Wilms tumor gene (WT1) expression as a panleukemic marker

International Journal of Hematology

Volumn 76, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 103-109

  Menssen, Hans D ^a   Siehl, Jan M ^a   Thiel, Eckhard ^a  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Acute leukemia; Hematopoietic progenitors; Minimal residual disease; Quantitative RT PCR; Wilms tumor gene (WT1)

Indexed keywords

WT1 PROTEIN; RNA; TUMOR MARKER;

ACUTE LEUKEMIA; ARTICLE; GENE EXPRESSION; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; MONONUCLEAR CELL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; GENETICS; LEUKEMIA; METABOLISM; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; REVIEW;

HUMANS; LEUKEMIA; NEOPLASM, RESIDUAL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA, NEOPLASM; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL; WT1 PROTEINS;

EID: 0037755144     PISSN: 09255710     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02982571     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Gessler M, Poustka A, Cavenee W, Neve RL, Orkin SH, Bruns GAP. Homozygous deletions in Wilms' tumours of a zinc-finger gene identified by chromosome jumping. Nature. 1990;343:774-778.
2. Call KM, Glaser T, Ito CY, et al. Isolation and characterization of a zinc finger polypeptide gene at the human chromosome 11 Wilms' tumor locus. Cell. 1990;60:509-520.
3. Rose EA, Glaser T, Jones C, et al. Complete physical map of the WAGR region of 11p13 localizes a candidate Wilms' tumor gene. Cell. 1990;60:495-510.
4. Scharnhorst V, van der Eb AJ, Jochemsen AG. WT1 proteins: functions in growth and differentiation. Gene. 2001;273:141-161.
5. Pritchard-Jones K, Fleming S, Davidson D, et al. The candidate Wilms' tumour gene is involved in genitourinary development. Nature. 1990;346:194-197.
6. Armstrong JF, Pritchard-Jones K, Bickmore WA, Hastie ND, Bard JB. The expression of the Wilms' tumour gene, WT1, in the developing mammalian embryo. Mech Dev. 1993;40:85-97.
7. Kudoh T, Ishidate T, Moriyama M, Toyoshima K, Akiyama T. G1 phase arrest induced by Wilms tumor protein WT1 is abrogated by cyclin/CDK complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:4517-4521.
8. Makrigiannakis A, Amin K, Coukos G, Tilly JL, Coutifaris C. Regulated expression and potential roles of p53 and Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1) during follicular development in the human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:449-459.
9. Makrigiannakis A, Coukos G, Mantani A, et al. Expression of Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1) in human endometrium: regulation through decidual differentiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5964-5972.
10. Drummond IA. Madden SL, Rohwer-Nutter P, Bell GI, Sukhatme VP, Rauscher FJ 3rd. Repression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene by the Wilms tumor suppressor WT1. Science. 1992;257:674-678.
11. Werner H, Re GG, Drummond IA, et al. Increased expression of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene, IGF1R, in Wilms tumor is correlated with modulation of IGF1R promoter activity by the WT1 Wilms tumor gene product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:5828-5832.
12. Gashler AL, Bonthron DT, Madden SL, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Collins T, Sukhatme VP. Human platelet-derived growth factor A chain is transcriptionally repressed by the Wilms tumor suppressor WT1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:10984-10988.
13. Wang ZY, Madden SL, Deuel TF, Rauscher FJ 3rd. The Wilms' tumor gene product, WT1, represses transcription of the platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:21999-22002.
14. Englert C, Hou X, Maheswaran S, et al. WT1 suppresses synthesis of the epidermal growth factor receptor and induces apoptosis. EMBO J. 1995;14:4662-4675.
15. Harrington MA, Konicek B, Song A, Xia XL, Fredericks WJ, Rauscher FJ 3rd. Inhibition of colony-stimulating factor-1 promotor activity by the product of the Wilms' tumor locus. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:21271-21275.
16. Dey BR, Sukhatme VP, Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Kim SJ. Repression of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene by the Wilms' tumor suppressor WT1 gene product. Mol Endocrinol. 1994;8:595-602.
17. Maurer U, Jehan F, Englert C, et al. The Wilms' tumor gene product (WT1) modulates the response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by induction of the vitamin D receptor. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:3727-3732.
