Molecular pathogenesis of urothelial bladder cancer

Histology and Histopathology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 259-274

  Theodorescu, Dan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; Molecular pathogenesis; Tumor Invasion

Indexed keywords

ACYLTRANSFERASE; ACYLTRANSFERASE 2; AROMATIC AMINE; CARCINOGEN; CYTOCHROME P450 1A2; DNA; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE M1; MYC PROTEIN; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; PROTEIN MDM2; PROTEIN P53; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UVOMORULIN;

BLADDER CANCER; BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS; BLADDER CARCINOMA; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GENETICS; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INVASION; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL OBSERVATION; CYTOGENETICS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DNA DAMAGE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LIFESTYLE; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ONCOGENE NEU; ONCOLOGY; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA; TREATMENT PLANNING; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; UROGENITAL TRACT CANCER;

CADHERINS; HUMANS; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; RECEPTOR, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS; UROTHELIUM;

EID: 0037217011     PISSN: 02133911     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Ames B.N. (2001). DNA damage from micronutrient deficiencies is likely to be a major cause of cancer. Mutat. Res. 475, 7-20.
2. Ames B.N. and Gold L.S. (1990). Too many rodent carcinogens: Mitogenesis increases mutagenesis. Science 249, 970-971.
3. Bell D.A., Taylor J.A., Butler M.A., Stephens E.A., Wiest J., Brubaker L.H., Kadlubar F.F. and Lucier G.W. (1993a). Genotype/phenotype discordance for human arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) reveals a new slow-acetylator allele common in African-Americans. Carcinogenesis 14, 1689-1692.
4. Bell D.A., Taylor J.A., Paulson D.F., Robertson C.N., Mohler J.L. and Lucier G.W. (1993b). Genetic risk and carcinogen exposure: A common inherited defect of the carcinogen-metabolism gene glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) that increases susceptibility to bladder cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 1159-1164.
5. Berger A.P., Parson W., Stenzl A., Steiner H., Bartsch G. and Klocker H. (2002). Microsatellite alterations in human bladder cancer: Detection of tumor cells in urine sediment and tumor tissue. Eur. Urol. 41, 532-539.
6. Bernstein L.R. and Liotta L.A. (1994). Molecular mediators of interactions with extracellular matrix components in metastasis and angiogenesis. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 6, 106-113.
7. Board P., Coggan M., Johnston P., Ross V., Suzuki T. and Webb G. (1990). Genetic heterogeneity of the human glutathione transferases: A complex of gene families. Pharmacol. Ther. 48, 357-369.
8. Bos J.L. (1998). All in the family? New insights and questions regarding interconnectivity of Ras, Rap1 and Ral. EMBO J. 17. 6776-6782.
9. Branch R.A., Chern H.D., Adedoyin A., Romkes-Sparks M., Lesnick T.G., Persad R., Wilkinson G.R., Fleming C.M., Dickinson A.J. and Sibley G. (1995). The procarcinogen hypothesis for bladder cancer: Activities of individual drug metabolizing enzymes as risk factors. Pharmacogenetics 5, S97-102.
10. Breimer L.H. (1990). Molecular mechanisms of oxygen radical carcinogenesis and mutagenesis: The role of DNA base damage. Mol. Carcinog. 3, 188-197.
11. Brewster S.F., Gingell J.C., Browne S. and Brown K.W. (1994). Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 18q is associated with muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Br. J. Cancer 70, 697-700.
12. Bringuier P.P., Umbas R., Schaafsma H.E., Karthaus H.F., Debruyne F.M. and Schalken J.A. (1993). Decreased E-cadherin immunoreactivity correlates with poor survival in patients with bladder tumors. Cancer Res. 53, 3241-3245.
13. Brown J.M. and Wouters B.G. (1999). Apoptosis, p53, and tumor cell sensitivity to anticancer agents. Cancer Res. 59, 1391-1399.
14. Bryant M.S., Vineis P., Skipper P.L. and Tannenbaum S.R. (1988). Hemoglobin adducts of aromatic amines: Associations with smoking status and type of tobacco. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 9788-9791.
15. Butler M.A., Iwasaki M., Guengerich F.P. and Kadlubar F.F. (1989). Human cytochrome P-450PA (P-450IA2), the phenacetin O-deethylase, is primarily responsible for the hepatic 3-demethylation of caffeine and N-oxidation of carcinogenic arylamines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7696-7700.
