [Abstract] Assicot M. Induction of circulating procalcitonin following intravenous administrations of endotoxin in humans International Conference on Endotoxins Amsterdam IV 1993
8. 8. Assicot M. Gendrel D. Carsin H. Raymond J. Guilbaud J. Bohuon C. High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection Lancet 341 1993 515 518
9. Aubert, J., Progynnasmata. In “Adenochoiradelogia, or an Exact Anatomical Treatise of the Glandules” (S. Lowndes, ed.), pp. 142–143. London, 1684.
10. 10. Aufenanger J. Samman M. Quintel M. Fassbender K. Zimmer W. Bertsch T. Pancreatic phospholipase A2 activity in acute pancreatitis: A prognostic marker for early identification of patients at risk Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 401 2002 293 297
11. 1. Ballou S. Lozanski G. Induction of inflammatory cytokine release from cultured human monocytes by C-reactive protein Cytokine 4 1992 361 368
12. 2. Balthazar E.J. Robinson D.L. Megibow A.J. Ranson J.H.C. Acute pancreatitis: Value of CT in establishing prognosis Radiology 174 1990 331 336
13. 3. Banks P. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92 1997 377 386
14. 4. Baxter J.N. Imrie C.W. McKay C.J. Acute pancreatitis and octreotide Lancet 338 1991 389
15. 5. Beckingham I.J. Bornman P.C. Acute pancreatitis Br. Med. J. 332 2001 595 598
16. 6. Beechey-Newman N. Controlled trial of high-dose octreotide in treatment of acute pancreatitis Dig. Dis. Sci. 38 1993 644 647
17. 7. Beger H.G. Rau B. Mayer J. Pralle U. Natural course of acute pancreatitis World J. Surg. 21 1997 130 135
18. 8. Bernard G.R. Dorg G. Hudson L.D. Quantification of organ failure for clinical trials and clinical practice Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151 1995 A32
19. 9. Berney T. Gasche Y. Robert J. Jenny A. Mensi N. Grau G. Vermeulen B. Morel P. Serum profiles of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10 in patients with severe and mild acute pancreatitis Pancreas 18 1999 371 377
20. 10. [in Polish] Bielecki K. Acute pancreatitis, surgical aspects J. Jastrzebski Acute Pancreatitis 1998 α medica press Bielsko-Biala, Poland 49 81
21. 11. Blamey S.L. Imrie C.W. O'Neil J. Gilmour W.M. Carter D.C. Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis Gut 25 1984 1340 1346
22. 12. Block S. Maier W. Bittner R. Büchler M. Malfertheiner P. Beger H.G. Identification of pancreas necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis: Imaging procedures versus clinical staging Gut 27 1986 1035 1042
23. 13. Bonham M.J.D. Winterbourn C. Windsor J.A. Lipid peroxidation in acute pancreatitis Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 66 1996 238
24. 14. Bonham M.J.D. Abu-Zidan F.M. Simonovic M.O. Sluis K.B. Wilkinson A. Winterbourn C.C. Windsor J.A. Early ascorbic acid depletion is related to the severity of acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 86 1999 1296 1301
25. 15. Bradley E.L. III A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis: Summary of the Atlanta International Symposium Arch. Surg. 128 1993 586 590
26. 16. Braganza J.M. Towards a novel treatment strategy for acute pancreatitis. 1. Reappraisal of the evidence on aetiogenesis Digestion 63 2001 69 91
27. 17. Braganza J.M. Scott P. Bilton D. Schofield D. Chaloner C. Shiel N. Hunt L.P. Evidence for early oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis. Clues for correction Int. J. Pancreatol. 17 1995 69 81
28. 18. Browder J.W. Protective effect of glucan-enhanced macrophage function in experimental pancreatitis Am. J. Surg. 153 1987 25
29. 19. Brown K.S. Kingsbary W.D. Hall N.W. Dunn G.L. Gilvarg C. Determination of carboxypeptidase A using N -acetyl-phenylalanyl-3-thiaphenylalamine as substrate: Application to a direct serum assay Anal. Bioch. 161 1987 219 225
30. 20. Brunkhorst F.M. Eberhard O.K. Brunkhorst R. Early identification of biliary pancreatitis with procalcitonin Gut 41 1997 832 840
31. 21. Brunkhorst F.M. Eberhard O.K. Brunkhorst R. Wagner J. Discrimination of infectious and noninfectious causes of early acute adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by procalcitonin Crit. Care Med. 27 1999 2172 2176
32. 22. Büchler M.W. Correlation of imaging procedures, biochemical parameters and clinical stage in acute pancreatitis P. Malfartheiner Diagnostic Procedures in Pancreatic Disease 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin 123
33. 23. Büchler M.W. Uhl W. Friess H. Acute Pancreatitis. Novel Concepts in Biology and Therapy 1999 Blackwell Berlin
34. 24. Büchler M.W. Gloor B. Müller C.A. Friess H. Seiler C.A. Uhl W. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis treatment strategy according to the status of infection Ann. Surg. 232 2000 619 626
35. 1. Chalmers A.G. The role of imaging in acute pancreatitis Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9 1997 106 116
36. 2. Chen C.C. Wang S.S. Lee F.Y. Proinflammatory cytokines in early assessment of the prognosis of acute pancreatitis Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94 1999 213 218
