Oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis

Hepato-Gastroenterology

Volumn 46, Issue 29, 1999, Pages 2736-2750

  Schulz, Hans Ulrich ^a   Niederau, Claus ^b   Klonowski Stumpe, Hanne ^b   Halangk, Walter ^b   Luthen, Reinhardt ^b   Lippert, Hans ^b  

^a OTTO VON GUERICKE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Cell death; Free radicals; Lipid peroxidation; Pathophysiology; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID 2 OCTADECYL ETHER; CYTOCHROME P450; EBSELEN; FREE RADICAL; GLUTATHIONE DERIVATIVE; LIPID PEROXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; SCAVENGER; SELENIUM; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

ACINAR CELL; ACUTE PANCREATITIS; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; CELL DAMAGE; CELL ORGANELLE; DISEASE COURSE; EDEMA; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY CELL; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PANCREAS NECROSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; APOPTOSIS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; LIPID PEROXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PANCREATITIS;

EID: 0032723773     PISSN: 01726390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. 1 Suran M: Freie Sauerstoffradikale: Biologische Grundlagen und Nachweismethoden. In: Beger HG, Manns MP, Greten H (Eds.). Molekularbiologische Grundlagen der Gastroenterologie, Berlin: Springer, 1995; pp. 249-268.
2. 2 Wiseman H, Halliwell B: Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer, Biochem J 1996; 313:17-29.
3. 3 Parks DA, Granger DN: Xanthine oxidase: biochemistry, distribution and physiology. Acta Physiol Scand 1986; Suppl. 548:87-99.
4. 4 Hille R, Nishino T: Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase. FASEB J 1995; 9:995-1003.
5. 5 Klebanoff SJ: Phagocytic cells: products of oxygen metabolism. In: Inflammation: Basic principles and clinical correlates. Gallin JI, Goldstein IM, Snyderman R (Eds.), New York: Raven Press, 1988; pp. 391-443.
6. 6 Miller RA, Britigan BE: The formation and biological significance of phagocyte-derived oxidants. J Invest Med 1995; 43:39-49.
7. 7 Bernhard R: Cytochrome P450: structure, function, and generation of reactive oxygen species. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 127:137-221.
8. 8 Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA: Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43:109-142.
9. 9 Kroncke KD, Fehsel K, Kolb-Bachofen V: Inducible nitric oxide synthase and its product nitric oxide, a small molecule with complex biological activities. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 1995; 376:327-343.
10. 10 Khan AU, Wilson T: Reactive oxygen species as cellular messengers. Chem Biol 1995; 2:437-445.
11. 11 Murad, F: Signal transduction using nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. J Am Med Assoc 1996; 276:1189-1192.
12. 12 Jacobson MD: Reactive oxygen species and programmed cell death. Trends Biochem Sci 1996; 21:83-86.
13. 13 Payne CM, Bernstein C, Bernstein H: Apoptosis overview emphasizing the role of oxidative stress, DNA damage and signal-transduction pathways. Leukemia Lymphoma 1995; 19:43-93.
14. 14 Remick DG, Villarete L: Regulation of cytokine gene expression by reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates. J Leukocyte Biol 1996; 59:471-475.
15. 15 McCord JM: Oxygen-derived radicals: a link between reperfusion injury and inflammation. Federation Proc 1987; 46:2402-2406.
16. 16 Kehrer JP: Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Crit Rev Toxicol 1993; 23:21-48.
17. 17 McCord JM: Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. New Engl J Med 1985; 312:159-163.
18. 18 Cederbaum AI: Role of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in alcohol toxicity. Free Radical Biol Med 1989; 7:537-539.
19. 19 Schoenberg MH, Buchler M, Beger HG: The role of oxygen radicals in experimental acute pancreatitis. Free Radical Biol Med 1992; 12:515-522.
20. 20 Schoenberg MH, Buchler M, Helfen M, Beger HG: Role of oxygen radicals in experimental acute pancreatitis. Eur Surg. Res 1992; 24(Suppl)1:74-84.
