Polymorphisms in the RAS and cardiac function

International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 932-943

  Van Berlo, Jop H ^a   Pinto, Yigal M ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Heart failure; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Myocardial infarction; Polymorphism; RAS

Indexed keywords

CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE;

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME POLYMORPHISM; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HEART FAILURE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MASS; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE;

EID: 0037409232     PISSN: 13572725     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00369-2     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Agerholm-Larsen B., Nordestgaard B.G., Steffensen R., Sorensen T.I., Jensen G., Tybjaerg-Hansen A. ACE gene polymorphism: Ischemic heart disease and longevity in 10,150 individuals. A case-referent and retrospective cohort study based on the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Circulation. 95:1997;2358-2367.
2. Akar N., Aras O., Omurlu K., Cin S. Deletion polymorphism at the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in Turkish patients with coronary artery disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 58:1998;491-495.
3. Alhenc-Gelas F., Richard J., Courbon D., Warnet J.M., Corvol P. Distribution of plasma angiotensin I-converting enzyme levels in healthy men: Relationship to environmental and hormonal parameters. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 117:1991;33-39.
4. Alvarez R., Terrados N., Ortolano R., Iglesias-Cubero G., Reguero J.R., Batalla A., Cortina A., Fernandez-Garcia B., Rodriguez C., Braga S., Alvarez V., Coto E. Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin system and athletic performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 82:2000;117-120.
5. Andersson B., Blange I., Sylven C. Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism and long-term survival in patients with idiopathic congestive heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure. 1:1999;363-369.
6. Anderson J.L., Carlquist J.F., King G.J., Morrison L., Thomson M.J., Ludwig E.H., Muhlestein J.B., Bair T.L., Ward R.H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes and risk for myocardial infarction in women. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 31:1998;790-796.
7. Andersson B., Sylven C. The DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is associated with increased mortality in idiopathic heart failure. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 28:1996;162-167.
8. Arbustini E., Grasso M., Fasani R., Klersy C., Diegoli M., Porcu E., Banchieri N., Fortina P., Danesino C., Specchia G. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene deletion allele is independently and strongly associated with coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. British Heart Journal. 74:1995;584-591.
9. Arca M., Pannitteri G., Campagna F., Candeloro A., Montali A., Cantini R., Seccareccia F., Campa P.P., Marino B., Ricci G. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is not associated with coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in a sample of Italian patients. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 28:1998;485-490.
10. Beohar N., Damaraju S., Prather A., Yu Q.T., Raizner A., Kleiman N.S., Roberts R., Marian A.J. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme genotype DD is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Journal of Investigative Medicine. 43:1995;275-280.
11. Biggart S., Chin D., Fauchon M., Cardew G., du Fou L., Harker N., Quinn E., Keller C., Vincent R., Mayne L. Association of genetic polymorphisms in the ACE, ApoE, and TGF beta genes with early onset ischemic heart disease. Clinical Cardiology. 21:1998;831-836.
12. Bogaty P., Robitaille N.M., Solymoss S., Boyer L., Auger D., Labbe L., Simard S., Rail J., Genest J. Jr., Turgeon J. Atherogenic, hemostatic, and other potential risk markers in subjects with previous isolated myocardial infarction compared with long-standing uncomplicated stable angina. American Heart Journal. 136:1998;884-893.
13. Bohn M., Berge K.E., Bakken A., Erikssen J., Berg K. Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism at the locus for angiotensin I-converting enzyme and myocardial infarction. Clinical Genetics. 44:1993;292-297.
14. Bonnardeaux A., Davies E., Jeunemaitre X., Fery I., Charru A., Clauser E., Tiret L., Cambien F., Corvol P., Soubrier F. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms in human essential hypertension. Hypertension. 24:1994;63-69.
15. Cambien F., Poirier O., Lecerf L., Evans A., Cambou J.P., Arveiler D., Luc G., Bard J.M., Bara L., Ricard S.et al. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature. 359:1992;641-644.
16. Candy G.P., Skudicky D., Mueller U.K., Woodiwiss A.J., Sliwa K., Luker F., Esser J., Sareli P., Norton G.R. Association of left ventricular systolic performance and cavity size with angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. American Journal of Cardiology. 83:1999;740-744.