37. 3. Chen C.C. Wang S.S. Lu R.H. Chang F.Y. Lee S.D. Serum interleukin 10 and interleukin 11 in patients with acute pancreatitis Gut 45 1999 895 899
38. 4. Chen J.W. Saccone G.T. Toouli J. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and acute pancreatitis Gut 43 1998 305 308
39. 5. Cleveland J.L. Ihle J.N. Contenders in FasL/TNF death signalling Cell 19 1995 479 482
40. 6. Cochrone C.G. Cellular injury by oxidants Ann. J. Med. 91 1991 A352
41. 7. Corfield A.P. Cooper M.J. Williamson R.C.N. Mayer A.D. McMahon M.J. Dickson A.P. Shearer M.G. Imrie C.W. Prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis: Prospective comparison of three prognostic indices Lancet 24 1985 403 407
42. 8. Corsetti J.P. Cox Ch. Schulz T.J. Arvan D.A. Combined serum amylase and lipase determinations for diagnosis of suspected acute pancreatitis Clin. Chem. 39 1993 2495 2499
43. 9. Crandon J.H. Lennihan R. Jr. Mikal S. Reif A.E. Ascorbic acid economy in surgical patients Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 92 1961 246 267
44. 1. Dalzell D.P. Scharling E.S. Ott D.J. Wolfman N.T. Acute pancreatitis: The role of diagnostic imaging Crit. Rev. Diagn. Imaging 39 1998 339 363
45. 2. Dantona P. Nix D. Wilson M.F. Aljada A. Assicot M. Bohuon C. Procalcitonin increase after endotoxin injection in normal subjects J. Clin. Endocrinal. Metab. 79 1994 1605 1608
46. 3. DeBeaux A.C. Goldie A.S. Ross J.A. Carter D.C. Fearon K.C.H. Serum concentrations of inflammatory mediators related to organ failure in patients with acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 83 1996 349 353
47. 4. DeBeaux A.C. Ross J.A. Maingay J.P. Proinflammatory cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 83 1996 1071 1075
48. 5. DeBernardinis M. Violi V. Roncoroni L. Boselli A.S. Giunta A. Peracchia A. Discriminant power and information content of Ranson's prognostic signs in acute pancreatitis: A meta-analytic study Crit. Care Med. 27 1999 2272 2283
49. 6. DeSanctis J.T. Lee M.J. Gazelle G.S. Boland G.W. Halpern E.F. Saini S. Mueller P.R. Prognostic indicators in acute pancreatitis: CT vs APACHE II Clin. Radiol. 52 1997 842 848
50. 7. Dieviere J. Moine O. VanLaethem J.L. Eisendrath P. Ghilain A. Severs N. Cohard M. Interleukin 10 reduces the incidence of pancreatitis after therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Gastroenterology 120 2001 498 505
51. 8. Dominguez-Munoz J.E. Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis: Any news or still amylase M.W. Büchler W. Uhl H. Friess P. Malfertheiner Acute Pancreatitis, Novel Concepts in Biology and Therapy Vol. 1 1999 Blackwell Oxford 171 179
52. 9. Dominguez-Munoz J.E. Malfertheiner P. Management of severe acute pancreatitis Gastroenterologist 1 1993 248 256
53. 10. Dominguez-Munoz J.E. Carballo F. Garcia M.J. de Diego J.M. Rabago L. Simon M.A. de la Morena J. Clinical usefulness of polymorphonuclear elastase in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis: Results of a multicentre study Br. J. Surg. 78 1991 1230 1234
54. 11. Dominguez-Munoz J.E. Carballo F. Garcia M.J. de Diego J.M. Campos R. Yanguela J. de la Morena J. Evaluation of the clinical usefulness of APACHE II and SAPS systems in the initial prognostic classification of acute pancreatitis: A multicenter study Pancreas 8 1993 682 686
55. 12. Dwenger A. Funck M. Lueken B. Schweitzer G. Lehmann U. Effect of ascorbic acid on neutrophil functions and hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase-generated, oxygen derived radicals Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 30 1992 187 191
56. 1. Elman R. Arneson N. Graham E.A. Value of blood amylase estimations in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease Arch. Surg. 19 1929 943 967
57. 2. Exley A.R. Leese T. Holliday M.P. Swann R.A. Cohen J. Endotoxemia and serum tumour necrosis factor as prognostic markers in severe acute pancreatitis Gut 33 1992 1126 1128
58. 1. Fan S.T. Lai E.C.S. Mok F.P.T. Lo C.M. Zheng S.S. Wong J. Early treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis by endoscopic papillotomy N. Engl. J. Med. 328 1993 228 232
59. 2. Fernandez-del-Castillo R. Rattner D.W. Makary M.A. Mostafavi A. McGrath D. Warshaw A.L. Debridement and closed packing for treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis Ann. Surg. 228 1998 676 684
60. 3. Fitz R.H. Acute pancreatitis: A consideration of pancreatic hemorrhage, hemorrhagic suppurative and gangrenous pancreatitis and of disseminated fat necrosis Boston Med. Surg. 120 1889 181 187
61. 4. Friedreich P. Diseases of the pancreas A. Ziemssen Cyclopedia of the Practice of Medicine Vol. 8 1878 William Wood New York 551 630
62. 5. Frossard J.L. Trypsin activation peptide (TAP) in acute pancreatitis: From pathophysiology to clinical usefulness JOP. J. Pancreas (Online) 2 2001 69 77
63. 1. Gambino R. Urinary trypsinogen-2. The investigation of a promising new test for pancreatitis — continues Lab. Report 19 1997 42 43
64. 2. Gloor B. Uhl W. Büchler M.W. Changing concepts in the surgical management of acute pancreatitis Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol. 13 1999 303 315