21. 21 Schulz HU, Niederau C, Strohmeyer G, Lippert H: Die Rolle freier Radikale bei Pankreatitis. In. Jahrbuch der Gastroenterologie 1994. Strohmeyer G, Niederau C (Eds.). Zurich: Biermann, 1994; pp. 125-137.
22. 22 Braganza JM, Scott P, Bilton D, Schofield D, Chaloner C, Shiel N, Hunt LP, Bottiglieri T: Evidence for early oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis: clues for correction. Int J Pancreatol 1995; 17:69-81.
23. 23 Schoenberg MH, Birk D, Beger HG: Oxidative stress in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62:1306S-1314S.
24. 24 Schulz HU, Abicht K, Halangk W, Page I, Niederau C: Rolle freier Sauerstoffradikale bei akuter und chronischer Pankreatitis. In: Molekularbiologische Grundlagen der Gastroenterologie. Beger HG, Manns MP, Gretent (Eds.), Berlin: Springer, 1995; pp. 279-293.
25. 25 Braganza J, Rinderknecht H: Free radicals and acute pancreatitis. Gastroentorol 1988; 94:1111-1112.
26. 26 Rinderknecht H: Fatal pancreatitis, a consequence of excessive leukocyte stimulation? Int J Pancreatol 1988; 3:105-112.
27. 27 Busing M, Hopt UT, Quacken M, Becker HD, Morgenroth K: Morphological studies of graft pancreatitis following pancreas transplantation. Br J Surg 1993; 80:1170-1173.
28. 28 Watkins, PB: Role of cytochromes P450 in drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Semin Liver Dis 1990; 10:235-250.
29. 29 Peterson DA, Kelly B, Gerrard JM: Allopurinol can act as an electron transfer agent: is this relevant during reperfusion injury? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 137:76-79.
30. 30 Nonaka A, Manabe T, Tamura K, Asano N, Imanishi K, Tobe T: Changes of xanthine oxidase, lipid peroxide and superoxide dismutase in mouse acute pancreatitis. Digestion 1989; 43:41-46.
31. 31 Guice KS, Oldham KT, Bagnasco JM, Till GO: Histamine enhances xanthine oxidase activity in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1989; 4:618.
32. 32 Yokoyama, Y, Beckman JS, Beckman TK, Wheat JK, Cash TG, Freeman BA, Parks DA: Circulating xanthine oxidase: potential mediator of ischemic injury. Am J Physiol 1990; 258:G564-G570.
33. 33 Cassone E, Maneschi EMT, Faccas JG: Effects of allopurinol on ischemic experimental pancreatitis. Int J Pancreatol 1991; 8:227-234.
34. 34 Koiwai T, Oguchi H, Kawa S, Yanagisawa Y, Kobayashi T, Homma T: The role of oxygen free radicals in experimental acute pancreatitis in the rat. Int J Pancreatol 1989; 5:135-143.
35. 35 Saluja A, Powers RE, Saluja M, Rutledge P, Steer ML: The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in caerulein-induced pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1986; 90:1613.
36. 36 Sanfey H, Bulkley GB, Cameron JL: The pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis: the source and role of oxygen-derived free radicals in three different experimental models. Ann Surg 1985; 201:633-639.
37. 37 Sarr MG, Bulkley GB, Cameron JL: Temporal efficacy of allopurinol during the induction of pancreatitis in the ex vivo perfused canine pancreas. Surgery 1987; 101:342-346.
38. 38 Wisner JR, Renner IG: Allopurinol attenuates caerulein induced acute pancreatitis in the rat. Gut 1988; 29:926-929.
39. 39 Rutledge PL, Saluja AK, Powers RE, Steer ML: Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in diet-induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis in mice. Gastroenterol 1987; 93:41-47.
40. 40 Wisner Jr JR, Green DW, Renner IG: Allopurinol does not prevent ceruletide-induced acute pancreatitis in the rat. Gastroenterol 1986; 90:A1693.
41. 41 Lankisch PG, Pohl U, Otto J, Wereszczynska-Siemiatkowska U, Grone HJ: Xanthine oxidase inhibitor in acute experimental pancreatitis in rats and mice. Pancreas 1989; 4:436-440.