17. Caulfield M., Lavender P., Farrall M., Munroe P., Lawson M., Turner P., Clark A.J. Linkage of the angiotensinogen gene to essential hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine. 330:1994;1629-1633.
18. Celentano A., Mancini F.P., Crivaro M., Palmieri V., Ferrara L.A., De Stefano V., Di Minno G., de Simone G. Cardiovascular risk factors, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism, and left ventricular mass in systemic hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology. 83:1999;1196-1200.
19. Celentano A., Pietropaolo I., Palmieri V., Di Palma Esposito N., Crivaro M., Cirillo F., Cerbone A., Galderisi M., de Simone G. Inappropriate left ventricular mass and angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism. Journal of Human Hypertension. 15:2001;811-813.
20. Charron P., Tesson F., Poirier O., Nicaud V., Peuchmaurd M., Tiret L., Cambien F., Amouyel P., Dubourg O., Bouhour J., Millaire A., Juilliere Y., Bareiss P., Andre-Fouet X., Pouillart F., Arveiler D., Ferrieres J., Dorent R., Roizes G., Schwartz K., Desnos M., Komajda M. Identification of a genetic risk factor for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Involvement of a polymorphism in the endothelin receptor type A gene. CARDIGENE group. European Heart Journal. 20:1999;1587-1591.
21. Chiang F.T., Lai Z.P., Chern T.H., Tseng C.D., Hsu K.L., Lo H.M., Tseng Y.Z. Lack of association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and coronary heart disease in a Chinese population. Japanese Heart Journal. 38:1997;227-236.
22. Cicoira M., Zanolla L., Rossi A., Golia G., Franceschini L., Cabrini G., Bonizzato A., Graziani M., Anker S.D., Coats A.J., Zardini P. Failure of aldosterone suppression despite angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor administration in chronic heart failure is associated with ACE DD genotype. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 37:2001;1808-1812.
23. Clarkson P.B., Prasad N., MacLeod C., Burchell B., MacDonald T.M. Influence of the angiotensin converting enzyme I/D gene polymorphisms on left ventricular diastolic filling in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 15:1997;995-1000.
24. Danser A.H., Schalekamp M.A., Bax W.A., van den Brink A.M., Saxena P.R., Riegger G.A., Schunkert H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the human heart. Effect of the deletion/insertion polymorphism. Circulation. 92:1995;1387-1388.
25. Dellgren G., Eriksson M.J., Blange I., Brodin L.A., Radegran K., Sylven C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism influences degree of left ventricular hypertrophy and its regression in patients undergoing operation for aortic stenosis. American Journal of Cardiology. 84:1999;909-913.
26. Diet F., Graf C., Mahnke N., Wassmer G., Predel H.G., Palma-Hohmann I., Rost R., Bohm M. ACE and angiotensinogen gene genotypes and left ventricular mass in athletes. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 31:2001;836-842.
27. Dostal D.E., Baker K.M. The cardiac renin-angiotensin system: Conceptual, or a regulator of cardiac function? Circulation Research. 85:1999;643-650.
28. Espinosa J.S., Rueda E., Munoz E., Montiel A., Martinez S., Dieguez J.L., Rius F., Reyes A., de Teresa E. Association between myocardial infarction and angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism in young patients. Medicina Clinica. 110:1998;488-491.
29. Estacio R.O., Jeffers B.W., Havranek E.P., Krick D., Raynolds M., Schrier R.W. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene is associated with an increase in left ventricular mass in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Hypertension. 12:1999;637-642.
30. Evans A.E., Poirier O., Kee F., Lecerf L., McCrum E., Falconer T., Crane J., O'Rourke D.F., Cambien F. Polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene in subjects who die from coronary heart disease. Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 87:1994;211-214.
31. Ferrieres J., Ruidavets J.B., Fauvel J., Perret B., Taraszkiewicz D., Fourcade J., Nieto M., Chap H., Puel J. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in a low-risk European population for coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 142:1999;211-216.
32. Freely associating, 1999. Nat Genet 22, 1-2.
33. Friedl W., Krempler F., Paulweber B., Pichler M., Sandhofer F. A deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene is not associated with coronary heart disease in an Austrian population. Atherosclerosis. 112:1995;137-143.