65. 3. Goodman A.J. Antiprotease capacity in acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 73 1986 796
66. 4. Grewal H.P. Kotb M. Mohey ElDin A. Ohman M. Salem A. Gaber L. Gaber O. Induction of tumor necrosis factor in severe acute pancreatitis and its subsequent reduction after hepatic passage Surgery 115 1994 213 221
67. 5. Grewal H.P. Mohey ElDin A. Gaber L. Kolb M. Gaber O. Ameloration of the physiologic and biochemical changes of acute pancreatitis using an anti-TNF- α polyclonal antibody Am. J. Surg. 167 1994 214 219
68. 6. Gronroos J.M. Nevalainen T.J. Increased concentrations of synovial-type phospholipase A2 in serum and pulmonary and renal complications in acute pancreatitis Digestion 52 1992 232 236
69. 7. Gross V. Scholmerich J. Leser H.G. Salm R. Lausen M. Ruckauer K. Granulocyte elastase in assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis. Comparison with acute-phase proteins: C-reactive protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and protease inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin Dig. Dis. Sci. 35 1990 97 105
70. 8. Gross V. Andreesen R. Leser H.G. Ceska M. Liehl E. Lausen M. Farthmann E.H. Scholmerich J. Interleukin-8 and neutrophil activation in acute pancreatitis Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 22 1992 200 203
71. 9. Guelrud M. Siegel J.H. Hypertensive pancreatic duct sphincter as a cause of pancreatitis. Successful treatment with hydrostatic balloon dilatation Dig. Dis. Sci. 29 1984 225 231
72. 10. Gukovskaya A.S. Gukovsky I. Zaninivic V. Song M. Sandoval D. Gukovsky S. Pancreatic acinar cells produce, release, and respond to tumor necrosis factor α J. Clin. Invest. 100 1997 1853 1862
73. 11. Gukovsky I. Gukovskaya A.S. Blinman T.A. Zininovic V. Pandol S.J. Early NF- k B activation is associated with hormone induced pancreatitis Am. J. Physiol. 275 1998 1402 1414
74. 12. Gumaste V.V. Diagnostic tests for acute pancreatitis Gastroenterologist 2 1994 119 130
75. 13. Gumaste V.V. Dave P.B. Weissman D. Messer J. Lipase/amylase ratio. A new index that distinguishes acute episodes of alcoholic from non-alcoholic pancreatitis Gastroenterol 101 1991 1361 1366
76. 1. Hack C.E. Hart M. Strack von Schijndel R.J.M. Eerenberg A.J.M. Nuijens J.H. Thijs L.G. Aarden L.A. Interleukin-8 in sepsis: Relation to shock and inflammatory mediators Infect. Immunity 60 1992 2835 2842
77. 2. Heath D.I. Imrie C.W. The Hong Kong criteria and severity prediction in acute pancreatitis Int. J. Pancreatol. 15 1994 1 7
78. 3. Heath D.I. Cruickshank A. Gudeon M. Jehanli A. Shenkin A. Imrie C.W. Role interleukin 6 mediating the acute phase response and potential as an early means of severity assessment in acute pancreatitis Gut 34 1993 41 45
79. 4. Hedström J. Korvuo A. Kenkimaki P. Tikanoja S. Haapiainen R. Kivilaaks E. Urinary trypsinogen-2 test strip for acute pancreatitis Lancet 347 1996 729 730
80. 5. Hedström J. Sainio V. Kemppainen E. Puolakkainen P. Haapiainen R. Kivilaakso E. Schauman K.O. Stenman U.H. Urine trypsinogen-2 as marker of acute pancreatitis Clin. Chem. 42 1996 685 690
81. 6. Heresbach D. Letourneur J.P. Bahon I. Pagenault M. Guillou Y.M. Dyard F. Fauchet R. Malledant Y. Bretagne J.F. Gosselin M. Value of early blood Th-1 determination in predicting severity of acute pancreatitis Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 33 1998 554 560
82. 7. Hietaranta A. Kemppainen E. Puolakkainen P. Sainio V. Haapiainen R. Peuravuori H. Kivilaakso E. Nevalainen T. Extracellular phospholipases A2 in relation to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and systemic complications in severe acute pancreatitis Pancreas 18 1999 385 391
83. 8. Hughes C.B. Gaber L.W. Kolb M. Induction of acute pancreatitis in germ-free rats: Evidence of a primary role for tumor necrosis factor alpha Surgery 117 1995 201 205
84. 9. Hwang T.L. Chang K.Y. Ho Y.P. Contrast-enhanced dynamic computed tomography does not aggravate the clinical severity of patients with severe acute pancreatitis: Reevaluation of the effect of intravenous contrast medium on the severity of acute pancreatitis Arch. Surg. 135 2000 287 390
85. 1. Ignajatovic S. Majkic-Singh N. Mitrovic M. Gvozdenovic M. Biochemical evaluation of pantients with acute pancreatitis Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 38 2000 1141 1144
86. 2. Ikei S. Ogawa M. Yamaguchi Y. Blood concentrations of polymorphonuclear leucocyte elastase and interleukin-6 are indicators for the occurrence of multiple organ failures at early stage of acute pancreatitis J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13 1993 1274 1283
87. 3. Imrie C.W. Classification of acute pancreatitis factors in assessing severity of disease Schweiz Med. Wochenschr. 127 1997 798 804
88. 4. Imrie C.W. Benjamin I.S. McKay A.J. MacKenzie I. O'Neil J. Blumgart L.H. A single centre double blindtrial of Trasylol therapy in primary acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 65 1978 337 341
89. 5. Inagaki T. Hoshino M. Hayakawa T. Ohara H. Yamada T. Yamada H. Iida M. Nakazawa T. Ogasawara T. Uchida A. Hasegawa C. Miyaji M. Takeuchi T. Interleukin-6 is useful marker for early prediction of the severity of acute pancreatitis Pancreas 14 1997 1 8
