Strategies for the management of patients with obesity

Treatments in Endocrinology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 21-36

  Hamilton, Michael ^a  

^a PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACYLATION STIMULATING PROTEIN; ADIPONECTIN; ADIPSIN; AGOUTI PROTEIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; C PEPTIDE; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; CORTICOSTEROID; FATTY ACID; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; LITHIUM; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; PAROXETINE; PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE; PHENTERMINE; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; RESISTIN; SIBUTRAMINE; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID;

ANAMNESIS; BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION; BODY FAT; BODY MASS; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COMORBIDITY; DIARRHEA; EMOTIONAL STRESS; FECES INCONTINENCE; FOOD INTAKE; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; INSOMNIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFESTYLE; MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE; NAUSEA; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; PULSE RATE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SELF CONTROL; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SOCIOECONOMICS; STOMACH BYPASS; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; XEROSTOMIA;

ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; HUMANS; OBESITY; PREVALENCE;

EID: 0038007453     PISSN: 11756349     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00024677-200201010-00003     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Gallagher D, Visser M, Sepulveda D, et al. How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups? Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143 (3): 228-39
2. Stevens J. Obesity and mortality in Africans-Americans. Nutr Rev 2000; 58 (11): 346-53
3. Park YW, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB, et al. Larger amounts of visceral adipose tissue in Asian Americans. Obes Res 2001; 9 (7): 381-7
4. Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, et al. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72 (3): 694-701
5. Deurenberg P. Universal cut-off BMI points for obesity are not appropriate. Br J Nutr 2001; 85 (2): 135-6
6. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. World Health Organization; 1997 Jun 3-5; Geneva. Geneva: WHO. 1998.
7. Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Larsson B, et al. Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 12 year follow up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289 (6454): 1257-61
8. Larsson B, Svardsudd K, Welin L, et al. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 288 (6428): 1401-4
9. Lemieux S, Prud'homme D, Bouchard C, et al. A single threshold value of waist girth identifies normal-weight and overweight subjects with excess visceral adipose tissue. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64 (5): 685-93
10. Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, et al. Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism 1987; 36 (1): 54-9
11. North American Association for the Study of Obesity. The practical guide: identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2000 Oct: 1-77 (NIH Publication No. 00-4084)
12. Smith SR, Lovejoy JC, Greenway F, et al. Contributions of total body fat, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments, and visceral adipose tissue to the metabolic complications of obesity. Metabolism 2001; 50 (4): 425-35
13. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, et al. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22 (1): 39-47
14. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, et al. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA 1999; 282 (16): 1519-22
15. Styne DM. Childhood and adolescent obesity. Prevalence and significance. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001; 48 (4): 823-54. vii
16. Flegal KM, Troiano RP. Changes in the distribution of body mass index of adults and children in the US population. Int. J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24(7): 807-18
17. Williams S. Overweight at age 21: the association with body mass index in childhood and adolescence and parents' body mass index. A cohort study of New Zealanders born in 1972-1973. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25 (2): 158-63
18. Perusse L, Bouchard C. Genotype-environment interaction in human obesity. Nutr Rev 1999; 57 (5 Pt 2): S31-7; discussion S37-8
19. Bouchard C, Perusse L, Leblanc C, et al. Inheritance of the amount and distribution of human body fat. Int J Obes 1988; 12 (3): 205-15
20. Stunkard AJ, Sorensen TI, Hanis C. et al. An adoption study of human obesity. N Engl J Med 1986; 314 (4): 193-8
21. Perusse L, Bouchard C. Genetics of energy intake and food preferences. In: Bouchard C, editor. The genetics of obesity. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 1994: 125-34
22. Perusse L, Tremblay A, Leblanc C, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on level of habitual physical activity and exercise participation. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129 (5): 1012-22
23. Hebebrand J, Sommerlad C, Geller F, et al. The genetics of obesity: practical implications. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25 Suppl. 1: S10-8
24. Perusse L, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, et al. The human obesity gene map: the 2000 update. Obes Res 2001; 9 (2): 135-69
25. Lichtenstein AH, Kennedy E, Barrier P, et al. Dietary fat consumption and health. Nutr Rev 1998: 56 (5 Pt 2): S3-19; discussion S19-28