16. Byrne R.R., Shariat S.F., Brown R., Kattan M.W., Morton R.J., Wheeler T.M. and Lerner S.P. (2001). E-cadherin immunostaining of bladder transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma in situ and lymph node metastases with long-term followup. J. Urol. 165, 1473-1479.
17. Cairns P., Proctor A.J. and Knowles M.A. (1991). Loss of heterozygosity at the RB locus is frequent and correlates with muscle invasion in bladder carcinoma. Oncogene 6, 2305-2309.
18. Cairns P., Shaw M.E., and Knowles M.A. (1993). Initiation of bladder cancer may involve deletion of a tumour-suppressor gene on chromosome 9. Oncogene 8, 1083-1085.
19. Cairns P., Tokino K., Eby Y. and Sidransky D. (1995). Localization of tumor suppressor loci on chromosome 9 in primary human renal cell carcinomas. Cancer Res. 55, 224-227.
20. Cappellen D., Gil Diez De Medina S., Chopin D., Thiery J.P. and Radvanyi F. (1997). Frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 10q in muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder. Oncogene 14, 3059-3066.
21. Case R.A., Hosker M.E., McDonald D.B. and Pearson J.T. (1993). Tumours of the urinary bladder in workmen engaged in the manufacture and use of certain dyestuff intermediates in the British chemical industry. Part I. The role of aniline, benzidine, alpha-naphthylamine, and beta-naphthylamine. 1954 [classical article]. Br. J. Ind. Med. 50, 389-411.
22. Choisy-Rossi C., Reisdorf P. and Yonish-Rouach E. (1999). The p53 tumor suppressor gene: Structure, function and mechanism of action. Results Probl. Cell. Differ. 23, 145-172.
23. Chow N.H., Liu H.S., Lee E.I., Chang C.J., Chan S.H., Cheng H.L., Tzai T.S. and Lin J.S. (1997). Significance of urinary epidermal growth factor and its receptor expression in human bladder cancer. Anticancer Res. 17, 1293-1296.
24. Chow N.H., Tzai T.S., Cheng P.E., Chang C.J., Lin J.S. and Tang M.J. (1994). An assessment of immunoreactive epidermal growth factor in urine of patients with urological diseases. Urol. Res. 22, 221-225.
25. Christian B.J., Kao C.H., Wu S.Q., Meisner L.F. and Reznikoff C.A. (1990). EJ/ras neoplastic transformation of simian virus 40-immortalized human uroepithelial cells: A rare event. Cancer Res. 50, 4779-4786.
26. Cordon-Cardo C., Sheinfeld J. and Dalbagni G. (1997a). Genetic studies and molecular markers of bladder cancer. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 13, 319-327.
27. Cordon-Cardo C., Wartinger D., Petrylak D., Dalbagni G., Fair W.R., Fuks Z. and Reuter V.E. (1992). Altered expression of the retinoblastoma gene product: Prognostic indicator in bladder cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84, 1251-1256.
28. Cordon-Cardo C., Zhang Z.F., Dalbagni G., Drobnjak M., Charytonowicz E., Hu S.X., Xu H.J., Reuter V.E. and Benedict W.F. (1997b). Cooperative effects of p53 and pRB alterations in primary superficial bladder tumors. Cancer Res. 57, 1217-1221.
29. Cote R.J., Dunn M.D., Chatterjee S.J., Stein J.P., Shi S.R., Tran Q.C., Hu S.X., Xu H.J., Groshen S., Taylor C.R., Skinner D.G. and Benedict W.F. (1998). Elevated and absent pRb expression is associated with bladder cancer progression and has cooperative effects with p53. Cancer Res. 58, 1090-1094.
30. Crew J.P., O'Brien T., Bicknell R., Fuggle S., Cranston D. and Harris A.L. (1999). Urinary vascular endothelial growth factor and its correlation with bladder cancer recurrence rates. J. Urol. 161, 799-804.
31. Czerniak B., Deitch D., Simmons H., Etkind P., Herz F. and Koss L.G. (1990). Ha-ras gene codon 12 mutation and DNA ploidy in urinary bladder carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 62, 762-763.