90. 6. Itkonen O. Koivunen E. Hurme M. Alftman H. Schrobder T. Sternman U.H. Time resolved immunofluorometric assays for trypsinogen-1 and 2 in serum reveal preferential elevation of trypsinogen-2 in pancreatitis J. Lab. Clin. Med. 115 1990 712 718
91. 1. Janowitz H.D. The variety of pancreatic disease Am. J. Dig. Dis. 2 1957 41 42
92. 2. [in Polish] Jastrzebski J. Ponichter M. Zlotorowicz M. Acute pancreatitis intensive care J. Jastrzebski Acute Pancreatitis 1998 α medica press Bielsko-Biala, Poland 155 175
93. 3. Johnson C.D. Kingsnorth A.N. Imrie C.W. McMahon M.J. Neoptolemos J.P. McKay C. Toh S.K. Skaife P. Leeder P.C. Wilson P. Larvin M. Curtis L.D. Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of a platelet activating factor antagonist, Lexipafant, in the treatment and prevention of organ failure in predicted severe acute pancreatitis Gut 48 2001 62 69
94. 4. Joske R.A. Aetiologic factors in the pancreatitis syndrome Br. Med. J. 2 1955 1477 1481
95. 1. Karne S. Gorelick F.S. Etiopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis Surg. Clin. North Am. 79 1999 699 710
96. 2. Karzai W. Oberhoffer M. Meir-Hellman A. Reinhardt K. Procalcitonin—A new indicator of the systemic response to severe infections Infection 25 1997 329 334
97. 3. Kaufmann P. Tilz G.P. Demel U. Wachter H. Kreijs G.J. Fuchs D. Neopterin plasma concentrations predict the course of severe acute pancreatitis Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 36 1998 29 34
98. 4. Kazmierczak S.C. Catrou P.G. Van Lente F. Enzymatic markers of gallstone-induced pancreatitis identified by ROC curve analysis, logistic regression, likelihood ratio, and information theory Clin. Chem. 41 1995 523 531
99. 5. [in Polish] Kedra B. Popiela T. Naskalski J. Poly-C ribonuclease in acute pancreatitis. Part 1. Is blood serum poly-C ribonuclease activity an efficient necrosis indicator in acute pancreatitis? Pol. Przegl. Chir. 66 1994 1237 1243
100. 6. Kemppainen E. Sainio V. Haapiaianen R. Kivilaari L. Kivilaakso E. Puolakkainen P. Early localization of necrosis by contrast-enhanced computed tomography can predict outcome in severe acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 83 1996 924 929
101. 7. Kemppainen E. Sand J. Puolakkainen P. Laine S. Hedström J. Sainio V. Haapiainen R. Nordback J. Pancreatitis associated protein as an early marker of acute pancreatitis Gut 39 1996 675 678
102. 8. Kimland M. Russick C. Marks W.H. Borgstrom A. Immunoreactive anionic and cationic trypsin in human serum Clin. Chem. Acta 184 1989 31 46
103. 9. Kingsnorth A.N. Platelet-activating factor Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 31 1996 28 31
104. 10. Kingsnorth A.N. Galloway S.W. Randomized, double-blind phase II trial of Lexipafant, a platelet-activatiing factor antagonist, in human acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 82 1995 1414 1420
105. 11. Klepacki A. Zalewski B. Kamocki Z. Podstawy patogenetyczne leczenia chirurgicznego ostrego zapalenia trzustki na tle rozwoju metod operacyjnych Wiad. Lek. 44 1991 19 20
106. 12. Knaus W.A. Draper E.A. Wagner D.P. Zimmerman J.E. APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system Crit. Care. Med. 13 1985 818 829
107. 13. Kushner I. Maciewicz A. The acute phase response: An overview A. Maciewicz I. Kushner H. Baumann Acute phase proteins 1993 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 4 6
108. 14. [in Polish] Kusnierz-Cabala B. Naskalski J. Mediators of inflammatory response in the course of acute pancreatitis Prz. Lek. 56 1999 532 536
109. 15. Kutsogiannis D.J. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration for renal failure and sepsis Can. Med. Assoc. J. 162 2000 537 538
110. 1. Lankisch P.G. Burchard S. Reckert M. Petersen M. Lehnick D. Schirren C.A. Stockmann F. Kohler H. Etiology and age have only a limited influence on the course of acute pancreatitis Pancreas 13 1996 344 349
111. 2. Lankisch P.G. Pfichthofer D. Lehnik D. No strickt correlation between necrosis and organ failure in acute pancreatitis Pancreas 20 2000 319
112. 3. Lankisch P.G. Struckmann K. Assmus C. Lehnick D. Maisonneuve P. Lowenfels A.B. Do we need a computed tomography examination in all patients with acute pancreatitis within 72 h after admission to hospital for the detection of pancreatic necrosis? Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 36 2001 432 436
113. 4. Lankisch P.G. Warnecke B. Bruns D. Werner H.M. Grobetamann F. Struckmann K. Brinkmann G. Maisonneuve P. Lowenfels A.B. The APACHE II score is unreliable to diagnose necrotizing pancreatitis on admission to hospital Pancreas 24 2002 217 222
114. 5. Larvin M. Circulating mediators in acute pancreatitis as predictors of severity Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 31 1996 16 19
115. 6. Larvin M. McMahon M.J. APACHE II score for assessment and monitoring of acute pancreatitis Lancet 2 1989 201 205
