Chitin synthesis as a target for antifungal drugs

Current Drug Targets - Infectious Disorders

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 77-91

  Ruiz Herrera, J ^a   San Blas, G ^b  

^a DEPARTAMENTO DE FÍSICA   (Mexico)

^b INSTITUTO VENEZOLANO DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS   (Venezuela)

Author keywords

Chitin; Chitin synthase; Chitin synthase inhibitors; Nikkomycin; Pathogenic fungi; Polyoxin

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANIDULAFUNGIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; AROMATIC COMPOUND; BENZENE DERIVATIVE; CALCOFLUOR WHITE; CHITIN; CHITIN SYNTHASE; CONGO RED; ENZYME INHIBITOR; FLUCONAZOLE; FUNGICIDE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MACROLIDE; N EPSILON OCTANOYLLYSILURACYL POLYOXIN C; N GAMMA OCTYLGLUTAMINYLURACYL POLYOXIN C; NIKKOMYCIN; NIKKOMYCIN X; NIKKOMYCIN Z; NUCLEOSIDE DERIVATIVE; PENTACHLOROBENZENE; POLYOXIN; POLYOXIN D; PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVE; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; R 3783; TIOCONAZOLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL WALL; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BINDING; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SPECIFICITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME ACTIVE SITE; ENZYME STRUCTURE; FUNGAL CELL; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; IN VIVO STUDY; INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TRANSPORT VESICLE;

AMINOGLYCOSIDES; ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIFUNGAL; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; BINDING SITES; CHITIN; CHITIN SYNTHASE; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG SYNERGISM; HUMANS; PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOSIDES;

EID: 0037221352     PISSN: 15680053     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1568005033342064     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Blackwell, J.; Minke, R.; Gardner, K. H. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Chitin/Chitosan; Muzzarelli, R. A. A.; Pariser, E. R. Eds.; Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, 1978, pp. 108-123.
2. Gordon, J. E. In The Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials; Vincent, J. F. V.; Currey, J. D. Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1980, pp. 1-11.
3. Muzzarelli, R. A. A. In Chitin and Chitinases; Jolles, P.; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Eds.; Birkhäuser: Basel, 1999, pp. 1-6.
4. Jeuniaux, Ch. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Chitin/Chitosan; Muzzarelli, R. A. A.; Pariser, E. R. Eds.; Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, 1978, pp 5-10.
5. Herth, W.; Mulisch, M.; Zugenmaier, P. In Chitin in Nature and Technology; Muzarelli, R.; Jeauniaux, C.; Gooday, G. W. Eds.; Plenum Press: New York and London, 1986, pp. 107-120.
6. Arroyo-Begovich, A.; Carabez-Trejo, A.; Ruiz-Herrera, J. J. Parasitol., 1980, 66, 735-745.
7. Dietrich, S. M. C. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1973, 313, 95-98.
8. Dietrich, S. M. C. An. Acad. Brasil. Cien., 1975, 47, 155-162.
9. Ruiz-Herrera, J. Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Synthesis and Assembly. CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1992.
10. Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Sentandreu-Ramon, R.; Martinez, J. P. In Handbook of Applied Mycology; Vol.4, Fungal Biotechnology. Arora, D.K.; Elander, R. P.; Mukerji, K. G. Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1992, pp. 281-312.
11. Merz, R. A.; Horsch, M.; Nyhlén, L. E.; Rast, D. M. In Chitin and Chitinases; Jolles, P.; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Eds.; Birkhäuser: Basel, 1999, pp. 9-37.
12. Glaser, L.; Brown, D. H. J. Biol. Chem., 1957, 228, 729-742.
13. McMurrough, I.; Bartnicki-Garcia, S. J. Biol. Chem., 1971, 246, 4008-4016.
14. Horsch, M.; Rast, D. M. In Chitin Enzymology; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Ed.; European Chitin Society: Lyon and Ancona, 1993, pp. 47-56.
15. Horsch, M.; Mayer, C.; Rast, D. M. Eur. J. Biochem., 1996, 237, 476-482.
16. Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Lopez-Romero, E.; Bartnicki-Garcia, S. J. Biol. Chem., 1977, 261, 3338-3343.