32. Czerniak B., Cohen G.L., Etkind P., Deitch D., Simmons H., Herz F. and Koss L.G. (1992). Concurrent mutations of coding and regulatory sequences of the Ha-ras gene in urinary bladder carcinomas. Hum. Pathol. 23, 1199-1204.
33. Dalbagni G., Presti J.C. Jr, Reuter V.E., Zhang Z.F., Sarkis A.S., Fair W.R. and Cordon-Cardo C. (1993). Molecular genetic alterations of chromosome 17 and p53 nuclear overexpression in human bladder cancer. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 2, 4-13.
34. Dipple A. (1995). DNA adducts of chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 16, 437-441.
35. Droller M.J. (1992). Treatment of regionally advanced bladder cancer. An overview. Urol. Clin. North Am. 19, 685-693.
36. Esrig D., Elmajian D., Groshen S., Freeman J.A., Stein J.P., Chen S.C., Nichols P.W., Skinner D.G., Jones P.A. and Cote R.J. (1994). Accumulation of nuclear p53 and tumor progression in bladder cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 331, 1259-1264.
37. Essigmann J.M. and Wood M.L. (1993). The relationship between the chemical structures and mutagenic specificities of the DNA lesions formed by chemical and physical mutagens. Toxicol. Lett. 67, 29-39.
38. Fontana D., Bellina M., Galietti F., Scoffone C., Cagnazzi E., Guercio S., Cappia S. and Pozzi E. (1999). Intravesical bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) as inducer of tumor-suppressing proteins p53 and p21 Waf1-Cip1 during treatment of superficial bladder cancer. J. Urol. 162, 225-230.
39. Fontana D., Bellina M., Scoffone C., Cagnazzi E., Cappia S., Cavallo F., Russo R. and Leonardo E. (1996). Evaluation of c-ras oncogene product (p21) in superficial bladder cancer. Eur. Urol. 29, 470-476.
40. Foster F. (1979). New Zealand Cancer Registry report. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 4, 77-80.
41. Friedrich M.G., Blind C., Milde-Langosch K., Erbersdobler A., Conrad S., Loning T., Hammerer P. and Huland H. (2001). Frequent p16/MTS1 inactivation in early stages of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is not associated with tumor recurrence. Eur. Urol. 40, 518-524.
42. Fujimoto K., Yamada Y., Okajima E., Kakizoe T., Sasaki H., Sugimura T. and Terada M. (1992). Frequent association of p53 gene mutation in invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 52, 1393-1398.
43. Furihata M., Inoue K., Ohtsuki Y., Hashimoto H., Terao N. and Fujita Y. (1993). High-risk human papillomavirus infections and overexpression of p53 protein as prognostic indicators in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer Res. 53, 4823-4827.
44. Gildea J.J., Harding M.A. and Theodorescu D. (2002). RhoGDI2 is an invasion and metastasis suppressor gene in human cancer. Cancer Res. (in press).
45. Garte S., Gaspari L., Alexandrie A.K., Ambrosone C., Autrup H., Autrup J.L., Baranova H., Bathum L., Benhamou S., Boffetta P., Bouchardy C., Breskvar K., Brockmoller J., Cascorbi I., Clapper M.L., Coutelle C., Daly A., Dell'Omo M., Dolzan V., Dresler C.M., Fryer A., Haugen A., Hein D.W., Hildesheim A., Hirvonen A., Hsieh L.L., Ingelman-Sundberg M., Kalina I., Kang D., Kihara M., Kiyohara C., Kremers P., Lazarus P., Le Marchand L., Lechner M.C., Van Lieshout E.M., London S., Manni J.J., Maugard C.M., Morita S., Nazar-Stewart V., Noda K., Oda Y., Parl F.F., Pastorelli R., Persson I., Peters W.H., Rannug A., Rebbeck T., Risch A., Roelandt L., Romkes M., Ryberg D., Salagovic J., Schoket B., Seidegard J., Shields P.G., Sim E., Sinnet D., Strange R.C., Stucker I., Sugimura H., To-Figueras J., Vineis P., Yu M.C. and Taioli E. (2001). Metabolic gene polymorphism frequencies in control populations. Cancer Epidem. Biomark. Prev. 10, 1239-1248.
46. Gildea J.J., Golden W.L., Harding M.A. and Theodorescu D. (2000). Genetic and phenotypic changes associated with the acquisition of tumorigenicity in human bladder cancer. Genes Chromom. Cancer 27, 252-263.