116. 7. Larvin M. Wilson C. Heath D. A prospective, multicenter, randomized trial of intraperitoneal antiprotease therapy for acute pancreatitis Gastroenterology 112 1992 274A
117. 8. Leach S.D. Gorelick F.S. Modlin I.M. Acute pancreatitis at its centenary. The contribution of Reginal Fitz Ann. Surg. 212 1990 109 113
118. 9. Lecesne R. Taourel P. Bret P.M. Atri M. Reinhold C. Acute pancreatitis: Interobserver agreement and correlation of CT and MR cholangiopancreatography with outcome Radiology 211 1999 727 735
119. 10. Le Mee J. Paye F. Sauvanet A. O'Toole D. Hammel P. Marty J. Ruszniewski P. Belghiti J. Incidence and reversibility of organ failure in the course of sterile or infected necrotizing pancreatitis Arch. Surg. 136 2001 1386 1390
120. 11. Leser H.G. Gross V. Scheibenbogen C. Heinisch A. Salm R. Lausen M. Ruckauer K. Andreesen R. Farthmann E.H. Scholmerich J. Elevation of serum interleukin-6 concentration precedes acute-phase response and reflects severity in acute pancreatitis Gastroenterology 101 1991 782 785
121. 12. Liu C.L. Lo C.M. Fan S.T. Acute biliary pancreatitis: Diagnosis and management World J. Surg. 21 1997 149 154
122. 13. London N.J.M. Neoptolemos J.P. Lavelle J. Bailey I. James D. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scanning and prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis: A prospective study Br. J. Surg. 76 1989 268 272
123. 14. London N.J.M. Leese T. Lavelle J.M. Miles K. West K.P. Watkin D.F. Fossard D.P. Rapid-bolus contrast-enhanced dynamic computed tomography in acute pancreatitis: A prospective study Br. J. Surg. 78 1991 1452 1456
124. 15. Lott J. Enzyme tests in gastroenterology D.W. Moss S. Rosalki Enzyme Tests in Diagnosis 1996 Oxford University Press New York 60 89
125. 16. Lott J.A. Lu C.J. Lipase isoforms and amylase isoenzymes: Assays and application in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis Clin. Chem. 57 1991 66 68
126. 17. Luengo L. Vicente V. Gris F. Coronas J.M. Escuder J. Gomez J.R. Castellote J.M. Influence of somatostatin in the evolution of acute pancreatitis Int. J. Pancreatology 15 1994 139 144
127. 1. Malfertheiner P. Kemmer T.P. Clinical picture and diagnosis of acute pancreatitis Hepatogastroenerology 38 1991 97 100
128. 2. Mason M. Matyk P.M. Doolan S.A. Urinary ascorbic acid excretion in postoperative patients Am. J. Surg. 122 1971 808 811
129. 3. Mayer A.D. McMahon M.J. Corfield A.P. Cooper M.J. Williamson R.C.N. Dickson A.P. Shearer M.G. Imrie C.W. Controlled clinical trial of peritoneal lavage for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis N. Engl. J. Med. 312 1985 399 404
130. 4. Mayer J. Rau B. Schornberg M.H. Beger H.G. Mechanism and role of trypsinogen activation in acute pancreatitis Hepatogastroenterology 46 1999 2757 2763
131. 5. Mayo-Robson A.W. The pathology and surgery of certain diseases of the pancreas: Inflammatory affections of the pancreas Lancet 1 1904 845
132. 6. McKay C.J. Imrie C.W. Baxter J.N. Mononuclear phagocyte activation and acute pancreatitis Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 31 1996 32 36
133. 7. McKay C.J. Baxter J. Imrie C.W. A randomized controlled trial of octreotide in the management of patients with acute pancreatitis Int. J. Pancreatol. 21 1997 13 19
134. 8. McKay J. Gallagher G. Imrie C.W. Baxter J.N. Increased monocyte cytokine production in association with systemic complications in acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 83 1996 919 923
135. 9. Meisner M. PCT—Procalcitonin. A New and Innovative Parameter in Diagnosis of Infection 1996 BRAHMS. Diagnostica Berlin
136. 10. Meisner M. Reinhart K. Is procalcitonin really a marker of sepsis? Int. J. Intensive Care 38 2001 15 25
137. 11. Melzid'Eril G. Merlini G. Finazzi S. Bosoni T. Barakat B. Pezzilli R. Procalcitonin is not a reliable marker for the assessment of severity in acute pancreatitis Clin. Chem. 46 2000 428 430
138. 12. Millson C.E. Charles K. Macfie J. Mitchell C.J. A prospective study of serum pancreatic elastase-1 in the diagnosis and assessment of acute pancreatitis Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 33 1998 664 668
139. 13. Mithöfer K. Mueller P.R. Warshaw A.L. Interventional and surgical treatment of pancreatic abscess World J. Surg. 21 1997 162 168
140. 14. Miyauchi K. Ogawa M. Shibata T. Matsuda K. Mori T. Ito K. Development of a radioimmunoassay for human deoxyribonuclease I Clin. Chem. Acta 154 1986 115 123
141. 15. Monneret G. Doche C. Vital Durand D. Lepape A. Bienvenu J. Procalcitonin as a specific marker of bacterial infection in adults Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 38 1998 67 68
142. 16. Monneret G. Laroche B. Bienvenu J. Procalcitonin is not produced by circulating blood cells Infections 27 1999 34 35
143. 17. Morgan D.E. Baron T.H. Practical imaging in acute pancreatitis Semin. Gastrointest. Dis. 9 1998 41 50
144. 18. Moynihan B. Acute pancreatitis Ann. Surg. 81 1925 132 142
145. 19. Muller C.A. Uhl W. Printzen G. Gloor B. Bischofberger H. Tcholakov O. Büchler M.W. Role of procalcitonin and granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the early prediction of infected necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis Gut 46 2000 233 238