17. Sburlati, A.; Cabib, E. J. Biol. Chem., 1986, 261, 15147-15152.
18. Rousset-Hall, A.; Gooday, G. W. J. Gen. Microbiol., 1975, 88, 146-154.
19. Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Bartnicki-Garcia, S.; Bracker, C. E. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1980, 629, 201-216.
20. Lending, C.; Leal-Morales, C. A.; Flores-Martinez, A.; Bracker, C. E.; Bartnicki-Garcia, S. Exp. Mycol., 1991, 15, 11-25.
21. Calvo-Mendez, C.; Ruiz-Herrera, J. Exp. Mycol., 1987, 11, 128-140.
22. Ruiz-Herrera, J. In Cellulose and Other Natural Polymer Systems; Brown, R. M. Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1982, pp. 207-223.
23. Mills, G. L.; Cantino, E. C. Exp. Mycol., 1980, 4, 175-180.
24. Horst, M. N. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1983, 223, 254-263.
25. Horst, M. N. In Chitin in Nature and Technology; Muzarelli, R.; Jeauniaux, C.; Gooday, G. W. Eds.; Plenum Press: New York and London, 1986, pp. 45-52.
26. Peng, L.; Kawagoe, Y.; Hogan, P.; Delmer, D. Science, 2002, 295, 147-150.
27. Bartnicki-Garcia, S.; Lippman, E.; Heick, J. Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 1979, 106.
28. Bartnicki-Garcia, S.; Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Bracket, C. E. In Fungal Walls and Hyphal Growth; Burnett, J. H.; Trinci, A. P. J. Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1979, pp. 149-168.
29. Horst, M. N. In Synthetic Peptides: Approaches to Biological Problems; Tam, J. P.; Kaiser, E. T. Eds.; Allan R. Liss: New York, 1989, pp. 51-61.
30. Horst, M. N. In Cell and Molecular Biology of Artemia Development; Warner, A. H.; MacRae, T.; Bagshaw, J. Eds; Plenum Press: New York, 1989, pp. 59-76.
31. Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Bartnicki-Garcia, S. In Chitin Enzymology; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Ed.; European Chitin Society: Lyon and Ancona, 1993, pp. 35-45.
32. Alonso, M. D.; Lomako, J.; Lomako, W. M.; Whelan, W. J. FASEB J, 1995, 147, 1126-1137.
33. Smythe, C.; Cohen, P. Eur. J. Biochem., 1991, 200, 625-631.
34. Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Larriba, G. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1995, 68, 231-235.
35. Lopez-Romero, E.; Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Bartnicki-Garcia, S. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1982, 702, 233-236.
36. Davis, L. L.; Bartnicki-Garcia, S. J. Gen. Microbiol., 1984, 130, 2095-2102.
37. Vermeulen, C. A.; Wessels, J. G. H. Eur. J. Biochem., 1986, 158, 411-415.
38. Bracker, C. E.; Ruiz-Herrera, J; Bartnicki-Garcia, S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1976, 73, 4570-4574.
39. Ruiz-Herrera, J. In Microbial Cell Wall Synthesis and Assembly; C. Nombela, Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1984, pp. 113-120.
40. Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Martinez-Espinoza, A. D. In Chitin and Chitinases; Jolles, P.; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Eds.; Birkhäuser: Basel, 1999, pp. 39-56.
41. Cohen, E. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 1982, 16, 289-294.
42. Horst, M. N.; Walker, A. N. In Chitin Enzymology; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Ed.; European Chitin Society: Lyon and Ancona, 1993, pp. 109-118.
43. Mulisch, M.; Schermuly, G.; Walther, M.; Markmann-Mulisch, U. In Chitin Enzymology; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Ed.; European Chitin Society: Lyon and Ancona, 1993, pp. 119-128.
44. Roncero, C.; Rodriguez-Garcia, L J.; Sanz, M.; Castrejon, F.; Trilla, J. A.; Duran, A. In Chitin Enzymology 2001; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Ed.; Atec Edizioni: Grottammare, 2001, pp 485-492.