34. Fujimura T., Yokota M., Kato S., Hirayama H., Tsunekawa A., Inagaki H., Takatsu F., Nakashima N., Yamada Y. Lack of association of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism or serum enzyme activity with coronary artery disease in Japanese subjects. American Journal of Hypertension. 10:1997;1384-1390.
35. Fujisawa T., Ikegami H., Shen G.Q., Yamato E., Takekawa K., Nakagawa Y., Hamada Y., Ueda H., Rakugi H., Higaki J. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with myocardial infarction, but not with retinopathy or nephropathy, in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 18:1995;983-985.
36. Gardemann A., Fink M., Stricker J., Nguyen Q.D., Humme J., Katz N., Tillmanns H., Hehrlein F.W., Rau M., Haberbosch W. ACE I/D gene polymorphism: Presence of the ACE D allele increases the risk of coronary artery disease in younger individuals. Atherosclerosis. 139:1998;153-159.
37. Gayagay G., Yu B., Hambly B., Boston T., Hahn A., Celermajer D.S., Trent R.J. Elite endurance athletes and the ACE I allele - the role of genes in athletic performance. Human Genetics. 103:1998;48-50.
38. Gharavi A.G., Lipkowitz M.S., Diamond J.A., Jhang J.S., Phillips R.A. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is independently associated with left ventricular mass and geometric remodeling in systemic hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology. 77:1996;1315-1319.
39. Gomez-Angelats E., de la Sierra A., Enjuto M., Sierra C., Oriola J., Francino A., Pare J.C., Poch E., Coca A. Lack of association between ACE gene polymorphism and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension. 14:2000;47-49.
40. Gukova S.P., Fomicheva E.V., Kovalev Iu P. Role of structural polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in the development of myocardial infarction. Klinicheskaia meditsina. 75:1997;36-39.
41. Hamon M., Amant C., Bauters C., Richard F., Helbecque N., McFadden E., Lablanche J.M., Bertrand M., Amouyel P. Association of angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor genotypes with left ventricular function and mass in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Heart. 77:1997;502-505.
42. Hegele R.A., Brunt J.H., Connelly P.W. A polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene associated with variation in blood pressure in a genetic isolate. Circulation. 90:1994;2207-2212.
43. Higashimori K., Zhao Y., Higaki J., Kamitani A., Katsuya T., Nakura J., Miki T., Mikami H., Ogihara T. Association analysis of a polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension in the Japanese population. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 191:1993;399-404.
44. Hingorani A.D., Brown M.J. A simple molecular assay for the C1166 variant of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 213:1995;725-729.
45. Iwai N., Ohmichi N., Nakamura Y., Kinoshita M. DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is a risk factor for left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 90:1994;2622-2628.
46. Iwai N., Tamaki S., Ohmichi N., Kinoshita M. The II genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene delays the onset of acute coronary syndromes. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 17:1997;1730-1733.
47. Kamitani A., Rakugi H., Higaki J., Ohishi M., Shi S.J., Takami S., Nakata Y., Higashino Y., Fujii K., Mikami H. Enhanced predictability of myocardial infarction in Japanese by combined genotype analysis. Hypertension. 25:1995;950-953.
48. Katsuya T., Koike G., Yee T.W., Sharpe N., Jackson R., Norton R., Horiuchi M., Pratt R.E., Dzau V.J., MacMahon S. Association of angiotensinogen gene T235 variant with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 345:1995;1600-1603.
49. Kauma H., Ikaheimo M., Savolainen M.J., Kiema T.R., Rantala A.O., Lilja M., Reunanen A., Kesaniemi Y.A. Variants of renin-angiotensin system genes and echocardiographic left ventricular mass. European Heart Journal. 19:1998;1109-1117.
50. Keavney B.D., Dudley C.R., Stratton I.M., Holman R.R., Matthews D.R., Ratcliffe P.J., Turner R.C. UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) 14: Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism with myocardial infarction in NIDDM. Diabetologia. 38:1995;948-952.
51. Keavney B., McKenzie C., Parish S., Palmer A., Clark S., Youngman L., Delepine M., Lathrop M., Peto R., Collins R. Large-scale test of hypothesised associations between the angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and myocardial infarction in about 5000 cases and 6000 controls. International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS) Collaborators. Lancet. 355:2000;434-442.