146. 20. Munoz-Bongrand N. Panis Y. Soyer P. Riche F. Laisne M.J. Boudiaf M. Valleur P. Serial computed tomography is rarely necessary in patients with acute pancreatitis: A prospective study in 102 patients J. Am. Coll. Surg. 193 2001 146 152
147. 1. Naskalski J.W. Determination of ribonuclease activity in serum of patients with pancreatic necrosis Lab. Diag. 30 1989 425 430
148. 2. Navarro S. Ansed R. Casals E. Elena M. Garcia-Puges A.M. Adrian M.J. Ballesta A.M. Bonet J.N. Value of P3, the amylase fraction, as an indicator of the long-term prognosis of acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 74 1987 405 407
149. 3. Neoptolemos J. Kemppainen E. Mayer J. Fitzpatric J. Raraty M. Slavin J. Early prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis by urinary trypsinogen activation peptide: A multicentre study Lancet 355 2000 1955 1960
150. 4. Nevalainen T.J. Hietarata A.J. Gronroos J.M. Phospholipase A2 in acute pancreatitis: New biochemical and pathological aspects Hepatogastroenterology 46 1999 2731 2735
151. 5. Nijsten M.W. Olinga P. Hoekstra H.J. In vitro and in vivo stimulation of procalcitonin by TNFα and IL-6 J. Anaesth. Intensiv. 2 2001 58 60
152. 6. Norman J. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis Am. J. Surg. 175 1998 76 83
153. 7. Norman J.G. Fink G.W. Franz M.G. Acute pancreatitis induces intrapancreatic tumor necrosis factor gene expression Arch. Surg. 130 1995 966 971
154. 8. Norman J.G. Franz M.G. Messina J. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist decreases severity of experimental acute pancreatitis Surgery 117 1995 643 655
155. 9. Nowak A. Nowakowska-Dulawa E. Marek T.A. Rybicka J. Final results of the prospective randomized, controlled study on endoscopic sphincterotomy versus conventional management in acute biliary pancreatitis Gastroenterology 108 1995 A380
156. 1. Ogawa M. Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor as an acute phase reactant Clin. Biochem. 21 1988 19 25
157. 2. Opie E.L. The relation of cholelithiasis to disease of the pancreas and fat necrosis Am. J. Med. Sci. 121 1901 27 32
158. 3. Osvaldt A.B. Viero P. Borges da Costa M.S. Wendt L.R. Bersch V.P. Rohde L. Evaluation of Ranson, Glasgow, APACHE-II, and APACHE-O criteria to predict severity in acute biliary pancreatitis Int. Surg. 86 2001 158 161
159. 1. Paajanen H. Laato M. Jaakkola M. Pulkki K. Ninikoski J. Nordback I. Serum tumour necrosis factor compared with C-reactive protein in the early assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 82 1995 271 273
160. 2. Panteghini M. Pagani F. Time course of changes in serum activity of the P3 isoform of pancreatic amylase isoenzyme in patients with acute pancreatitis Clin. Biochem. 22 1989 479 482
161. 3. Pezzilli R. Human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis: A comparison with C-reactive protein J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 19 1994 112 117
162. 4. Pezzilli R. Clinical value of pancreatitis-associated protein in acute pancreatitis Am. J. Gastroenterol 92 1997 1887 1890
163. 5. Pezzilli R. Billi P. Miniero R. Fiocchi M. Cappelletti O. Morselli-Labate A.M. Barakat B. Sprovieri G. Miglioli M. Serum interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and beta-2 microglobulin in early assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis. Comparison with serum C-reactive protein Dig. Dis. Sci. 40 1995 2341 2348
164. 6. Pezzilli R. Billi P. Miniero R. Barakat B. Serum interleukin 10 in human acute pancreatitis Dig. Dis. Sci. 42 1997 1462 1472
165. 7. Pezzilli R. Miniero R. Cappelletti O. Barakat B. Serum interleukin 6 in the prognosis of biliary acute pancreatitis Ital. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 30 1998 291 294
166. 8. Pezzilli R. Morselli-Labate A.M. Miniero R. Barakat B. Fiocchi M. Cappelletti O. Simultaneous serum assayed lipase and interleukin-6 for early diagnosis and prognosis of acute pancreatitis Clin. Chem. 45 1999 1762 1767
167. 9. Pezzilli R. Morselli-Labate A.M. Barbieri A.R. Plate L. Clinical usefulness of the serum carboxypeptidase B activation peptide in acute pancreatitis JOP 1 2000 58 68
168. 10. Piironen A. Kivisaari R. Kemppainen E. Laippala P. Koivisto A.M. Poutanen V.P. Kivisaari L. Detection of severe acute pancreatitis by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Eur. Radiol. 10 2000 354 361
169. 1. Rae D. Beechey-Newman N. Burditt L. Sumar N. Hermon-Taylor J. Activation of human granulocyte type 1-prophospholipase A2 Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 219 1996 24 27
170. 2. Ranson J.H.C. The timing of biliary surgery in acute pancreatitis Ann. Surg. 189 1979 654 662
171. 3. Ranson J.H.C. Diagnostic standards for acute pancreatitis World. J. Surg. 21 1997 136 142
172. 4. Ranson J.H.C. Rifkind K.M. Roses D.F. Fink S.D. Eng K. Spencer F.C. Prognostic signs and the role of operative management in acute pancreatitis Surg. Gynaecol. Obstet. 139 1974 69 81