45. Trilla, J. A.; Duran, A.; Roncero, C. J. Cell Biol., 1999, 145, 1153-1163.
46. Santos, B.; Snyder, M. J. Cell Biol., 1997, 136, 95-110.
47. DeMarini, D. J.; Adams, A. E. M.; Fares, H.; De Virgilio, C.; Valle, G.; Chuang, J. S.; Pringle, J. R. J. Cell Biol., 1997, 139, 75-93.
48. Ono, N.; Yabe, T.; Sudoh, M.; Nakajima, T.; Yamada-Okabe, T.; Arisawa, M.; Yamada-Okabe, H. Microbiology 2000, 146, 385-391.
49. Trilla, J. A.; Duran, A.; Roncero, C. Yeast, 1997, 13, 795-807.
50. Ziman, M.; Chuang, J. S.; Tsung, M.; Hamamoto, S; Scheckman, R. Mol. Biol. Cell, 1998, 9, 1565-1576.
51. Bulawa, C. E.; Slater, M.; Cabib, E.; Au-Young, J.; Sburlati, A.; Adair, W. L.; Robbins, P. W. Cell, 1986, 46, 213-225.
52. Silverman, S. J.; Sburlati, A.; Slater, M. L.; Cabib, E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1988, 85, 4735-4739.
53. Bulawa, C. E.; Osmond, B. C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1990, 87, 7424-7428.
54. Bulawa, C.E. Mol. Cell Biol., 1992, 12, 1764-1776.
55. Valdivieso, M. H.; Mol, P. C.; Shaw, J. H.; Cabib, E.; Duran, A. J. Cell Biol., 1991, 114, 101-109.
56. Bowen, A. R.; Chen-Wu, J. L.; Momany, M.; Young, R.; Szaniszlo, P. J.; Robbins P. W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1992, 89, 519-523.
57. Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Gonzalez-Prieto, J. M.; Ruiz-Medrano, R. In Chitin Enzymology 2001; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Ed.; Atec Edizioni: Grottammare, 2001, pp. 451-462.
58. Niño-Vega, G. A.; Buurman, E. T.; Gooday, G. W.; San-Blas, G.; Gow, N. A. R. Yeast, 1998, 14, 181-187.
59. Niño-Vega, G. A.; Munro, C. A.; San-Bias, G.; Gooday, G. W.; Gow, N. A. R. Med. Mycol., 2000, 38, 31-39.
60. Yarden, O.; Yanofsky, C. Genes Dev., 1991, 5, 2420-2430.
61. Shaw, J. A.; Mol, P. C.; Bowers, B,; Silverman, S. J.; Valdivieso, M. H.; Duran, A.; Cabib, E. J. Cell Biol., 1991, 114, 111-123.
62. Specht, C. A.; Liu, Y.; Robbins, P.; Bulawa, C. E.; Iartchouk, N.; Winter, K. R.; Riggle, P. J.; Rhodes, J. C.; Dodge, C. L.; Culp, D. W.; Borgia, P. T. Fungal Genet. Biol., 1996, 20, 153-167.
63. Beth-Din, A.; Yarden, O. Mycologia, 2000, 92, 65-73.
64. Munro, C. A.; Winter, K.; Buchan, A.; Henry, K.; Becker, J. M.; Brown, A. J.; Bulawa, C. E.; Gow, N. A. Mol. Microbiol., 2001, 39, 1414-1426.
65. Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Ruiz-Medrano, R. Chitin biosynthesis in fungi. In: Handbook of Fungal Biotechnology, Second Edition; Arora, D. K; Bridge, P. D.; Bhatnagar, D. Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York, in press.
66. Chavez-Ontiveros, J.; Martinez-Espinoza, A. D.; Ruiz-Herrera, J. New Phytol., 2000, 146, 335-341.
67. Wang, Z.; Szaniszlo, P. J. J. Bacteriol., 2000, 182, 874-881.
68. Chen-Wu, J. L.; Zwicker, J.; Bowen, A. R.; Robbins, P. W. Mol. Microbiol., 1992, 6, 497-502.
69. Xoconostle-Cázares, B.; León-Ramirez, C.; Ruiz-Herrera, J. Microbiology, 1996, 142, 377-387.
70. Xoconostle-Cázares, B.; Specht, C. A.; Robbins, P. W.; Liu, Y.; Leon, C.; Ruiz-Herrera, J. Fungal Genet. Biol., 1997, 22, 199-208.
