Preorganized bis-zinc phosphodiester cleavage catalysts possessing natural ligands: A lesson pertinent to bimetallic artificial enzymes

Chemistry - A European Journal

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 741-747

  Worm, Karen ^a   Chu, Feiya ^a   Matsumoto, Kazunari ^a   Best, Michael D ^a   Lynch, Vincent ^a   Anslyn, Eric V ^a  

^a The University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

Author keywords

Enzyme models; Hydrolysis; Phosphoester; Receptors

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; HYDROLYSIS; INTERMETALLICS; RNA;

ARTIFICIAL NUCLEASES;

ENZYMES;

BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS; BIS ZINC PHOSPHODIESTER; CARBOXYLIC ACID; ENZYME; IMIDAZOLE; IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; LIGAND; METAL COMPLEX; NUCLEASE; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND; PHOSPHODIESTERASE; RNA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZINC;

ARTICLE; BINDING AFFINITY; CATALYSIS; CATALYST; CHEMISTRY; ENZYME STRUCTURE; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; ESTERIFICATION; HYDROLYSIS; KINETICS; LIGAND BINDING; METABOLISM; METAL BINDING; PH; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; STEREOCHEMISTRY; STEREOISOMERISM;

BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS; CARBOXYLIC ACIDS; CATALYSIS; ESTERIFICATION; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; HYDROLYSIS; IMIDAZOLES; KINETICS; LIGANDS; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; PHOSPHORIC DIESTER HYDROLASES; RNA; STEREOISOMERISM; ZINC;

EID: 0037415999     PISSN: 09476539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/chem.200390082     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
2. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
3. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
4. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
5. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
6. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
7. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
8. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
9. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
10. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
11. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
12. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
13. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
14. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
15. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
16. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
17. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
18. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
19. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
20. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
21. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
22. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
23. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
24. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
25. For just a few representative examples see: P. Hurst, B. K. Takasaki, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9982; J. K. Bashkin, E. I. Frolova, U. Sampath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5981; D. H. Vance, A. W. Czarnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12165; N. H. Williams, J. Chin. Chem. Commun. 1996, 131; M. K. Stern, J. K. Bashkin, E. D. Sall, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5357; B. Linkletter, J. Chin, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 529; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 472; S. Liu, Z. Luo, A. D. Hamilton, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2794; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2678; M. Komiyama, N. Takeda, H. Shigekawa, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1443; P. Molenved, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3387; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3189: K. A. Deal, A. C. Hengge, J. N. Burstyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1713; M. J. Young, J. Chin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 10577; M. Komiyama, K. Yoshinari, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2155; R. Breslow, D. Berger, D.-L. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 3686; J. R. Morrow, D. Epstein J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 2431; E. Kimura, Y. Kodama, T. Koike, M. Shiro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8304: P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6227; Y. Baran, T. W. Hambley, G. A. Lawrance, E. N. Wilkes Aust. J. Chem. 1997, 883; E. Kövári, R. Krämer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118, 12704; M. Wall, B. Linkletter, D. Williams, A.-M. Lebuis, R. C. Hynes, J. Chin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4710 For reviews of the area see: J. R. Morrow, Metal Ions in Biological Systems (Eds: H. Sigel, A. Sigel), Dekker, NY, pp. 32, Chapter 7, 1996; N. H. Williams, B. Takasaki, M. Wall, J. Chin, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 485; P. Molenveld, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 75.
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48. Crystallographic data (excluding structure factors) for the structures reported in this paper have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre: CCDC-197492 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: (+44)1223-336033; or deposit@ccdc.cam.uk).