173. 5. Rattner D.W. Experimental models of acute pancreatitis and their relevance to human disease Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 219 1996 6 9
174. 6. Rau B. Steinbach G. Gansauge F. Mayer J.M. Grunert A. Beger H.G. The potential role of procalcitonin and interleukin 8 in the prediction of infected necrosis in acute pancreatitis Gut 41 1997 832 840
175. 7. Rau B. Uhl W. Büchler M.W. Beger H.G. Surgical treatment of infected necrosis World J. Surg. 21 1997 155 161
176. 8. Rau B. Cebulla M. Uhl W. Schoenberg M.H. Beger H.G. The clinical value of human pancreas-specific protein procarboxypeptidase B as an indicator of necrosis in acute pancreatitis: Comparison to CRP and LDH Pancreas 17 1998 134 139
177. 9. Rau B. Pralle U. Mayer J.M. Beger H.G. Role of ultrasonographically guided fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of infected pancreatic necrosis Br. J. Surg. 85 1998 179 184
178. 10. Rau B. Poch B. Gansauge F. Bauer A. Nussler A.K. Nevalainen T. Schoenberg M.H. Beger H.G. Pathophysiologic role of oxygen free radicals in acute pancreatitis: Initiating event or mediator of tissue damage Ann. Surg. 231 2000 352 360
179. 11. Rau B. Steinbach G. Baumgart K. Gansauge F. Grunert A. Beger H.G. The clinical value of procalcitonin in the prediction of infected necrosis in acute pancreatitis Intensive Care Med. 26 2000 159 164
180. 12. Robinson P.J. Sheridan M.B. Pancreatitis: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging Eur. Radiol. 10 2000 401 408
181. 13. Romaschin A.D. De Majo W.C. Winton T. D'Costa M. Chang G. Rubin B. Gamliel Z. Walker P.M. Systemic phospholipase a2 and cachectin levels in adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple-organ failure Clin. Biochem. 25 1992 55 60
182. 1. Sanfey H. Bulkley G.B. Cameron J.L. The pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. The source and role of oxygen-derived free radicals in three different experimental models Ann. Surg. 201 1985 633 639
183. 2. VII-VIII Sarles H. Proposal adopted unanimously by the participants of the symposium on pancreatitis at Marseille Bibl. Gastroenterol. 7 1965
184. 3. Sarner M. Cotton P.B. Definitions of acute and chronic pancreatitis Clin. Gastroenterol. 13 1984 865 870
185. 4. Saxon E.I. Hinkley W.C. Vogel W.C. Zieve L. Comparative value of serum and urinary amylase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis Arch. Intern. Med. 99 1957 607 621
186. 5. Schmidt E. Schmidt F.W. Advances in the enzyme diagnosis of pancreatic diseases Clin. Biochem. 23 1990 383 394
187. 6. Schmidt S. Uhl W. Büchler M.W. Protease-antiprotease interactions and the rationale for therapeutic protease inhibitors Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 219 1996 47 50
188. 7. Schoenberg M.H. Büchler M. Beger H.G. Oxygen radicals in experimental acute pancreatitis Hepatogastroenterology 41 1994 313 319
189. 8. Schölmerich J. Interleukins in acute pancreatitis Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 219 1996 37 42
190. 9. Schulz H.U. Niederau C. Klonowski-Stumpe H. Halangk W. Luthen R. Lippert H. Oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis Hepatogastroenterology 46 1999 2736 2750
191. 10. Scott P. Bruce C. Schofield D. Schiel N. Braganza J.M. McCloy R.F. Vitamin C status in patients with acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 80 1993 750 754
192. 11. Senn N. The surgery of the pancreas Trans. Am. Surg. Assoc. 4 1886 99 225
193. 12. Senninger N. Moody F.G. Coelho J.C. Van Buren D.H. The role of biliary obstruction in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in the opossum Surgery 99 1986 688 693
194. 13. Sies H. Oxidative stress: From basic research to clinical application Ann. J. Med. 91 1991 31 38
195. 14. Simchuk E.J. Traverso W.L. Nukui Y. Kozarek R.A. Computed tomography severity index is a predictor of outcomes for severe pancreatitis Am. J. Surg. 179 2000 352 355
196. 15. Simovic M.O. Bonham M.J. Abu-Zidan F.M. Windsor J.A. Anti-inflammatory cytokine response and clinical outcome in acute pancreatitis Crit. Care. Med. 27 1999 2662 2665
197. 16. Singer M.B. Gyr K. Sarles H. Revised classification of pancreatitis Gastroenterology 89 1985 683 685
198. 17. Solomon T. Control of exocrine pancreatic secretion L. Johnson Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract 1987 Raven New York 1173 1207
199. 18. Spooner C.E. Markovitz N.P. Sarovolatz L.D. The role of tumor necrosis factor in sepsis Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 62 1992 11 17
200. 19. Steinberg W.M. Predictors of severity of acute pancreatitis Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 19 1990 849 861
201. 20. Steinberg W. Scott T. Medical progress: Acute pancreatitis N. Engl. J. Med. 330 1994 1198 1210
202. 21. Sternby B. O'Brien J.F. Zinsmeister A.R. DiMagno E.P. What is the biochemical test to diagnose acute pancreatitis? A prospective clinical study Mayo Clin. Proc. 71 1996 1138 1144
203. 22. Stimac D. Rubinic M. Lenac T. Kovac D. Vcev A. Miletic D. Biochemical parameters in the early differentiation of the etiology of acute pancreatitis Am. J. Gastroenterol. 91 1996 2355 2359