18. Lee TH, Pelletier J. Functional characterization of WT1 binding sites within the human vitamin D receptor gene promoter. Physiol Genomics. 2001;7:187-200.
19. Hewitt SM, Hamada S, McDonnell TJ, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Saunders GF. Regulation of the proto-oncogenes bcl-2 and c-myc by the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene WT1. Cancer Res. 1995;55:5386-5389.
20. Maheswaran S, Park S, Bernard A, et al. Physical and functional interaction between WT1 and p53 proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:5100-5104.
21. Maheswaran S, Englert C, Bennett P, Heinrich G, Haber DA. The WT1 gene product stabilizes p53 and inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis. Genes Dev. 1995;9:2143-2156.
22. Dehbi M, Ghahremani M, Lechner M, Dressler G, Pelletier J. The paired-box transcription factor, PAX2, positively modulates expression of the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1). Oncogene. 1996;13:447-453.
23. McConnell MJ, Cunliffe HE, Chua LJ, Ward TA, Eccles MR. Differential regulation of the human Wilms tumour suppressor gene (WT1) promoter by two isoforms of PAX2. Oncogene. 1997;14:2689-2700.
24. Dehbi M, Hiscott J, Pelletier J. Activation of the wt1 Wilms' tumor suppressor gene by NF-kappaB. Oncogene. 1998;16:2033-2039.
25. Maheswaran S, Englert C, Lee SB, Ezzel RM, Settleman J, Haber DA. E1B 55K sequesters WT1 along with p53 within a cytoplasmic body in adenovirus- transformed kidney cells. Oncogene. 1998;16:2041-2050.
26. Rupprecht HD, Drummond IA, Madden SL, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Sukhatme VP. The Wilms' tumor suppressor gene WT1 is negatively autoregulated. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:6198-6206.
27. Bruening W, Gros P, Sato T, et al. Analysis of the 11p13 Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1) in ovarian tumors. Cancer Invest. 1993;11:393-399.
28. Viel A, Giannini F, Capozzi E, et al. Molecular mechanisms possibly affecting WT1 function in human ovarian tumors. Int J Cancer. 1994;57:515-521.
29. Silberstein GB, Van Horn K, Strickland P, Roberts CT Jr, Daniel CW. Altered expression of the WT1 Wilms tumor suppressor gene in human breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:8132-8137.
30. Loeb DM, Evron E, Patel CB, et al. Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1) is expressed in primary breast tumors despite tumor-specific promoter methylation. Cancer Res. 2001;61:921-925.
31. Rodeck U, Bossler A, Kari C, et al. Expression of the wt1 Wilms' tumor gene by normal and malignant human melanocytes. Int J Cancer. 1994;59:78-82.
32. Park S, Schalling M, Bernard A, et al. The Wilms tumour gene WT1 is expressed in murine mesoderm-derived tissues and mutated in a human mesothelioma. Nat Genet. 1993;4:415-420.
33. Walker C, Rutten F, Yuan X, Pass H, Mew DM, Everitt J. Wilms' tumor suppressor gene expression in rat and human mesothelioma. Cancer Res. 1994;54:3101-3106.
34. Langerak AW, Williamson KA, Miyagawa K, Hagemeijer A, Versnel MA, Hastie ND. Expression of the Wilms' tumor gene WT1 in human malignant mesothelioma cell lines and relationship to platelet-derived growth factor A and insulin-like growth factor 2 expression. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1995;12:87-96.
35. Amin KM, Litzky LA, Smythe WR, et al. Wilms' tumor 1 susceptibility (WT1) gene products are selectively expressed in malignant mesothelioma. Am J Pathol. 1995;146:344-356.
36. Ladanyi M, Gerald W. Fusion of the EWS and WT1 genes in the desmoplastic small round cell tumor. Cancer Res. 1994;54:2837-2840.
37. Campbell CE, Kuriyan NP, Rackley RR, et al. Constitutive expression of the Wilms tumor suppressor gene (WT1) in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1998;78:182-188.
38. Oji Y, Ogawa H, Tamaki H, et al. Expression of the Wilms' tumor gene WT1 in solid tumors and its involvement in tumor cell growth. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999;90:194-204.
39. Menssen HD, Bertelmann E, Bartelt S, et al. Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) expression in lung cancer, colon cancer and glioblastoma cell lines compared to freshly isolated tumor specimens. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2000;126:226-232.
40. Miwa H, Beran M, Saunders GF. Expression of the Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) in human leukemias. Leukemia. 1992;6:405-409.
41. Inoue K, Sugiyama H, Ogawa H, et al. WT1 as a new prognostic factor and a new marker for the detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia. Blood. 1994;84:3071-3079.
42. Brieger J, Weidmann E, Fenchel K, Mitrou PS, Hoelzer D, Bergmann L. The expression of the Wilms' tumor gene in acute myelocytic leukemias as a possible marker for leukemic blast cells. Leukemia. 1994;8:2138-2143.