71. Lopez-Matas, M. A.; Eslava, A. P.; Diaz-Minguez, J. M. Curr. Microbiol., 2000, 40, 169-175.
72. San-Blas, G.; San-Blas, F. In Paracoccidioidomycosis; Franco, M.; Lacaz, C. S.; Restrepo-Moreno, A.; Del Negro, A. Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1994, pp. 49-66.
73. Herrera-Estrella, L.; Ruiz-Herrera, J. Exp. Mycol., 1983, 7, 362-369.
74. Martinez-Cadena, G.; Ruiz-Herrera, J. Arch. Microbiol., 1987, 148, 280-285.
75. Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Martinez-Cadena, G.; Valenzuela, C.; Reyna, G. Photochem. Photobiol., 1990, 52, 217-221.
76. Suresh, K.; Subramanyam, C. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1997, 150, 95-100.
77. Deshpande, M. V.; O'Donnell, R.; Gooday, G. W. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1997, 152, 327-332.
78. Popolo, L.; Gilardelli, D.; Bonfante, P.; Vai, M. J. Bacteriol., 1997, 179, 463-469.
79. Garcia-Rodriguez, L. J.; Trilla, J.A.; Castro, C.; Valdivieso, M. H.; Duran, A.; Roncero, C. FEBS Lett., 2000, 478, 84-88.
80. Martin, H.; Dagkessamanskaia, A.; Satchanska, G.; Dallies, N.; Francois, J. Microbiology, 1999, 145, 249-258.
81. Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Gonzalez-Prieto, J. M.; Ruiz-Medrano, R. FEMS Yeast Res., 2002 1, 247-256.
82. Chitnis, M. V.; Munro, C. A.; Brown, A. J. P.; Gooday, G. W.; Gow, N. A. R; Deshpande, M. V. Fungal Gen. Biol., 2002, 36, 215-223.
83. Doolittle, R. F.; Feng, D.; Tsang, S.; Cho, G.; Little, E. Science, 1996, 271, 470-477.
84. Berbee, M. L.; Taylor, J. W. Biosystems, 1992, 28, 117-125.
85. Redecker, D.; Kodner, R.; Graham, L. E. Science, 2000, 289, 1920-1921.
86. Walker, W. F. Biosystems, 1985, 18, 269-278.
87. Saxena, I. M.; Brown, M. R. Jr.; Fevre, M.; Geremia, R. A.; Henrissat, B. J. Bacteriol., 1995, 177, 1419-1424.
88. Campbell, J. A.; Davies, G. J.; Bulone, V.; Henrissat, B. Biochem. J., 1997, 326, 929-942.
89. Charnock, S. J.; Davies, G. J. Biochemistry, 1999, 38, 6380-6385.
90. Nagahashi, S.; Sudoh, M.; Ono, N.; Sawada, R.; Yamaguchi, E.; Uchida, Y.; Mio, T.; Takagi, M.; Arisawa, M.; Yamada-Okabe, H. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 13961-13967.
91. Vrielink, A.; Rüger, W.; Driessen, H. P. C.; Freemont, P. S. EMBO J., 1994, 13, 3413-3422.
92. Johnson, M. S.; Overington, J. P.; Blundell, T. L. J. Mol. Biol., 1993, 231, 735-752.
93. Horsch, M.; Sowdhamini, R. In Chitin Enzymology; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Ed.; Atec Edizioni: Grottammare, 1996; Vol. 2, pp. 447-458.
94. Jones, T. J. Mol. Biol., 1999, 292, 195-202.
95. Gooday, G. W. In The Biochemistry of Cell Walls and Membranes in Fungi: Goosey, M.; Kuhn, P.; Trinci, A. P. J. Eds. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1989, pp. 61-76.
96. Rast, D. M.; Merz, R. A.; Jeanguenat, A.; Mösinger, E. In Advances in Chitin Science, Vol 4; Peter, M. G.; Domard, A.; Muzzarelli, R. A. A. Eds.; University of Postdam: Postdam, 2000, pp. 479-505.