204. 23. Stoelben E. Nagel M. Ockert D. Scheibenbogen C. Klein B. Saeger H.D. Clinical significance of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and C-reactive protein in serum of patients with acute pancreatitis Chirurg 67 1996 1231
205. 24. Sweiry J.H. Mann G.E. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 31 1996 10 15
206. 25. Symmers W.S.C. Acute alcoholic pancreatitis Dublin J. Med. Sci. 143 1917 244 247
207. 1. Tang E. Stain S.C. Froes E. Berne T.V. Timing of laparoscopic surgery in gallstone pancreatitis Arch. Surg. 130 1995 496 499
208. 2. Tenner S. Banks P. Acute pancreatitis: Nonsurgical management World J. Surg. 21 1997 143 148
209. 3. Tenner S. Fernandez-del Castillo C. Washaw A. Steinberg W. Hermon-Taylor J. Valenzuela J.E. Urinary trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) predicts severity in patients with acute pancreatitis Int. J. Pancreatol. 21 1997 105 110
210. 4. Tenner S. Sica G. Hughes M. Noordhoek E. Feng S. Zinner M. Banks P.A. Relationship of necrosis to organ failure in severe acute pancreatitis Gastroenterology 113 1997 899 903
211. 5. Tenner S.M. Steinberg W. The admission serum lipase: amylase ratio differentiates alcoholic from nonalcoholic pancreatitis Am. J. Gastroenterol. 87 1992 1755 1758
212. 6. Titz N.W. Support of the diagnosis of pancreatitis by enzyme tests—Old problems, new techniques Clin. Chem. Acta 257 1997 85 98
213. 7. Titz N.W. Shuey D.F. Lipase in serum—The elusive enzyme: an overview Clin. Chem. 39 1993 746 756
214. 8. Toouli J. Roberts-Thomson I.C. Dent J. Lee J. Sphincter of Oddi motility disorders in patients with idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 72 1985 859 863
215. 9. Toouli J. Brooke-Smith M. Bassi C. Carr-Locke D. Telford J. Freeny P. Imrie C. Tandon R. Guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17 Suppl. 1 2002 15 39
216. 10. Toyama M.T. Lewis M.P. Kusske A.M. Reber P.U. Ischaemia-reperfusion mechanisms in acute pancreatitis Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 31 1996 20 23
217. 1. Uhl W. Büchler M. PMN-elastase in comparison with CRP, antiproteases, and LDH as indicators of necrosis in human acute pancreatitis Pancreas 6 1991 253
218. 2. Uhl W. Insenmann R. Curti G. Vogel R. Beger H.G. Büchler M.W. Influence of etiology on the course and outcome of acute pancreatitis Pancreas 13 1996 335 343
219. 3. Uhl W. Roggo A. Kirschstein T. Anghelacopoulos S.E. Gloor B. Muller C.A. Malfertheiner P. Büchler M.W. Influence of contrast-enhanced computed tomography on course and outcome in patients with acute pancreatitis Pancreas 24 2002 191 197
220. 4. Uomo G. Spada O.A. Manes G. Feola B. Misso S. Cavallera A. Rabitti P.G. Neopterin in acute pancreatitis Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 31 1996 1032 1036
221. 1. Vesentini S. Bassi C. Talamini G. Cavallini G. Campedelli A. Pederzoli P. Prospective comparison of C-reactive protein level, Ranson score and contrast-enhanced computed tomography in the prediction of septic complications of acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 80 1993 755 757
222. 2. Viedema J.A. Perez-Mateo M. Dominquez J.E. Role of interleukin-6 in acute pancreatitis. Comparison with C-reactive protein and phospholipase A2 Gut 33 1992 1264 1267
223. 1. Wachter H. Fuchs D. Hausen A. Reibegger G. Werner E. Neopterin as marker for activation of cellular immunity: Immunologic basis and clinical application Adv. Clin. Chem. 27 1989 81 141
224. 2. Warshaw A.L. Pancreatic necrosis. To debride or not to debride—that is the question Ann. Surg. 232 2000 627 629
225. 3. Warshaw A.L. Fournier F. Release of ribonuclease from anoxic pancreas Surgery 95 1984 537 540
226. 4. Warshaw A.L. Lee K.H. Serum ribonuclease elevations and pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis Surgery 86 1979 227 234
227. 5. Warshaw A.L. Lee K.H. Aging changes of pancreatic isoamylases and the appearance of “old amylase” in the serum of patients with pancreatic pseudocysts Gastroenterology 79 1980 1246 1251
228. 6. Whang K.T. Vath S.D. Becker K.L. Snider R.H. Nylen E.S. Muller B. Li Q. Tamarkin L. White J.C. Procalcitonin and proinflammatory cytokine interactions in sepsis Shock 14 2000 73 78
229. 7. Wilson C. C-reactive protein, antiproteases and complement factors as objective markers of severity in acute pancreatitis Br. J. Surg. 76 1989 177
230. 8. Wilson C. Health D.I. Imrie C.W. Prediction of outcome in acute pancreatitis: A comparative study of APACHE II, clinical assessment and multiple factor scoring systems Br. J. Surg. 77 1990 1260 1264
231. 9. Windsor J.A. Search for prognostic markers for acute pancreatitis Lancet 355 2000 1924 1925
232. 10. Wortel C.H. van Deventer S.J.H. Aarden L.A. Lygidakis N.J. Buller H.R. Hoek F.J. Horikx J. Cate J.W. Interleukin-6 mediates host defense responses induced by abdominal surgery Surgery 114 1993 564 570
233. 1. Xing Z. Gauldie J. Cox G. Baumann H. Jordana M. Lei X.F. Achong M.K. IL-6 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine for controlling local or systemic acute inflammatory responses J. Clin. Invest. 101 1998 311 320