43. Menssen HD, Renkl HJ, Rodeck U, et al. Presence of Wilms' tumor gene (wt1) transcripts and the WT1 nuclear protein in the majority of human acute leukemias. Leukemia. 1995;9:1060-1067.
44. Tamaki H, Ogawa H, Ohyashiki K, et al. The Wilms' tumor gene WT1 is a good marker for diagnosis of disease progression of myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia. 1999;13:393-399.
45. Gaiger A, Reese V, Disis ML, Cheever MA. Immunity to WT1 in the animal model and in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2000;96:1480-1489.
46. Gaiger A, Schmid D, Heinze G, et al. Detection of the WT1 transcript by RT-PCR in complete remission has no prognostic relevance in de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 1998;12:1886-1894.
47. Gaiger A, Linnerth B, Mann G, et al. Wilms' tumour gene (wt1) expression at diagnosis has no prognostic relevance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated by an intensive chemotherapy protocol. Eur J Haematol. 1999;63:86-93.
48. Brieger J, Weidmann E, Maurer U, Hoelzer D, Mitrou PS, Bergmann L. The Wilms' tumor gene is frequently expressed in acute myeloblastic leukemias and may provide a marker for residual blast cells detectable by PCR. Ann Oncol. 1995;6:811-816.
49. Inoue K, Ogawa H, Yamagami T, et al. Long-term follow-up of minimal residual disease in leukemia patients by monitoring WT1 (Wilms tumor gene) expression levels. Blood. 1996;88:2267-2278.
50. Bergmann L, Miething C, Maurer U, et al. High levels of Wilms' tumor gene (wt1) mRNA in acute myeloid leukemias are associated with a worse long-term outcome. Blood. 1997;90:1217-1225.
51. Kreuzer KA, Saborowski A, Lupberger J, et al. Fluorescent 5′-exonuclease assay for the absolute quantification of Wilms' tumour gene (WT1) mRNA: implications for monitoring human leukaemias. Br J Haematol. 2001;114:313-318.
52. Fukahori S. Quantification of WT1 mRNA by competitive NASBA in AML patients. Kurume Med J. 2001;48:129-134.
53. Menssen HD, Renkl HJ, Rieder H, et al. Distinction of eosinophilic leukaemia from idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome by analysis of Wilms' tumour gene expression. Br J Haematol. 1998;101:325-334.
54. Menssen HD, Renkl HJ, Rodeck U, Kari C, Schwartz S, Thiel E. Detection by monoclonal antibodies of the Wilms' tumor (WT1) nuclear protein in patients with acute leukemia. Int J Cancer. 1997;70:518-523.
55. Englert C, Vidal M, Maheswaran S, et al. Truncated WT1 mutants alter the subnuclear localization of the wild-type protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:11960-11964.
56. Larsson SH, Charlieu JP, Miyagawa K, et al. Subnuclear localization of WT1 in splicing or transcription factor domains is regulated by alternative splicing. Cell. 1995;81:391-401.
57. Menssen HD, Renkl H-J, Entezami M, Thiel E. Wilms' tumor gene expression in human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors during fetal development and early growth [letter]. Blood. 1997;89:3486-3487.
58. Maurer U, Weidmann E, Karakas T, Hoelzer D, Bergmann L. Wilms tumor gene (wt1) mRNA is equally expressed in blast cells from acute myeloid leukemia and normal CD34+ progenitors [letter]. Blood. 1997;90:4230-4232.
59. Baird PN, Simmons PJ. Expression of the Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) in normal hemopoiesis. Exp Hematol. 1997;25:312-320.
60. Inoue K, Ogawa H, Sonoda Y, et al. Aberrant overexpression of the Wilms tumor gene (WT1) in human leukemia. Blood. 1997;89:1405-1412.
61. Fraizer GC, Patmasiriwat P, Zhang X, Saunders GF. Expression of the tumor suppressor gene WT1 in both human and mouse bone marrow [letter]. Blood. 1995;86:4704-4706.
62. Ellisen LW, Carlesso N, Cheng T, Scadden DT, Haber DA. The Wilms tumor suppressor WT1 directs stage-specific quiescence and differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. EMBO J. 2001;20:1897-1909.
63. Hosen N, Sonoda Y, Oji Y, et al. Very low frequencies of human normal CD34+ haematopoietic progenitor cells express the Wilms' tumour gene WT1 at levels similar to those in leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol. 2002;116:409-420.
64. Yamagami T, Sugiyama H, Inoue K, et al. Growth inhibition of human leukemic cells by WT1 (Wilms tumor gene) antisense oligodeoxynucleotides: implications for the involvement of WT1 in leukemogenesis. Blood. 1996;87:2878-2884.
65. Algar EM, Khromykh T, Smith SI, Blackburn DM, Bryson GJ, Smith PJ. A WT1 antisense oligonucleotide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in myeloid leukaemia cell lines. Oncogene. 1996;12:1005-1014.