47. Gildea J.J., Harding M.A., Seraj M.J., Gulding K.M. and Theodorescu D. (2002). The role of ral A in epidermal growth factor receptor-regulated cell motility. Cancer Res. 62, 982-985.
48. Goel A., Arnold C.N. and Boland C.R. (2001). Multistep progression of colorectal cancer in the setting of microsatellite instability: New details and novel insights. Gastroenterology 121, 1497-1502.
49. Gonzalez-Zulueta M., Ruppert J.M., Tokino K., Tsai Y.C., Spruck C.H.D., Miyao N., Nichols P.W., Hermann G.G., Horn T. and Steven K. (1993). Microsatellite instability in bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 53, 5620-5623.
50. Gorgoulis V.G., Barbatis C., Poulias I. and Karameris A.M. (1995). Molecular and immunohistochemical evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erb-B-2 gene product in transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder: A study in Greek patients. Mod. Pathol. 8, 758-764.
51. Greenblatt M.S., Bennett W.P., Hollstein M. and Harris C.C. (1994). Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: Clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 54, 4855-4878.
52. Griffiths T.R., Brotherick I., Bishop R.I., White M.D., McKenna D.M., Horne C.H., Shenton B.K., Neal D.E. and Mellon J.K. (1996). Cell adhesion molecules in bladder cancer: Soluble serum E-cadherin correlates with predictors of recurrence. Br. J. Cancer 74, 579-584.
53. Grossman H.B., Liebert M., Antelo M., Dinney C.P., Hu S.X., Palmer J.L. and Benedict W.F. (1998). p53 and RB expression predict progression in T1 bladder cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 829-834.
54. Gruis N.A., Weaver-Feldhaus J., Liu Q., Frye C., Eeles R., Orlow I., Lacombe L., Ponce-Castaneda V., Lianes P. and Latres E. (1995). Genetic evidence in melanoma and bladder cancers that p16 and p53 function in separate pathways of tumor suppression. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 1199-1206.
55. Habuchi T., Takahashi R., Yamada H., Kakehi Y., Sugiyama T. and Yoshida O. (1993a). Metachronous multifocal development of urothelial cancers by intraluminal seeding. Lancet 342, 1087-1088.
56. Habuchi T., Takahashi R., Yamada H., Ogawa O., Kakehi Y., Ogura K., Hamazaki S., Toguchida J., Ishizaki K. and Fujita J. (1993b). Influence of cigarette smoking and schistosomiasis on p53 gene mutation in urothelial cancer. Cancer Res. 53, 3795-3799.
57. Harding M.A., Gildea J.J. and Theodorescu D. (2002). Expression mapping associated with the acquisition of tumorigenicity in human bladder cancer. Cancer Res. (in press).
58. Hay A. (1991). Carcinogenesis. Testing times for the tests. Nature 350, 555-556.
59. Hayes R.B., Bi W., Rothman N., Broly F., Caporaso N., Feng P., You X., Yin S., Woosley R.L. and Meyer U.A. (1993). N-acetylation phenotype and genotype and risk of bladder cancer in benzidine-exposed workers. Carcinogenesis 14, 675-678.
60. Hein D.W. (1988). Acetylator genotype and arylamine-induced carcinogenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 948, 37-66.
61. Hunstein W. and Rehn K. (1975). Tumor-induction through cytostatic agents in man. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 100, 155-158.
62. Infante P.F. (1991). Prevention versus chemophobia: A defence of rodent carcinogenicity tests. Lancet 337, 538-540.
63. Ioachim E., Charchanti A., Stavropoulos N.E., Skopelitou A., Athanassiou E.D. and Agnantis N.J. (2000). Immunohistochemical expression of retinoblastoma gene product (Rb), p53 protein, MDM2, c-erbB-2, HLA-DR and proliferation indices in human urinary bladder carcinoma. Histol. Histopathol. 15, 721-727.
64. Jahnson S. and Karlsson M.G. (1998). Predictive value of p53 and pRb immunostaining in locally advanced bladder cancer treated with cystectomy. J. Urol. 160, 1291-1296.
65. Kaderlik K.R. and Kadlubar F.F. (1995). Metabolic polymorphisms and carcinogen-DNA adduct formation in human populations. Pharmacogenetics 5, S108-S117.