42. 42 Movat HZ, Wasi S: Severe microvascular injury induced by lysosomal releasates of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: increase in vasopermeability, hemorrhage and microthrombosis due to degradation of subendothelial and perivascular matrices. Am J Pathol 1985; 121:404-417.
43. 43 Weiss SJ: Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med. 1989; 320:365-376.
44. 44 Sarr MG, Bulkley GB, Cameron JL: The role of leukocytes in the production of oxygen-derived free radicals in acute experimental pancreatitis. Surgery 1987; 101:292-296.
45. 45 Karges W, Willemer S, Feddersen CO, Adler G: Cerulein-induzierte Pankreatitis der Ratte: Einfluss experimenteller Granulozytopenie. Z Gastroenterol 1991; 29:469.
46. 46 Ito T, Nakao A, Kishimoto W, Nakano M, Takagi H: The involvement and sources of active oxygen in experimentally induced acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1996; 12:173-177.
47. 47 Guice KS, Oldham KT, Caty MG, Johnson KJ, Ward PA: Neutrophil-dependent, oxygen-radical mediated lung injury associated with acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1989; 210:740-747.
48. 48 Inoue S, Nakao A, Kishimoto W, Murakami H, Harada A, Nonami T, Takagi H: LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) and ICAM-1 (CD54) antibodies attenuate superoxide anion release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes in rats with experimental acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1996; 12:183-188.
49. 49 Han SL, Abe Y, Miyauchi K, Watanabe Y, Sato N, Kimura S: Therapeutic efficacy of an antineutrophil monoclonal antibody, Urge-8, against acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. Surgery 1996; 199:585-591.
50. 50 Eichacker PQ, Natanson C: Neutrophil-directed therapies in sepsis: studies in a canine model. Progr Surg 1995; 20:67-76
51. 51 Lumsden A, Bradley III EL: Secondary pancreatic infections. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990; 170:459-467.
52. 52 Schoenberg MH, Buchler M, Kirchmayer R, Gaspar M, Beger HG: Oxygen radicals in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1989; 4:641
53. 53 Wisner J, Green D, Ferrell L, Renner I: Evidence for a role of oxygen derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of caerulein induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Gut 1988; 29:1516-1523.
54. 54 Niederen C., Ude K, Niederau M, Luthen R, Strohmeyer G, Ferrell LD, Grendell JH: Effects of the seleno-organic substance Ebselen in two different models of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1991; 6:282-290.
55. 55 Schulz HU, Niederau C: Oxidative stress-induced changes in pancreatic acinar cells: insights from in vitro studies. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1994; 41:309-312.
56. 56 Niederau C, Schulz HU, Klonowski H: Lazaroids protect isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells against damage induced by free radicals. Pancreas 1995; 11:107-121.
57. 57 Schulz HU, Niederau C, Hinze D: Mechanisms of ethanol-induced pancreatic injury: insights from in vitro studies using isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells. Digestion 1993; 54:307.
58. 58 Klonowski H, Schulz HU, Niederau C: Mechanisms of free radical induced damage to pancreatic acinar cells. Digestion 1993; 54:286.
59. 59 Schulz, HU, Niederau C, Klonowski H: The role of oxidative stress and leukocytes in pancreatic acinar cell injury. Intens Care Med 1994; 20 (Suppl 1):S161.
60. 60 Niederau C, Schulz HU, Klonowski H: Oxidative and proteolytic cell injury: comparison of susceptibility of isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells versus isolated rat hepatocytes. Pathophysiology 1994; 1:183-193.
61. 61 Niederau C, Klonowski H, Schulz HU, Sarbia M, Luthen R, Haussinger D: Oxidative injury to isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells vs. isolated zymogen granules. Free Radical Biol Med 1996; 20:877-886.
62. 62 Klonowski H, Luthen R, Schulz HU, Niederau C: Oxidative stress to pancreatic acinar cells: comparison of damage due to intracellular versus extracellular generation of free radicals. In: New Directions in Pancreatology. Chicago: Am Pancr Assoc, Inc., 1994; pp. 24.