52. Klemm S.A., Ballantine D.M., Gordon R.D., Tunny T.J., Stowasser M. Renin gene polymorphism associated with aldosterone responsiveness to the renin-angiotensin system in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 197:1993;197-201.
53. Ko Y.L., Ko Y.S., Wang S.M., Chu P.H., Teng M.S., Cheng N.J., Chen W.J., Hsu T.S., Kuo C.T., Chiang C.W., Lee Y.S. Angiotensinogen and angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and the risk of coronary artery disease in Chinese. Human Genetics. 100:1997;210-214.
54. Krizanova O., Obdrzalkova D., Polakova H., Jelok I., Hudecova S. Molecular variants of the renin-angiotensin system components in the Slovak population. Physiological Research. 46:1997;357-361.
55. Kupari M., Perola M., Koskinen P., Virolainen J., Karhunen P.J. Left ventricular size, mass, and function in relation to angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in humans. American Journal of Physiology. 267:1994;H1107-H1111.
56. Kuznetsova T., Staessen J.A., Wang J.G., Gasowski J., Nikitin Y., Ryabikov A., Fagard R. Antihypertensive treatment modulates the association between the D/I ACE gene polymorphism and left ventricular hypertrophy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Human Hypertension. 14:2000;447-454.
57. Leatham E., Barley J., Redwood S., Hussein W., Carter N., Jeffery S., Bath P.M., Camm A. Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism in patients presenting with myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Journal of Human Hypertension. 8:1994;635-638.
58. Lechin M., Quinones M.A., Omran A., Hill R., Yu Q.T., Rakowski H., Wigle D., Liew C.C., Sole M., Roberts R.et al. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme genotypes and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 92:1995;1808-1812.
59. Lindpaintner K., Lee M., Larson M.G., Rao V.S., Pfeffer M.A., Ordovas J.M., Schaefer E.J., Wilson A.F., Wilson P.W., Vasan R.S., Myers R.H., Levy D. Absence of association or genetic linkage between the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular mass. New England Journal of Medicine. 334:1996;1023-1028.
60. Lindpaintner K., Pfeffer M.A., Kreutz R., Stampfer M.J., Grodstein F., LaMotte F., Buring J., Hennekens C.H. A prospective evaluation of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphism and the risk of ischemic heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 332:1995;706-711.
61. Lopez-Contreras J., Blanco-Vaca F., Borras X., Carreras F., Pons-Llado G., Gallego F., Sole M.J., Cirera S., Benet M.T., Negredo E., Roca-Cusachs A. Usefulness of the I/D angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype for detecting the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy in pharmacologically treated hypertensive men. Journal of Human Hypertension. 14:2000;327-331.
62. Ludwig E., Corneli P.S., Anderson J.L., Marshall H.W., Lalouel J.M., Ward R.H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with myocardial infarction but not with development of coronary stenosis. Circulation. 91:1995;2120-2124.
63. Marian A.J., Yu Q.T., Workman R., Greve G., Roberts R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death. Lancet. 342:1993;1085-1086.
64. McNamara D.M., Holubkov R., Janosko K., Palmer A., Wang J.J., MacGowan G.A., Murali S., Rosenblum W.D., London B., Feldman A.M. Pharmacogenetic interactions between beta-blocker therapy and the angiotensin-converting enzyme deletion polymorphism in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation. 103:2001;1644-1648.
65. Montgomery H.E. Should the contribution of ACE gene polymorphism to left ventricular hypertrophy be reconsidered? Heart. 77:1997;489-490.
66. Montgomery H.E., Clarkson P., Dollery C.M., Prasad K., Losi M.A., Hemingway H., Statters D., Jubb M., Girvain M., Varnava A., World M., Deanfield J., Talmud P., McEwan J.R., McKenna W.J., Humphries S. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism with change in left ventricular mass in response to physical training. Circulation. 96:1997;741-747.
67. Moiseev V.S., Demurov L.M., Kobalava Zh.D., Chistiakov D.A., Tereshchenko S.N., Kondrat'ev I., Korovina E.A., Nosikov V.V. The polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in patients with hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and the development of a myocardial infarct at a young age. Preliminary report. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 69:1997;18-23.