66. Kagan J., Liu J., Stein J.D., Wagner S.S., Babkowski R., Grossman B.H. and Katz R.L. (1998). Cluster of allele losses within a 2.5 cM region of chromosome 10 in high-grade invasive bladder cancer. Oncogene 16, 909-913.
67. Kalow W. and Tang B.K. (1991). Caffeine as a metabolic probe: Exploration of the enzyme-inducing effect of cigarette smoking [see comments]. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 49, 44-48.
68. Kantarjian H., Sawyers C., Hochhaus A., Guilhot F., Schiffer C., Gambacorti-Passerini C., Niederwieser D., Resta D., Capdeville R., Zoellner U., Talpaz M., Druker B., Goldman J., O'Brien S.G., Russell N., Fischer T., Ottmann O., Cony-Makhoul P., Facon T., Stone R., Miller C., Tallman M., Brown R., Schuster M., Loughran T., Gratwohl A., Mandelli F., Saglio G., Lazzarino M., Russo D., Baccarani M. and Morra E. (2002). Hematologic and cytogenetic responses to imatinib mesylate in chronic myelogenous leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 645-652.
69. Kiemeney L.A. and Schoenberg M. (1996). Familial transitional cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 156, 867-872.
70. Knowles M.A., Elder P.A., Wiliamson M., Cairns J.P., Shaw M.E. and Law M.G. (1994). Allelotype of human bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 54, 531-538.
71. Korkolopoulou P., Christodoulou P., Lazaris A., Thomas-Tsagli E., Kapralos P., Papanikolaou A., Kalliteraki I. and Davaris P. (2001). Prognostic implications of aberrations in p16/pRb pathway in urothelial bladder carcinomas: A multivariate analysis including p53 expression and proliferation markers. Eur. Urol. 39, 167-177.
72. Kuball J., Wen S.F., Leissner J., Atkins D., Meinhardt P., Quijano E., Engler H., Hutchins B., Maneval D.C., Grace M.J., Fritz M.A., Storkel S., Thuroff J.W., Huber C. and Schuler M. (2002). Successful adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer in patients with bladder cancer by intravesical vector instillation. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 957-965.
73. Kwiatkowski D.J., Henske E.P., Weimer K., Ozelius L., Gusella J.F. and Haines J. (1992). Construction of a GT polymorphism map of human 9q. Genomics 12, 229-240.
74. Lacombe L., Dalbagni G., Zhang Z.F., Cordon-Cardo C., Fair W.R., Herr H.W. and Reuter V.E. (1996). Overexpression of p53 protein in a high-risk population of patients with superficial bladder cancer before and after bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy: Correlation to clinical outcome. J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 2646-2652.
75. Leach F.S., Nicolaides N.C., Papadopoulos N., Liu B., Jen J., Parsons R., Peltomaki P., Sistonen P., Aaltonen L.A. and Nystrom-Lahti M. (1993). Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75, 1215-1225.
76. Levy D.D., Groopman J.D., Lim S.E., Seidman M.M. and Kraemer K.H. (1992). Sequence specificity of aflatoxin B1-induced mutations in a plasmid replicated in xeroderma pigmentosum and DNA repair proficient human cells. Cancer Res. 52, 5668-5673.
77. Li M., Zhang Z.F., Reuter V.E. and Cordon-Cardo C. (1996). Chromosome 3 allelic losses and microsatellite alterations in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Am. J. Pathol. 149, 229-235.
78. Lianes P., Orlow I., Zhang Z.F., Oliva M.R., Sarkis A.S., Reuter V.E. and Cordon-Cardo C. (1994). Altered patterns of MDM2 and TP53 expression in human bladder cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86, 1325-1330.
79. Linnenbach A.J., Robbins S.L., Seng B.A., Tomaszewski J.E., Pressler L.B. and Malkowicz S.B. (1994). Urothelial carcinogenesis. Nature 367, 419-420.
80. Lipponen P. and Eskelinen M. (1994). Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in bladder cancer as related to established prognosis factors, oncoprotein (c-erbB-2, p53) expression and long-term prognosis. Br. J. Cancer 69, 1120-1125.
81. Lipponen P.K. (1993). Over-expression of p53 nuclear oncoprotein in transitional-cell bladder cancer and its prognostic value. Int. J. Cancer 53, 365-370.
82. Lipponen P.K. and Eskelinen M.J. (1995). Reduced expression of E-cadherin is related to invasive disease and frequent recurrence in bladder cancer. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 121, 303-308.