63. 63 Tamura K, Manabe T, Imanishi K, Nishikawa H, Ohshio G, Tobe T: Toxic effects of oxygen-derived free radicals on rat pancreatic acini; an in vitro study. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1992; 39:536-539.
64. 64 Guyan PM, Braganza JM, Butler J: The effect of oxygen metabolites on the zymogens of human pancreatic proteases. In: Rice-Evans C, Dormandy T (Eds.): Free Radicals: Chemistry, Pathology and Medicine. London: Richelieu Press, 1988; pp. 471-474.
65. 65 Lu FJ, Lin JT, Wang HP, Huang WC: A simple, sensitive, non-stimulated photon counting system for detection of superoxide anion in whole blood. Experientia 1996; 52:141-144.
66. 66 Schoenberg MH, Buchler M, Beger HG: Lipid peroxidation products in the pancreatic tissue of patients with acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1988; 75:1254.
67. 67 Braganza JM, Wickens DG, Cawood P, Dormandy TL: Lipid-peroxidation (free-radical-oxidation) products in bile from patients with pancreatic disease. Lancet 1983; 11:375-379.
68. 68 Schulz HU, Page I, Halangk W, Lippert H: Plasma lipid peroxide and selenium levels in acute pancreatitis. Digestion 1996; 57:263-264.
69. 69 Schulz HU, Schmidt D, Kunz D, Struy H, Lippert H: Cytokine pattern, lymphocyte subsets, and neutrophil function in acute pancreatitis. Intens Care Med 1994; 20 Suppl. 1:S161.
70. 70 Basso D, Panozzo MP, Fabris C, Del Favero G, Meggiato T, Fogar P, Meani A, Faggian D, Plebani M, Burlina A, Naccarato R: Oxygen derived free radicals in patients with chronic pancreatic and other digestive diseases. J Clin Pathol 1990; 43:403-405.
71. 71 Guyan PM, Uden S, Braganza JM: Heightened free radical activity in pancreatitis. Free Radical Biol Med 1990; 8:347-354.
72. 72 Curran FJM, Talwar D, Coney J, Sharpies CE, Sattar N, Baxter JN, Imrie CW: Oxidative stress and antioxidant levels in acute pancreatitis. Digestion 1996; 57:222-223.
73. 73 Birk D, Schoenberg MH, Eisele S, Mbock A, Rau B, Beger HG: Die Bedeutung der Sauerstoffradikale bei akuter Pankreatitis. Klinische und experimentelle Ergebnisse der Radikalenfangertherapie. Med Klin 1995; 90(Suppl 1):32-35.
74. 74 Schoenberg MH, M. Buchler M, Schadlich H, Younes M, Bultmann B, Beger HG: Involvement of oxygen radicals and phospholipase A2 in acute pancreatitis of the rat. Klin Wochenschr 1989; 67:166-170.
75. 75 Schoenberg MH, Buchler M, Gaspar M, Stinner A, Younes M, Melzner I, Bultmann B, Beger HG: Oxygen free radicals in acute pancreatitis of the rat. Gut 1990; 31:1138-1143.
76. 76 Dabrowski A, Gabryelewicz A, Chyczewski L: The effect of platelet activating factor antagonist (BN 52021) on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis with reference to oxygen radicals. Int J Pancreatol 1991; 8:1-11.
77. 77 Weber H, Merkord J, Jonas L, Wagner A, Schroder H, Kading U, Werner A, Dummler W: Oxygen radical generation and acute pancreatitis: effects of dibutyltin dichloride/ethanol and ethanol on rat pancreas. Pancreas 1995; 11:382-388.
78. 78 Czako L, Takacs T, Varga IS, Hai DQ, Matkovics B, Lonovics J: Oxidative stress changes in L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Z Gastroenterol 1996; 34: 306.
79. 79 Reinheckel T, Nedelev B, Augustin W, Schulz HU, Halangk W: Oxidatively modified proteins in rat pancreas after induction of acute pancreatic injury. Digestion 1996; 57:258-259.
80. 80 Orrenius S, Moldeus P: The multiple roles of glutathione in drug metabolism. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1984; 5:432-435
81. 81 Reed DJ: Status of calcium and thiols in hepatocellular injury by oxidative stress. Semin Liver Dis 1990; 10:285-292.