68. Montgomery H.E., Keeling P.J., Goldman J.H., Humphries S.E., Talmud P.J., McKenna W.J. Lack of association between the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of American College Cardiology. 25:1995;1627-1631.
69. Montgomery H.E., Marshall R., Hemingway H., Myerson S., Clarkson P., Dollery C., Hayward M., Holliman D.E., Jubb M., World M., Thomas E.L., Brynes A.E., Saeed N., Barnard M., Bell J.D., Prasad K., Rayson M., Talmud P.J., Humphries S.E. Human gene for physical performance. Nature. 393:1998;221-222.
70. Myerson S.G., Montgomery H.E., Whittingham M., Jubb M., World M.J., Humphries S.E., Pennell D.J. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy With Exercise and ACE Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Losartan. Circulation. 103:2001;226-230.
71. Nakahara K., Matsushita S., Matsuoka H., Inamatsu T., Nishinaga M., Yonawa M., Aono T., Arai T., Ezaki Y., Orimo H. Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene affects heart weight. Circulation. 101:2000;148-151.
72. Nakai K., Fusazaki T., Zhang T., Shiroto T., Osawa M., Kamata J., Itoh M., Habano W., Kiuchi T., Yamamori S., Hiramori K. Polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E and angiotensin I converting enzyme genes in Japanese patients with myocardial infarction. Coronary Artery Disease. 9:1998;329-334.
73. Nakai K., Itoh C., Miura Y., Hotta K., Musha T., Itoh T., Miyakawa T., Iwasaki R., Hiramori K. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene is associated with serum ACE concentration and increased risk for CAD in the Japanese. Circulation. 90:1994;2199-2202.
74. Nakano Y., Oshima T., Hiraga H., Matsuura H., Kajiyama G., Kambe M. DD genotype of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene is a risk factor for early onset of essential hypertension in Japanese patients. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 131:1998;502-506.
75. Nakauchi Y., Suehiro T., Yamamoto M., Yasuoka N., Arii K., Kumon Y., Hamashige N., Hashimoto K. Significance of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms as risk factors for coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 125:1996;161-169.
76. Nazarov I.B., Woods D.R., Montgomery H.E., Shneider O.V., Kazakov V.I., Tomilin N.V., Rogozkin V.A. The angiotensin converting enzyme I/D polymorphism in Russian athletes. European Journal of Human Genetics. 9:2001;797-801.
77. O'Malley J.P., Maslen C.L., Illingworth D.R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype and cardiovascular disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 97:1998;1780-1783.
78. O'Toole L., Stewart M., Padfield P., Channer K. Effect of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene on response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 32:1998;988-994.
79. Ohishi M., Rakugi H., Ogihara T. Association between a deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy. New England Journal of Medicine. 331:1994;1097-1098.
80. Ortlepp J.R., Breithardt O., Ohme F., Hanrath P., Hoffmann R. Lack of association among five genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and cardiac hypertrophy in patients with aortic stenosis. American Heart Journal. 141:2001;671-676.
81. Ortlepp J.R., Vosberg H.P., Reith S., Ohme F., Mahon N.G., Schroder D., Klues H.G., Hanrath P., McKenna W.J. Genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system associated with expression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A study of five polymorphic genes in a family with a disease causing mutation in the myosin binding protein C gene. Heart. 87:2002;270-275.
82. Oshima T., Nakano Y., Matsumoto T., Ozono R., Kambe M., Ishioka N., Sasaki N., Ishibashi K., Matsuura H., Kajiyama G. Evaluation of angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphism in patients with essential hypertension and coronary artery disease. Rinsho. Byori. 45:1997;115-121.
83. Osterop A.P., Kofflard M.J., Sandkuijl L.A., ten Cate F.J., Krams R., Schalekamp M.A., Danser A.H. AT1 receptor A/C1166 polymorphism contributes to cardiac hypertrophy in subjects with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertension. 32:1998;825-830.
84. Park H.Y., Kwon H.M., Kim D., Jang Y., Shim W.H., Cho S.Y., Kim H.S. The angiotensin converting enzyme genetic polymorphism in acute coronary syndrome - ACE polymorphism as a risk factor of acute coronary syndrome. Journal of Korean Medicinal Science. 12:1997;391-397.