83. Loeb L.A. (1991). Mutator phenotype may be required for multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 51, 3075-3079.
84. Loechler E.L., Green C.L. and Essigmann J.M. (1984). In vivo mutagenesis by O6-methylguanine built into a unique site in a viral genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 6271-6275.
85. Logothetis C.J., Xu H.J., Ro J.Y., Hu S.X., Sahin A., Ordonez N. and Benedict W.F. (1992). Altered expression of retinoblastoma protein and known prognostic variables in locally advanced bladder cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84, 1256-1261.
86. Lu M.L., Wikman F., Orntoft T.F., Charytonowicz E., Rabbani F., Zhang Z., Dalbagni G., Pohar K.S., Yu G. and Cordon-Cardo C. (2002). Impact of alterations affecting the p53 pathway in bladder cancer on clinical outcome, assessed by conventional and array-based methods. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 171-179.
87. Lutz W.K. (1990a). Dose-response relationship and low dose extrapolation in chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 11, 1243-1247.
88. Lutz W.K. (1990b). Endogenous genotoxic agents and processes as a basis of spontaneous carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 238, 287-295.
89. MacLeod M.C. (1996). A possible role in chemical carcinogenesis for epigenetic, heritable changes in gene expression. Mol. Carcinog. 15, 241-250.
90. Mahadevan V. and Hart I.R. (1990). Metast. Angiogen. Acta. Oncol. 29, 97-103.
91. Mareel M., Boterberg T., Noe V., Van Hoorde L., Vermeulen S., Bruyneel E. and Bracke M. (1997). E-cadherin/catenin/cytoskeleton complex: A regulator of cancer invasion. J. Cell. Physiol. 173, 271-274.
92. Marshall C.J., Vousden K.H. and Phillips D.H. (1984). Activation of c-Ha-ras-1 proto-oncogene by in vitro modification with a chemical carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide. Nature 310, 586-589.
93. Matsuyama H., Pan Y., Mahdy E.A., Malmstrom P.U., Hedrum A., Uhlen M., Busch C., Hirano T., Auer G. and Tribukait B. (1994). p53 deletion as a genetic marker in urothelial tumor by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Res. 54, 6057-6060.
94. McCormick F. (2001). Cancer gene therapy: Fringe or cutting edge? Nature Rev. Cancer 1, 130-141.
95. Melnick R.L., Kohn M.C. and Portier C.J. (1996). Implications for risk assessment of suggested nongenotoxic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Environ. Health Perspect. 104, 123-134.
96. Merlo A., Gabrielson E., Mabry M., Vollmer R., Baylin S.B. and Sidransky D. (1994). Homozygous deletion on chromosome 9p and loss of heterozygosity on 9q, 6p, and 6q in primary human small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 54, 2322-2326.
97. Messing E.M. and Reznikoff C.A. (1987). Normal and malignant human urothelium: In vitro effects of epidermal growth factor. Cancer Res. 47, 2230-2235.
98. Mialhe A., Louis J., Montlevier S., Peoch M., Pasquier D., Bosson J.L., Rambeaud J.J. and Seigneurin D. (1997). Expression of E-cadherin and alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenins in human bladder carcinomas: Are they good prognostic factors? Invasion Metastasis 17, 124-137.
99. Moch H., Sauter G., Moore D., Mihatsch M.J., Gudat F. and Waldman F. (1993). p53 and erbB-2 protein overexpression are associated with early invasion and metastasis in bladder cancer. Virchows Arch. (A) 423, 329-334.
100. Nguyen P.L., Swanson P.E., Jaszcz W., Aeppli D.M., Zhang G., Singleton T.P., Ward S., Dykoski D., Harvey J. and Niehans G.A. (1994). Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A multivariate survival analysis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 101, 166-176.
101. Novara R., Coda R., Martone T. and Vineis P. (1996). Exposure to aromatic amines and ras and c-erbB-2 overexpression in bladder cancer. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 38, 390-393.
102. Orlow I., Lianes P., Lacombe L., Dalbagni G., Reuter V.E. and Cordon-Cardo C. (1994). Chromosome 9 allelic losses and microsatellite alterations in human bladder tumors. Cancer Res. 54, 2848-2851.