82. 82 Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Ferrell LD, Sukhabote RJ, Grendell JH: Glutathione monoethyl ester ameliorates caerulein-induced pancreatitis in the mouse. J Clin Invest 1992; 89:109-116.
83. 83 Luthen R, Niederau C, Grendell JH: Intrapancreatic zymogen activation and levels of ATP and glutathione during caerulein pancreatitis in rats. Am J Physiol 1995; 268:G592-G604
84. 84 Luthen R, Quante M, Schoepp C, Haussinger D, Niederau C: Thiolmetabolismus und oxidativer Stress in der Fruhphase einer experimentellen Pankreatitis. Z Gastroenterol 1996; 34:623.
85. 85 Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Barnidge M, Janney CG: Cerulein-induced pancreatic cysteine depletion: prevention does not diminish acute pancreatitis in the mouse. Gastroenterol 1994; 107:824-830.
86. 86 Luthen R, Quante M, Schoepp C, Haussinger D, Niederau C: Auswirkungen der Arginin-Pankreatitis auf den Thiol-und NO. Metabolismus des Pankreas. Z Gastroenterol 1996; 34:624.
87. 87 Zelck U, Karnstedt U: Untersuchungen zum Wirkungsmechanismus der Selen-Substitution bei entzundlichen Erkrankungen. Beeinflussung der Aktivität antioxidativer Enzyme bei Patienten mit akuter Pankreatitis. Inn Med 1993; 48:78-81.
88. 88 Kuklinski B, Buchner M, Schweder R, Nagel R: Akute Pankreatitis - eine "Free Radical Disease". Letalitatssenkung durch Natriumselenit (Na2SeO3)-Therapie. Z Ges Inn Med 1991; 46:145-149.
89. 89 Kuklinski B, Buchner M, Muller T, Schweder R: Antioxidative Therapie der akuten Pankreatitis - eine 18monatige Zwischenbilanz. Z Ges Inn Med 1992; 47:239-245.
90. 90 Kuklinski B, Zimmermann T, Schweder R: Letalitatssenkung der akuten Pankreatitis mit Natriumselenit. Klinische Resultate einer vierjahrigen Antioxidanzientherapie. Med Klin 1995; 90(Suppl 1):36-41.
91. 91 Sharer NM, Scott PD, Deardon DJ, Lee SH, Taylor PM, Braganza JM: Clinical trial of 24 hours' treatment with glutathione precursors in acute pancreatitis. Clin Drug Invest 1995; 10:147-157.
92. 92 Peake SL, Moran JL, Leppard PI: N-acetyl-L-cysteine depresses cardiac performance in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:1302-1310.
93. 93 Breithaupt TB, Vazquez A, Baez I, Eylar EH: The suppression of T cell function and NF kappa B expression by serine protease inhibitors is blocked by N-acetylcysteine. Cell Immunol 1996; 173:124-130.
94. 94 Nonaka A, Manabe T, Kyogoku T, Tamura K, Tobe T: Changes in lipid peroxide and oxygen radical scavengers in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis: imbalance between the offense and defense systems. Digestion 1990; 47:130-137.
95. 95 Niederau C, Niederau MC, Borchard F, Luthen R, Ferrell LD, Grendell JH: Effects of free radical scavengers and antioxidants in three different models of acute experimental pancreatitis. Pancreas 1992; 7:486-496.
96. 96 Nonaka A, Manabe T, Tobe T: Effect of a new synthetic ascorbic acid derivative as a free radical scavenger on the development of acute pancreatitis in mice. Gut 1991; 32:528-532.
97. 97 Gough DB, Boyle B, Joyce WP, Delaney CP, McGeeney KF, Gorey TF, Fitzpatrick JM: Free radical inhibition and serial chemiluminescence in evolving experimental pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1990; 77:1256-1259.
98. 98 Blind PJ, Marklund SL, Stenling R, Dahlgren ST: Parenteral superoxide dismutase plus catalase diminishes pancreatic edema in sodium taurocholate-induced pancreatitis in the rat. Pancreas 1988; 5:563-567.
