Effect of Catha edulis (khat) chewing on plasma lipid peroxidation

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 87, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 3-9

  Al Zubairi, A ^a   Al Habori, M ^a   Al Geiry, A ^a  

^a SANA A UNIVERSITY   (Yemen)

Author keywords

Catha edulis; Khat; Lipid peroxidation; Plasma lipid profile

Indexed keywords

CATHA EDULIS EXTRACT; CHOLESTEROL; FREE RADICAL; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MALONALDEHYDE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; ANALGESIA; ANOREXIA; ARTICLE; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CATHA EDULIS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG USE; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHERMIA; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MALE; MASTICATION; MEAL; MYDRIASIS; NORMAL HUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SMOKING; STOMACH EMPTYING; TACHYCARDIA; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 0037674858     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00101-6     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Ahmed M.B., El-Qirbi A.B. Biochemical effects of catha edulis, cathine and cathinone on adrenocortical functions. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 39:1993;213-216.
2. Al-Bekairi A.M., Abulaban F.S., Qureshi S., Shah A.H. The toxicity of Catha edulis (khat). Fitoterapia. LXII:1991;291-300.
3. Al-Meshal I.A., Ageel A.M., Parmer N.S., Tariq M. Catha edulis (Khat): use, abuse, and current status of scientific knowledge. Fitoterapia. 56:1985;131-152.
4. Brenneisen R., Fisch H.V., Koelbing V., Gesshusler S., Kalix P. Amphetamine like effect of the khat alkaloid cathinone in humans. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 30:1990;825-828.
5. Bridges A.B., Scott N.A., Parry G.J., Belch J.J.F. Age, sex, cigarette smoking and indices of free radical activity in healthy humans. European Journal of Medicine. 2:1993;205-208.
6. Cade J. Cigarette smoking and serum lipid lipoprotein concentrations. British Medical Journal. 298:1989;1312.
7. Cao E.H., Liu X.Q., Wang L.G., Wang J.J., Xu N.F. Evidence that lipid peroxidation products bind to DNA in liver cells. Biochemica Biophysica Acta. 1259:1995;187-191.
8. Ceriello A. Oxidative stress and glycaemic regulation. Metabolism. 49:2000;27-29.
9. Ceriello A., Bortolotti N., Motz E.et al. Meal-generated oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 21:1998a;1529-1533.
10. Ceriello A., Bortolotti N., Crescentini A., Mortz E., Lizzio S., Russo A., Ezsol Z., Tonntti L., Taboga C. Antioxidant defenses are reduced during the oral glucose tolerance test in normal and non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 28:1998b;329-333.
11. Cerutti P.A., Trump E.F. Inflammation and oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Cancer Cells. 3:1991;1-7.
12. Connor J., Makonnen E., Rostom A. Comparison of analgesic effects of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) extract, D-amphetamine and ibuprofen in mice. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 52:2000;1-6.
13. Craig W.Y., Palomaki G.E., Haddow J.E. Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: an analysis of published data. British Medical Journal. 298:1989;784-788.
14. Duke, J.A., 1985. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 104-108.
15. Esterbauer H., Eckl P., Ortner A. Possible mutagens derived from lipids and lipid precursors. Mutation Research. 238:1990;223-233.
16. Farag R., Gunaid A., Qirbi A. Effect of khat on the metabolism of erythrocytes. Biochemical Pharmacology. 38:1989;563-566.
17. Freeman D.J., Packard C.J. Smoking and plasma lipoprotein metabolism. Clinical Science. 89:1995;333-342.
18. Friedewald W.T., Levy R.I., Fredrickson D.S. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifugation. Clinical Chemistry. 18:1972;499-502.
19. Gutteridge, J.M.C., 1988. In: Halliwell, B. (Ed.), Oxygen Radicals and Tissue Injury. FASEB, pp. 9-19.
20. Gutteridge J.M.C., Halliwell B. The measurement and mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Trends in Biochemical Science. 15:1990;129-135.
21. Grisham, M.B., 1992. Reactive Metabolites of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Biology and Medicine. RG Landes Co., Austin.
22. Hagerman A.E., Riedl K.M., Jones G.A., Sovik K.N., Ritchard N.T., Hartzfeld P.W., Riechel J.L. High molecular weight plant polyphenolics (Tannins) as biological antioxidants. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 46:1998;1887-1892.
23. Halket J.M., Karasu Z., Murray-Lyon I.M. Plasma cathinone levels following chewing khat leaves (Catha edulis Forska). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 49:1995;111-113.
24. Halliwell B. Oxidative stress, nutrition and health. Free Radical Research. 25:1996;57-74.
25. Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., 1989. Free Radical in Biology and Medicine, 2nd ed. Clarendon Press, London.
26. Harats D., Bea-Naim M., Dabach Y., Hollander G., Stein O., Stein Y. Cigarette smoking renders LDL susceptible in peroxidative modification and enhanced metabolism by macrophages. Atherosclerosis. 79:1989;245-252.