85. Perticone F., Ceravolo R., Cosco C., Trapasso M., Zingone A., Malatesta P., Perrotti N., Tramontano D., Mattioli P.L. Deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy in southern Italian patients. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 29:1997;365-369.
86. Perticone F., Maio R., Cosco C., Ceravolo R., Iacopino S., Chello M., Mastroroberto P., Tramontano D., Mattioli P.L. Hypertensive left ventricular remodeling and ACE-gene polymorphism. Cardiovascular Research. 43:1999;192-199.
87. Pfohl M., Koch M., Prescod S., Haase K.K., Haring H.U., Karsch K.R. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism, coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. An angiographically controlled study. European Heart Journal. 20:1999;1318-1325.
88. Pinto Y.M., van Gilst W.H., Kingma J.H., Schunkert H. Deletion-type allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is associated with progressive ventricular dilation after anterior myocardial infarction. Captopril and Thrombolysis Study Investigators. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 25:1995;1622-1626.
89. Prasad N., O'Kane K.P., Johnstone H.A., Wheeldon N.M., McMahon A.D., Webb D.J., MacDonald T.M. The relationship between blood pressure and left ventricular mass in essential hypertension is observed only in the presence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene deletion allele. Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 87:1994;659-662.
90. Ramasawmy R., Manraj M., Kotea N., Shun N.K., Genin E., Feingold J., Krishnamoorthy R., Baligadoo S. Lack of association of angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and premature myocardial infarction in Mauritian Indians. Clinical Genetics. 50:1996;551-554.
91. Raynolds M.V., Bristow M.R., Bush E.W., Abraham W.T., Lowes B.D., Zisman L.S., Taft C.S., Perryman M.B. Angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype in patients with ischaemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 342:1993;1073-1075.
92. Rigat B., Hubert C., Alhenc-Gelas F., Cambien F., Corvol P., Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 86:1990;1343-1346.
93. Roden D.M., Brown N.J. Preprescription genotyping: Not yet ready for prime time, but getting there. Circulation. 103:2001;1608-1610.
94. Ruiz J., Blanche H., Cohen N., Velho G., Cambien F., Cohen D., Passa P., Froguel P. Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is strongly associated with coronary heart disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America. 91:1994;3662-3665.
95. Samani N.J., O'Toole L., Martin D., Rai H., Fletcher S., Lodwick D., Thompson J.R., Morice A.H., Channer K., Woods K.L. Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and risk of and prognosis after myocardial infarction. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 28:1996;338-344.
96. Samani N.J., Thompson J.R., O'Toole L., Channer K., Woods K.L. A meta-analysis of the association of the deletion allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with myocardial infarction. Circulation. 94:1996;708-712.
97. Sanderson J.E., Young R.P., Yu C.M., Chan S., Critchley J.A., Woo K.S. Lack of association between insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and end-stage heart failure due to ischemic or idiopathic dilate cardiomyopathy in the Chinese. American Journal of Cardiology. 77:1996;1008-1010.
98. Sanderson J.E., Yu C.M., Young R.P., Shum I.O., Wei S., Arumanayagam M., Woo K.S. Influence of gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system on clinical outcome in heart failure among the Chinese. American Heart Journal. 137:1999;653-657.
99. Sasaki M., Oki T., Iuchi A., Tabata T., Yamada H., Manabe K., Fukuda K., Abe M., Ito S. Relationship between the angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and the effects of enalapril on left ventricular hypertrophy and impaired diastolic filling in essential hypertension: M-mode and pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies. Journal of Hypertension. 14:1996;1403-1408.
100. Schunkert H., Hense H.W., Holmer S.R., Stender M., Perz S., Keil U., Lorell B.H., Riegger G.A. Association between a deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy. New England Journal of Medicine. 330:1994;1634-1638.
101. Schuster H., Wienker T.F., Stremmler U., Noll B., Steinmetz A., Luft F.C. An angiotensin-converting enzyme gene variant is associated with acute myocardial infarction in women but not in men. American Journal of Cardiology. 76:1995;601-603.