97. Isono, K.; Nagatsu, J.; Kawashiwa, Y.; Suzuki, S. Agr. Biol. Chem., 1965, 29, 848-854.
98. Isono, K.; Asahi, K.; Suzuki, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1969, 91, 7490-7505.
99. Isono, K.; Suzuki, S. Heterocycles, 1979, 13, 333-351.
100. Zhang, D.; Miller, M. J. Curr. Pharmac. Des., 1999, 5, 73-99.
101. Wang, R.; Steensma, D. H.; Takaoka, Y.; Yun, J. W.; Kajimoto, T.; Wong, C. H. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 1997, 237, 476-482.
102. Endo, A.; Misato, T. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1969, 37, 718-722.
103. Endo, A.; Kakiki, K.; Misato, T. J. Bacteriol., 1970, 104, 189-196.
104. Dähn, J.; Hagenmaier, H.; Höhner, H.; König, W. A.; Wolf, G.; Zähner, H. Arch. Microbiol., 1976, 107, 143-160.
105. Hagenmaier, H.; Keckeisen, A.; Zähner, H.; König, W. A. Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1979, 1494-1502.
106. König, W. A.; Hass, W.; Dehler, W.; Fiedler, H. P.; Zähner, H. Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1980, 622-628.
107. Furter, R.; Rast, D. M. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1985, 28, 205-211.
108. Hori, M.; Kakiki, K.; Misato, T. Agric. Biol. Chem., 1974, 38, 699-705.
109. Tatsuno, K.; Yamada-Okabe, H.; Takagi, M.; Arisawa, M.; Sudoh, M. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1997, 149, 279-284.
110. Gaughran, J. P.; Lai, M. H.; Kirsch, D. R.; Silverman, S. J. J. Bacteriol., 1994, 176, 5857-5860.
111. Hass, W.; König, W. A. Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1982, 1615-1622.
112. Rosenthal, A.; Cliff, B. Carbohyd. Res., 1980, 79, 63-77.
113. Baumgartner, H.; Marschner, C.; Pucher, R.; Singer, M.; Griengl, H. Tetrahedron Lett., 1992, 33, 6443-6444.
114. Naider, F.; Becker, J. M. In Current Topics in Medical Mycology II; McGinnis, M. M. Ed., Springer: Berlin, 1987, pp. 170-198.
115. Naider, F.; Shenbagamurthi, P.; Steinfeld, A. S.; Smith, H.A.; Boney, C.; Becker, J. M. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 1983, 24, 787-796.
116. Emmer, G,; Ryder, N. S.; Grassberger, M. A. J. Med Chem., 1985, 28, 278-281.
117. Shenbagamurthi, P.; Smith, H. A.; Becker, J. M.; Naider, F. J. Med. Chem.. 1986, 29, 802-809.
118. Decker, H.; Zähner, H.; Heitsch, H.; König, W. A.; Fiedler. H. P. J. Gen. Microbiol., 1991, 137, 1805-1813.
119. Krainer, E.; Becker, J. M.; Naider, F. J. Med. Chem., 1991, 34, 174-180.
120. Merino, P.; Franco, S.; Merchan, F. L.; Tejero, T. S. J. Org. Chem., 2000, 65, 5575-5589.
121. Smith, H. A.; Shenbagamurthi, P.; Naider, F.; Kundu, B.; Becker, J. M. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 1986, 29, 33-39.
122. Khare, R. K.; Becker, J. M.; Naider, F. R. J. Med Chem., 1988, 31, 650-656.
123. Obi, K.; Uda, J.; Iwase, K.; Sugimoto, O.; Ebisu, H.; Matsuda, A. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2000, 10, 1451-1454.
124. Azuma, T.; Saita, T.; Isono, K. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1977, 25, 1740-1748.
125. Hori, M.; Eguchi, J.; Kakiki, K.; Misato, T. J. Antibiot., 1974, 27, 261-266.
126. Cooper, A. B.; Desai, J.; Lovey, R. G.; Saksena, A. K.; Girijavallabhan, V. M.; Ganguly, A. K.; Loebenberg, D.: Parmegiani, R.; Cacciapuoti, A. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1993, 3, 1079-1084.