27. Harris E.D. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes. FASEB Journal. 6:1992;2675-2683.
28. Helen A., Vijayammal P.L. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on cigarette smoke-induced lipid peroxidation. Vetenary and Human Toxicology. 39:1997;18-21.
29. Heymann T.D., Bhupulon A., Zureikal N.E., Giles P., Murray-Lyon T.M. Khat chewing delays gastric emptying of a semisolid meal. Alimentary and Pharmacological Therapy. 9:1995;81-83.
30. Hollister, L.E., 1995. Drugs of abuse. In: Katzung, B.G. (Ed.), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 6th ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 482.
31. Hughes K., Choo M., Kuperan P., Ong C.N., Aw T.C. Cardiovascular risk factors in relation to cigarette smoking: a population based survey among Asians in Singapore. Atherosclerosis. 137:1998;253-258.
32. Islam M.W., Tariq M., El-Feraly F.S., Al-Meshal I.A. Effect of khatamines and their enantiomers on plasma tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine levels in normal Wistar rats. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. XVIII:1990;71-76.
33. Janero D.R. Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury. Free Radical in Biology and Medicine. 9:1990;515-540.
34. Kalix P. Review: the pharmacology of khat. General Pharmacology. 15:1984;179-187.
35. Kalix P., Khan I. An amphetamine-like plant material. Bulletin WHO. 62:1984;681-686.
36. Kalra J., Chaudhary A.K., Prasad K. Increased production of oxygen free radicals in cigarette smokers. International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 72:1991;1-7.
37. Kehrer J.P. Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Critical Review of Toxicology. 23:1993;21-48.
38. Knoll, J., 1979. Studies of the effect of L-cathinone. In: Problems of Drug Dependence. NIDA-Research Monograph, vol. 27. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 322-323.
39. Koga T., Moro K., Yamakoshi J., Hosoyama H., Kataoka S., Ariga T. Increase of antioxidative potential of rat plasma by oral administration of proanthocynidin-rich extract from grape seeds. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 47:1999;1892-1897.
40. Mayes, P.A., 2000. Integration of metabolism and the provision of tissue fuels. In: Harper's Biochemistry, 25th ed. (Middle East). pp. 298-305.
41. Moffat R.J. Effects of cessation of smoking on serum lipids and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Atherosclerosis. 74:1988;85-89.
42. Moslen, M.T., 1994. In: Armstrong, D. (Ed.), Free Radicals in Diagnostic Medicine. Plenum Press, New York.
43. Nacitarhan S., Ozben T., Tuncer N. Serum and urine malondialdehyde levels in NIDDM patients with and without hyperlipidaemia. Free Radical in Biology and Medicine. 19:1995;893-896.
44. Nencini P. Cathinone, active principle of the khat leaf: it's effects on in vivo and in vitro lipolysis. Pharmacology Research and Communication. 12:1980;855-861.
45. Nencini, P., Anania, M., Abdullahi, M., Amiconi, G., Elmi, I., 1983. Physiological and neuroendocrine effects of Khat chewing in man. In: Shahandeh, B., Geadah, R., Tongue, E., Rolli, J. (Eds.), The Health and Socio-economic Aspects of Khat Use, vol. 28. Proceedings of First International Conference on Khat. International Council on Alcohol and Addictions, Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 148-152.
46. Nielsen F., Mihhelsen B., Nielsen J.B., Andersen H.R., Grandjean P. Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress: reference interval and effects of life-style factors. Clinical Chemistry. 43:1997;1209-1214.
47. Pre' J., Le Floch A. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in plasma of cigarette smokers. Clinical Chemistry. 36:1990;1849-1850.
48. Ramadan M.A., Tash F.M., Fahmi M., Abul-Kheir F.A. Metabolic change caused by khat consumption in Yemen. Journal of Yemen: Center for Studies and Research. 15:1979;112-118.
49. Seven A., Seymen O., Hatemi S., Hatemi H., Yigit G., Candan G. Lipid peroxidation and vitamin E supplementation in experimental hyperthyroidism. Clinical Chemistry. 42:1996;1118-1119.
50. Sies, H., 1991. Oxidative stress: introduction. In: Sies, H. (Ed.), Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. XV-XXII.
51. Tariq M., Islam M.W., Al-Meshal I.A., El-Feraly F.S., Ageel A.M. Comparative study of cathinone and amphetamine on brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Life Science. 44:1989;951-955.
52. Ursini F., Zamburlini A., Cazzolato G. Postprandial plasma lipid hydroperoxides: a possible link between diet and atherosclerosis. Free Radical in Biology and Medicine. 25:1998;250-252.
53. Widler P., Mathys K., Brenneisen R., Kalix P., Fisch H. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of khat: a controlled study. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy. 55:1994;556-562.
54. Wong I.S., Knight J.A., Hopfer S.M., Zharia O., Leach C.N., Sunderman F.W. Lipoperoxides in plasma measured by liquid chromatography separation of malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid adduct. Clinical Chemistry. 33:1987;214-220.