26. James WP. A public health approach to the problem of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995; 19 Suppl. 3: S37-45
27. Heitmann BL, Lissner L, Osler M. Do we eat less fat or just report so? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24 (4): 435-42
28. Poppitt SD, Swann D, Black AE, et al. Assessment of selective under-reporting of food intake by both obese and non-obese women in a metabolic facility. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22 (4): 303-11
29. Bray GA, Popkin BM. Dietary fat affects obesity rate. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70 (4): 572-3
30. Martinez JA. Body-weight regulation: causes of obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2000; 59 (3): 337-45
31. Zurlo F, Ferraro RT, Fontvielle AM, et al. Spontaneous physical activity and obesity: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in Pima Indians. Am J Physiol 1992; 263 (2 Pt 1): E296-300
32. Levine JA, Eberhardt NL, Jensen MD. Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science 1999; 283 (5399): 212-4
33. Sugerman HJ. Effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure in severe obesity. Surg Clin North Am 2001; 81 (5): 1063-75, vi
34. Mohamed-Ali V, Pinkney JH, Coppack SW. Adipose tissue as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22 (12): 1145-58
35. Lagrand WK, Visser CA, Hermens WT, et al. C-reactive protein asa cardiovascular risk factor: more than an epiphenomenon? Circulation 1999; 100 (1): 96-102
36. Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, et al. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 2001; 409 (6818): 307-12
37. Vague J. The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease. 1956. Obes Res 1996; 4 (2): 204-12
38. Grundy SM. Metabolic complications of obesity. Endocrine 2000; 13 (2): 155-65
39. Brands MW, Hall JE, Keen HL. Is insulin resistance linked to hypertension? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1998; 25 (1): 70-6
40. Sheehan MT, Jensen MD. Metabolic complications of obesity. Pathophysiologic considerations. Med Clin North Am 2000; 84 (2): 363-85, vi
41. Despres JP. Obesity and lipoprotein metabolism. In: Bray GA, Bouchard C, editors. Handbook of obesity. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998: 651-675
42. Hubler A, Abendroth K, Keiner T, et al. Dysregulation of insulin-like growth factors in a case of generalized acquired lipoatrophic diabetes mellitus (Lawrence Syndrome) connected with autoantibodies against adipocyte membranes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1998; 106 (1): 79-84
43. Robbins DC, Horton ES, Tulp O, et al. Familial partial lipodystrophy: complications of obesity in the non-obese? Metabolism 1982; 31 (5): 445-52
44. Gavrilova O, Marcus-Samuels B, Graham D, et al. Surgical implantation of adipose tissue reverses diabetes in lipoatrophic mice. J Clin Invest 2000; 105 (3): 271-8
45. Hallakou S, Doare L, Foufelle F, et al. Pioglitazone induced in vivo adipocyte differentiation in the obese Zucker fa/fa rat. Diabetes 1997; 46 (9): 1393-9
46. Smith SR, Ravussin E. Emerging paradigms for understanding fatness and diabetes risk. Curr Diabetes Rep. In press
47. Stunkard AJ, Wadden TA. Psychological aspects of severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55 (2 Suppl.): 524S-32S
48. Hill AJ, Silver EK, Fat, friendless and unhealthy: 9-year old children's perception of body shape stereotypes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995; 19 (6): 423-30
49. Puhl R, Brownell K. Obesity, bias and discrimination. Obes Res 2001; 9 (12): 788-805
50. Rand CS, Macgregor AM. Morbidly obese patients' perceptions of social discrimination before and after surgery for obesity. South Med J 1990; 83 (12): 1390-5
51. Gortmaker SL, Must A, Perrin JM, et al. Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. N Engl J Med 1993: 329 (14): 1008-12
52. Colditz GA. Economic costs of obesity and inactivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31 (11 Suppl.): S63-7
53. Thompson D, Brown JB, Nichols GA, et al. Body mass index and future healthcare costs: a retrospective cohort study. Obes Res 2001; 9 (3): 210-8
54. Fava M. Weight gain and antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 (Suppl. 11): 37-41
55. Adams CH, Smith NJ, Wilbur DC, et al. The relationship of obesity to the frequency of pelvic examinations: do physician and patient attitudes make a difference? Women Health 1993; 20 (2): 45-57
56. Institute of Medicine. Weighing the options. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995
57. Blackburn G. Effect of degree of weight loss on health benefits. Obes Res 1995; 3 Suppl. 2: 211-6
58. Wadden TA, Foster GD. Behavioral treatment of obesity. Med Clin North Am 2000; 84 (2): 441-61. vii
59. Brownell K. The learn program for weight management. Dallas (TX): American Health Publishing Company, 2000
60. Crowther JH, Sanftner J, Bonifazi DZ, et al. The role of daily hassles in binge eating. Int J Eat Disord 2001; 29 (4): 449-54
61. Epel E, Lapidus R, McEwen B, et al. Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001; 26 (1): 37-49
62. Ditschuneit HH, Flechtner-Mors M, Johnson TD, et al. Metabolic and weight-loss effects of a long-term dietary intervention in obese patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69 (2): 198-204
63. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001; 9 Suppl. 1: 1-40
64. Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24 (12): 1545-52
65. Astrup A, Ryan L, Grunwald GK, et al. The role of dietary fat in body fatness: evidence from a preliminary meta-analysis of ad libitum low-fat dietary intervention studies. Br J Nutr 2000; 83 Suppl. 1: 25-32
66. Wing RR, Hill JO. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr 2001; 21: 323-41