66. Svedberg H, Chylicki K, Baldetorp B, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Gullberg U. Constitutive expression of the Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) in the leukemic cell line U937 blocks parts of the differentiation program. Oncogene. 1998;16:925-932.
67. Svedberg H, Chylicki K, Gullberg U. Downregulation of Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) is not a prerequisite for erythroid or megakaryocytic differentiation of the leukemic cell line K562. Exp Hematol. 1999;27:1057-1062.
68. Deuel TF, Guan LS, Wang ZY. Wilms' tumor gene product WT1 arrests macrophage differentiation of HL- 60 cells through its zinc-finger domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;254:192-196.
69. Gao L, Bellantuono I, Elsasser A, et al. Selective elimination of leukemic CD34(+) progenitor cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for WT1. Blood. 2000;95:2198-2203.
70. Gaiger A, Carter L, Greinix H, et al. WT1-specific serum antibodies in patients with leukemia. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7:761s-765s.
71. Ohminami H, Yasukawa M, Fujita S. HLA class I-restricted lysis of leukemia cells by a CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone specific for WT1 peptide. Blood. 2000;95:286-293.
72. Oka Y, Elisseeva OA, Tsuboi A, et al. Human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses specific for peptides of the wild-type Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) product. Immunogenetics. 2000;51:99-107.
73. Tsuboi A, Oka Y, Ogawa H, et al. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses elicited to Wilms' tumor gene WT1 product by DNA vaccination. J Clin Immunol. 2000;20:195-202.
74. Azuma T, Makita M, Ninomiya K, Fujita S, Harada M, Yasukawa M. Identification of a novel WT1-derived peptide which induces human leucocyte antigen-A24-restricted anti-leukaemia cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Br J Haematol. 2002;116:601-603.
75. Hubinger G, Schmid M, Linortner S, Manegold A, Bergmann L, Maurer U. Ribozyme-mediated cleavage of wt1 transcripts suppresses growth of leukemia cells. Exp Hematol. 2001;29:1226-1235.
76. Campana D, Pui C-H. Detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia: Methodologie advances and clinical significance. Blood. 1995;85:1416-1434.
77. Schmid D, Heinze G, Linnerth B, et al. Prognostic significance of WT1 gene expression at diagnosis in adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 1997;11:639-643.
78. Siehl JM, Thiel E, Leben R, Reinwald M, Knauf W, Menssen HD. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR detects elevated Wilms tumor gene (WT1) expression in autologous blood stem cell preparations (PBSCs) from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients indicating contamination with leukemic blasts. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;29:379-381.
79. Sakatani T, Shimazaki C, Hirai H, et al. Early relapse after high-dose chemotherapy rescued by tumor-free autologous peripheral blood stem cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: importance of monitoring for WT1-mRNA quantitatively. Leuk Lymphoma. 2001;42:225-229.
80. Bain BJ. Eosinophilic leukaemias and the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Br J Haematol. 1996;95:2-9.
81. Parreira L, Tavares de Castro J, Hibbin JA, et al. Chromosome and cell culture studies in eosinophilic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1986;62:659-669.
82. Weide R, Rieder H, Mehraein Y, et al. Chronic eosinophilic leukaemia (CEL): a distinct myeloproliferative disease. Br J Haematol. 1997;96:117-123.
83. Chusid MJ, Dale DC, West BC, Wolff SM. The hypereosinophilic syndrome: analysis of fourteen cases with review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1975;54:1-27.
84. Weller PF, Bubley GJ. The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Blood. 1994;83:2759-2779.
85. Raghavachar A, Fleischer S, Frickhofen N, Heimpel H, Fleischer B. T lymphocyte control of human eosinophilic granulopoiesis: clonal analysis in an idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. J Immunol. 1987;139:3753-3758.
86. Owen WF, Rothenberg ME, Petersen J, et al. Interleukin 5 and phenotypically altered eosinophils in the blood of patients with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. J Exp Med. 1989;170:343-348.
87. Menssen HD, Schmidt A, Bartelt S, et al. Analysis of Wilms tumor gene (WT1) expression in patients with acute leukemia with special reference to the differential diagnosis between eosinophilic leukemia and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndromes. Leuk Lymphoma. 2000;36:285-294.