99. 99 Guice KS, Miller DE, Oldham KT, Townsend Jr CM, Thompson JC: Superoxide dismutase and catalase: a possible role in established pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1986; 151:163-169.
100. 100 Closa D, Bulbena O, Rosella-Catafau J, Fernandez-Cruz L, Gelpi E: Effect of prostaglandins and superoxide dismutase administration on oxygen free radical production in experimental acute pancreatitis. Inflammation 1993; 17:563-571.
101. 101 Schoenberg MH, Buchler M, Younes M, Kirchmayr R, Bruckner UB, Beger HG: Effect of antioxidant treatment in rats with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39:1034-1040.
102. 102 Furukawa M, Kimura T, Yamaguchi H, Kinjoh M, Nawata H: Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced by stress and cerulein in rats. Pancreas 1994; 9:67-72.
103. 103 Sledzinski Z, Wozniak M, Antosiewicz J, Lezoche E, Familiari M, Bertoli E, Greci L, Brunelli A, Mazera N, Wajda Z: Protective effect of 4-hydroxy-TEMPO, a low molecular weight superoxide dismutase mimic, on free radical toxicity in experimental pancreatitis. Int J Pancreatol 1995; 18:153-160.
104. 104 Dabrowski A, Gabryelewicz A, Dabrowska M, Chyczewski L: Effect of dimethylsulfoxide-hydroxyl radical scavenger on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1991; 16:43-50.
105. 105 Steer ML, Rutledge PL, Powers RE, Saluja M, Saluja AK: The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in two models of experimental acute pancreatitis: effects of catalase, superoxide dismutase, dimethylsulfoxide, and allopurinol. Klin Wochenschr 1991; 69:1012-1017.
106. 106 Nonaka A, Manabe T, Kyogoku T, Tamura K, Tobe T: Evidence for a role of free radicals by synthesized scavenger, 2-octadecylascorbic acid, in cerulein-induced mouse acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37:274-279.
107. 107 Dabrowski A, Gabryelewicz A: The effect of nafamostat mesilate (FUT-175) and gabexate mesilate (FOY) on multiorgan oxidant-antioxidant balance in acute experimental pancreatitis. J Physiol Pharmacol 1994; 45:455-465.
108. 108 Wang XD, Deng XM, Haraldsen P, Andersson R, Ihse I: Antioxidant and calcium channel blockers counteract endothelial barrier injury induced by acute pancreatitis in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30:1129-1136.
109. 109 Closa D, Hotter G, Bulbena O, Gelpi E, Rosello-Catafau J: Calcium channel blockers in experimental acute pancreatitis: effect on tissue prostanoids and oxygen free radicals. Pancreas 1996; 12:178-182.
110. 2+ concentration and cytotoxicity in hepatocytes exposed to oxidative stress. Toxicology 1988; 52:55-63.
111. 111 Kumar S, Harvey NL: Role of multiple cellular proteases in the execution of programmed cell death. FEBS Lett. 1995; 375:169-173.
112. 112 Ghibelli L, Coppola S, Rotilio G, Lafavia E, Maresca V, Ciriolo MR: Non-oxidative loss of glutathione in apoptosis via GSH extrusion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 216:313-320.
113. 113 Clement MV, Stamenkovic I: Superoxide anion is a natural inhibitor of Fas-mediated cell death. EMBO J 1996; 15:216-225.
114. 114 Baker AF, Briehl MM, Dorr R, Powis G: Decreased antioxidant defense and increased oxidant stress during dexamethasone-induced apoptosis: Bcl-2 prevents the loss of antioxidant enzyme activity. Cell Death Diff 1996; 3:207-213.
115. 115 Wang JF, Jerrells TR, Spitzer JJ: Decreased production of reactive oxygen intermediates is an early event during in vitro apoptosis of rat thymocytes. Free Radical Biol Med 1996; 20:533-542.
116. 116 Wang ZH, Iguchi H, Ohshio G, Imamura T, Okada N, Tanaka T, Imamura M: Increased pancreatic metallothionein and glutathione levels: protecting against cerulein-and taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Pancreas 1996; 13:173-183.