67. Physical activity and cardiovascular health. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health. JAMA 1996; 276 (3): 241-6
68. Weintraub M. Long-term weight control study: conclusions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 51 (5): 642-6
69. Connolly HM, Crary JL, McGoon MD, et al. Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine. N Engl J Med 1997; 337 (9): 581-8
70. Burger AJ, Sherman HB, Charlamb MJ, et al. Low prevalence of valvular heart disease in 226 phentermine-fenfluramine protocol subjects prospectively followed for up to 30 months. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34 (4): 1153-8
71. Mast ST, Jollis JG, Ryan T, et al. The progression of fenfluramine-associated valvular heart disease assessed by echocardiography. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134 (4): 261-6
72. Lindgarde F. The effect of orlistat on body weight and coronary heart disease risk profile in obese patients: the Swedish Multimorbidity Study. J Intern Med 2000; 248 (3): 245-54
73. Wirth A, Krause J. Long-term weight loss with sibutramine: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 286 (11): 1331-9
74. Astrup A, Breum L, Toubros S, et al. The effect and safety of enephedrine/caffeine compound compared to ephedrine, caffeine and placebo in obese subjects on an energy restricted diet: a double blind trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992; 16: 269-77
75. Astrup A, Toubros S, Cannon S, et al. Thermogenic synergism between ephedrine and caffeine in healthy volunteers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Metabolism 1991; 40: 323-9
76. Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L. Potentiation of the thermogenic antiobesity effects of ephidrine by dietary methylaxanthines: adenosine antagonism or phosphodiestrerase inhibition. Metabolism 1992; 41: 1233-41
77. Bray GA, Greenway FL. Current and potential drugs for treatment of obesity. Endocr Rev 1999; 20 (6): 805-75
78. Munro JF, MacCuish AC, Wilson EM, et al. Comparison of continuous and intermittent anorectic therapy in obesity. BMJ 1968; 1: 352-6
79. Physicians' desk reference. 56th ed. Montevale (NJ), United States: Medical Economics Co., 2002
80. Langlois KJ, Forbes JA, Bell GW, et al. A double-blind clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of phentermine hydrochloride (Fastin) in the treatment of exogenous obesity. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1974; 16 (4): 289-96
81. Williams RA, Foulsham BM. Weight reduction in osteoarthritis using phentermine. Practitioner 1981; 225: 231-2
82. Rolls BJ, Shide DJ, Thorwart ML, et al. Sibutramine reduces food intake in non-dieting women with obesity. Obes Res 1998; 6 (1): 1-11
83. Hansen DL, Toubro S, Stock MJ, et al. The effect of sibutramine on energy expenditure and appetite during chronic treatment without dietary restriction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23 (10): 1016-24
84. Bray GA, Blackburn GL, Ferguson JM, et al. Sibutramine produces dose-related weight loss. Obes Res 1999; 7 (2): 189-98
85. Smith IG, Goulder MA. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of long-term treatment with sibutramine in mild to moderate obesity. J Fam Pract 2001; 50 (6): 505-12
86. James WP, Astrup A, Finer N, et al. Effect of sibutramine on weight maintenance after weight loss: a randomised trial. STORM Study Group. Sibutramine Trial of Obesity Reduction and Maintenance. Lancet 2000; 356 (9248): 2119-25
87. Fujioka K, Seaton TB, Rowe E, et al. Weight loss with sibutramine improves glycaemic control and other metabolic parameters in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2000; 2 (3): 175-87
88. McMahon FG, Fujioka K, Singh BN, et al. Efficacy and safety of sibutramine in obese white and African American patients with hypertension: a 1-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (14): 2185-91
89. Sjostrom L, Rissanen A, Andersen T, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. European Multicentre Orlistat Study Group. Lancet 1998; 352 (9123): 167-72
90. Davidson MH, Hauptman J, DiGirolamo M, et al. Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 281 (3): 235-42
91. Cavaliere H, Floriano I, Medeiros-Neto G. Gastrointestinal side effects of orlistat may be prevented by concomitant prescription of natural fibers (psyllium mucilloid). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25 (7): 1095-9
92. Drent ML, van der Veen EA. First clinical studies with orlistat: a short review. Obes Res 1995 Nov; 3 Suppl. 4: 623S-5S
93. Torgerson JS, Sjostrom L. The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study-rationale and results. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25 Suppl. 1: S2-4
94. Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG, et al. Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 1995; 222 (3): 339-50; discussion 350-2
95. Schauer PR, Ikramuddin S, Gourash W, et al. Outcomes after laparoscopic Rouxen-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2000; 232 (4): 515-29
96. Tate DF, Wing RR, Winett RA. Using Internet technology to deliver a behavioral weight loss program. JAMA 2001; 285 (9): 1172-7
97. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, et al. CDC growth charts: US advance data for vital and health statistics, no. 314. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics, 2000
98. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, et al. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide. BMJ 2000; 320: 1240-3
99. Ho SC, Chen YM, Woo JL, et al. Association between simple anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25 (11): 1689-97
100. Blair SN, Cheng Y, Holder JS. Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (6 Suppl.): 379-99; discussion 419-20