102. Shlyakhto E.V., Shwartz E.I., Nefedova Y.B., Zukova A.V., Vinnic T.A., Conrady A.O. Lack of association of the renin-angiotensin system genes polymorphisms and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension. Blood Pressure. 10:2001;135-141.
103. Sigusch H.H., Vogt S., Gruber U., Reinhardt D., Lang K., Surber R., Farker K., Muller S., Hoffmann A. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme DD genotype is a risk factor of coronary artery disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 57:1997;127-132.
104. Stark A.E. Hardy-Weinberg law: Asymptotic approach to a generalized form. Science. 193:1976;1141-1142.
105. Takahashi K., Nakamura H., Kubota I., Takahashi N., Tomoike H. Association of ACE gene polymorphisms with coronary artery disease in a northern area of Japan. Japanese Heart Journal. 36:1995;557-564.
106. Tang W., Devereux R.B., Rao D.C., Oberman A., Hopkins P.N., Kitzman D.W., Arnett D.K. Associations between angiotensinogen gene variants and left ventricular mass and function in the HyperGEN study. American Heart Journal. 143:2002;854-860.
107. Tiago A.D., Badenhorst D., Skudicky D., Woodiwiss A.J., Candy G.P., Brooksbank R., Sliwa K., Sareli P., Norton G.R. An aldosterone synthase gene variant is associated with improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction in dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular Research. 54:2002;584-589.
108. Tiret L., Bonnardeaux A., Poirier O., Ricard S., Marques-Vidal P., Evans A., Arveiler D., Luc G., Kee F., Ducimetiere P.et al. Synergistic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms on risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet. 344:1994;910-913.
109. Tiret L., Mallet C., Poirier O., Nicaud V., Millaire A., Bouhour J.B., Roizes G., Desnos M., Dorent R., Schwartz K., Cambien F., Komajda M. Lack of association between polymorphisms of eight candidate genes and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: The CARDIGENE study. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 35:2000;29-35.
110. Tunny T.J., Jonsson J.R., Klemm S.A., Ballantine D.M., Stowasser M., Gordon R.D. Association of restriction fragment length polymorphism at the atrial natriuretic peptide gene locus with aldosterone responsiveness to angiotensin in aldosterone-producing adenoma. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 204:1994;1312-1317.
111. Ueno H., Takata M., Yasumoto K., Tomita S., Inoue H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and geometric patterns of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. Japanese Heart Journal. 40:1999;589-598.
112. van Bockxmeer F.M., Mamotte C.D., Gibbons F.A., Burke V., Taylor R.R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and apolipoprotein E genotypes and restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 92:1995;2066-2071.
113. Vancura, V., Hubacek, J., Malek, I., Gebauerova, M., Pitha, J., Dorazilova, Z., Langova, M., Zelizko, M., & Poledne, R. (1999). Does angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism influence the clinical manifestation and progression of heart failure in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy? American Journal of Cardiology, 83, 461-462, A10.
114. Wang X.L., McCredie R.M., Wilcken D.E. Genotype distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism in Australian healthy and coronary populations and relevance to myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 16:1996;115-119.
115. Williams A.G., Rayson M.P., Jubb M., World M., Woods D.R., Hayward M., Martin J., Humphries S.E., Montgomery H.E. The ACE gene and muscle performance. Nature. 403:2000;614.
116. Winkelmann B.R., Nauck M., Klein B., Russ A.P., Bohm B.O., Siekmeier R., Ihnken K., Verho M., Gross W., Marz W. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene is associated with increased plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity but not with increased risk for myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. Annals of the Internal Medicine. 125:1996;19-25.
117. Woodrow J.C. Circulating ACE concentrations and progression of heart disease. Lancet. 343:1994;353-354.
118. Yoneya K., Okamoto H., Machida M., Onozuka H., Noguchi M., Mikami T., Kawaguchi H., Murakami M., Uede T., Kitabatake A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in Japanese patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. American Heart Journal. 130:1995;1089-1093.
119. Zee R.Y., Lou Y.K., Griffiths L.R., Morris B.J. Association of a polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 184:1992;9-15.
120. Zee R.Y., Ying L.H., Morris B.J., Griffiths L.R. Association and linkage analyses of restriction fragment length polymorphisms for the human renin and antithrombin III genes in essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 9:1991;825-830.