117. 117 Luthen R, Grendell JH, Haussinger D, Niederau C: Susceptahility of the exocrine pancreas to glutathione oxidation in vivo. Digestion 1995; 56:302.
118. 118 Guice KS, Oldham KT, Johnson KJ: Failure of antioxidant therapy (polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase) in acute pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1989; 157:145-149.
119. 119 Eisele S, Schoenberg MH, Buchler MW, Beger HG: Treatment of acute interstitial and acute haemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis with the scavenger manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Digestion 1995; 56:281.
120. 120 Davies MG, Fulton GJ, Hagen PO: Clinical biology of nitric oxide. Br J Surg 1995; 82:1598-1610.
121. 121 Clancy RM, Abramson SB: Nitric oxide: a novel mediator of inflammation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995; 210:93-101.
122. 122 Brune B, Messmer UK, Sandau K: The role of nitric oxide in cell injury. Toxicol Lett 1995; 82/83:233-237.
123. 123 Szabo C: The pathophysiological role of peroxynitrite in shock, inflammation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 1996; 6:79-88.
124. 124 Rubbo H, Darley-Usmar V, Freeman BA; Nitric oxide regulation of tissue free radical injury. Chem Res Toxicol 1996; 9:809-820.
125. 125 Nakazawa H, Genka C, Fujishima M: Pathological aspects of active oxygens/free radicals. Jpn J Physiol 1996; 46:15-32.
126. 126 Konturek SJ, Szlachcic A, Dembinski A, Warzecha Z, Jaworek J, Stachura J: Nitric oxide in pancreatic secretion and hormone-induced pancreatitis in rats. Int. J Pancreatol 1994; 15:19-28.
127. 127 Molero X, Guarner F, Salas A, Mourelle M, Puig V, Malagelada JR: Nitric oxide modulates pancreatic basal secretion and response to cerulein in the rat: effects in acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol 1995; 108:1855-1862.
128. 128 Satoh A, Shimosegawa T, Abe T, Kikuchi Y, Abe R, Koizumi M, Toyota T: Role of nitric oxide in the pancreatic blood flow response to caerulein. Pancreas 1994; 9:574-579.
129. 129 Abe T, Shimosegawa T, Satoh A, Abe R, Kikuchi Y, Koizumi M, Toyota T: Nitric oxide modulates pancreatic edema formation in rat caerulein-induced pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol 1995; 30:636-642.
130. 130 Liu X, Nakano I, Yamaguchi H, Ito T, Goto M, Koyanagi S, Kinjoh M, Nawata H: Protective effect of nitric oxide on development of acute pancreatitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40:2162-2169.
131. 131 Kikuchi Y, Shimosegawa T, Satoh A, Abe R, Abe T, Koizumi M, Toyota T: The role of nitric oxide in mouse cerulein-induced pancreatitis with and without lipopolysaccharide pretreatment. Pancreas 1996; 12:68-75.
132. 132 O'Donovan DA, Kelly CJ, Abdih H, Bouchier-Hayes D, Watson RWG, Redmond HP, Burke PE, Bouchier-Hayes DA: Role of nitric oxide in lung injury associated with experimental acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1995; 82:1122-1126.
133. 133 Tani S, Itoh H, Okabayashi Y, Nakamura T, Fujii M, Fujisawa T, Koide M, Otsuki M: New model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis induced by excessive doses of arginine in rats. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35:367-374.
134. 134 Dabrowski A, Gabryelewicz A: Nitric oxide contributes to multiorgan oxidative stress in acute experimental pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29:943-948.
135. 135 Dobosz M, Hac S, Wajda Z: Does nitric oxide protect from microcirculatory disturbances in experimental acute pancreatitis in rats? Int J Microcircul Clin Exp 1996; 16:221-226.
136. 136 Pincemail J, Defraigne JO, Limet R: Oxidative stress in clinical situations - fact or fiction? Eur J Anaesthesiol 1996; 13:219-234.
137. 137 Letko G, Sokolowski A, Spormann H, Heinrich P: A hierarchic approach for experimental investigations into the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr 1985; 45:59-67.