127. Bormann, C.; Kalmanczhelyi, A.; Sussmuth, R.; Jung, G. J. Antibiot-Tokyo, 1999, 52, 102-108.
128. McCarthy, P.; Troke, P. F.; Gull, K. J. Gen. Microbiol., 1985, 131, 775-780.
129. Yadan, J.; Gonneau, M.; Sarthou, P.; Le Goffic, F. J. Bacteriol., 1984, 160, 118-126.
130. Tarik, V. N.; Devlin, P. L. Fungal Genet. Biol., 1996, 20, 4-11.
131. Sanglard, D.; Ischer, F.; Monod, M.; Bille, J. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 1996, 40, 2300-2305.
132. Chiew, Y. Y.; Shepherd, M. G.; Sullivan, P. A. Arch. Microbiol., 1980, 125, 97-104.
133. Becker, J. M.; Covert, M. L.; Shenbagamurthi, P.; Steinfeld, A. S.; Naider, F. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 1983, 23, 926-929.
134. Becker, J. M.; Marcus, S.; Tullock, J.; Miller, D.; Krainer, E.; Khare, R. K.; Naider, F. J. Infect. Dis., 1988, 15 7, 212-213.
135. Hector, R. F.; Zimmer, B. L.; Pappagianis, D. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 1990, 34, 587-593.
136. Clemons, K. V.; Stevens, D. A. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 1997, 41, 2026-2028.
137. Graybill, J. R.; Najvar, L. K.; Bocanegra, R.; Hector, R. F.; Luther, M. F. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 1998, 42, 2371-2374.
138. Goldberg, J.; Connolly, P.; Schnizlein-Bick, C.; Durkin, M.; Kohler, S.; Smedema, M.; Brizendine, E.; Hector, R.; Wheat, J. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 2000, 44, 1624-1629.
139. Milewski, S.; Mignini, F.; Borowski, E. J. Gen. Microbiol., 1991, 137, 2155-2161.
140. Hector, R. F.; Schaller, K. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 1992, 36, 1284-1289.
141. Li, R. K.; Rinaldi, M. G. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 1999, 43, 1401-1405.
142. Stevens, D. A. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 2000, 44, 2547-2548.
143. Kim, S. U.; Hwang, E. I; Nam, J. Y.; Son, K. H.; Bok, S. H.; Kim, H. E.; Kwon, B. M. Planta Med., 1999, 65, 97-98.
144. Jeong, T. S.; Hwang, E. I.; Lee, H. B.; Lee, E. S.; Kim, Y. K.; Min, B. S.; Bae, K. H.; Bok, S. H.; Kim, S. U. Planta Med., 1999, 65, 261-263.
145. Hwang, E. I.; Yun, B. K.; Kim, Y. K.; Kwon, B. M.; Kim, H. G.; Lee, H.B.; Bae, K. S.; Kim, S. U. J. Antibiot. Tokyo, 2000, 53, 248-255.
146. Sudoh, M.; Yamazaki, T.; Masubichi, K.; Taniguchi, M.; Shimma, N.; Arisawa, M.; Yamada-Okabe, H. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275, 32901-32905.
147. Masubichi, K.; Taniguchi, M.; Umeda, I.; Hattori, K.; Suda, H.; Kohchi, Y.; Isshiki, Y.; Sakai, T.; Kohchi, M.; Shirai, M.; Okabe, H.; Sudoh, M.; Yamakazi, T.; Shimma, N. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2000, 20, 1459-1462.
148. Hwang, E. I.; Yun, B. S.; Kim, Y. K.; Kwon, B. M.; Kim, H. G.; Lee, H. B.; Jeong, W. J.; Kim, S. U. J. Antibiot. Tokyo, 2000, 53, 903-911.
149. Park, K. S.; Kang, K. C.; Kim, K. Y.; Jeong, P. Y.; Kim, J. H.; Adams, D. J.; Kim, J. H.; Paik, Y. K. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2001, 47, 513-519.
150. Bang, K. H.; Lee, D. W.; Park, H. M.; Rhee, Y. H. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2000, 64, 1061-1063.
151. Urbina, J. M.; Cortés, J. C. G.; Palma, A.; López, S. N.; Zacchino, S. A.; Enriz, R. D.; Ribas, J. C.; Kouznetzov, V. V. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2000, 8, 691-698.
152. Grugier, J.; Xie, J.; Duarte, I.; Valéry, J. M. J. Org. Chem., 2000, 65, 979-984.