103. Parada L.F., Tabin C.J., Shih C. and Weinberg R.A. (1982). Human EJ bladder carcinoma oncogene is homologue of Harvey sarcoma virus ras gene. Nature 297, 474-478.
104. Peltomaki P., Aaltonen L.A., Sistonen P., Pylkkanen L., Mecklin J.P., Jarvinen H., Green J.S., Jass J.R., Weber J.L. and Leach F.S. (1993). Genetic mapping of a locus predisposing to human colorectal cancer [see comments]. Science 260, 810-812.
105. Peyromaure M., Weibing S., Sebe P., Verpillat P., Toublanc M., Dauge M.C., Boccon-Gibod L. and Ravery V. (2002). Prognostic value of p53 overexpression in T1G3 bladder tumors treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy. Urology 59, 409-413.
106. Pfister C., Flaman J.M., Dunet F., Grise P. and Frebourg T. (1999a). p53 mutations in bladder tumors inactive the transactivation of the p21 and Bax genes, and have a predictive value for the clinical outcome after bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy. J. Urol. 162, 69-73.
107. Pfister C., Moore L., Allard P., Larue H., Lacombe L., Tetu B., Meyer F. and Fradet Y. (1999b). Predictive value of cell cycle markers p53, MDM2, p21, and Ki-67 in superficial bladder tumor recurrence. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 4079-4084.
108. Polascik T.J., Cairns P., Chang W.Y., Schoenberg M.P. and Sidransky D. (1995). Distinct regions of allelic loss on chromosome 4 in human primary bladder carcinoma. Cancer Res. 55, 5396-5399.
109. Pratt C.I., Kao C.H., Wu S.Q., Gilchrist K.W., Oyasu R. and Reznikoff C.A. (1992). Neoplastic progression by EJ/ras at different steps of transformation in vitro of human uroepithelial cells. Cancer Res. 52, 688-695.
110. Ravery V., Grignon D., Angulo J., Pontes E., Montie J., Crissman J. and Chopin D. (1997). Evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor, transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor and c-erbB2 in the progression of invasive bladder cancer. Urol. Res. 25, 9-17.
111. Reznikoff C.A., Belair C.D., Yeager T.R., Savelieva E., Blelloch R.H., Puthenveettil J.A. and Cuthill S. (1996). A molecular genetic model of human bladder cancer pathogenesis. Semin. Oncol. 23, 571-584.
112. Risch A., Wallace D.M., Bathers S. and Sim E. (1995). Slow N-acetylation genotype is a susceptibility factor in occupational and smoking related bladder cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 4, 231-236.
113. Rodriguez-Alonso A., Pita-Fernandez S., Gonzalez-Carrero J. and Nogueira-March J.L. (2002). p53 and Ki67 expression as prognostic factors for cancer-related survival in stage T1 transitional cell bladder carcinoma. Eur. Urol. 41, 182-188; discussion 188-189.
114. Ronai Z.A., Gradia S., Peterson L.A. and Hecht S.S. (1993). G to A transitions and G to T transversions in codon 12 of the Ki-ras oncogene isolated from mouse lung tumors induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and related DNA methylating and pyridyloxobutylating agents. Carcinogenesis 14, 2419-2422.
115. Rosin M.P., Cairns P., Epstein J.I., Schoenberg M.P. and Sidransky D. (1995). Partial allelotype of carcinoma in situ of the human bladder. Cancer Res. 55, 5213-5216.
116. Sardi I., Dal Canto M., Bartoletti R., Guazzelli R., Travaglini F. and Montali E. (1998). Molecular genetic alterations of c-myc oncogene in superficial and locally advanced bladder cancer. Eur. Urol. 33, 424-430.
117. Sardi I., Dal Canto M., Bartoletti R. and Montali E. (1997). Abnormal c-myc oncogene DNA methylation in human bladder cancer: Possible role in tumor progression. Eur. Urol. 31, 227-230.
118. Sarkis A.S., Bajorin D.F., Reuter V.E., Herr H.W., Netto G., Zhang Z.F., Schultz P.K., Cordon-Cardo C. and Scher H.I. (1995). Prognostic value of p53 nuclear overexpression in patients with invasive bladder cancer treated with neoadjuvant MVAC. J. Clin. Oncol. 13, 1384-1390.
119. Sarkis A.S., Dalbagni G., Cordon-Cardo C., Zhang Z.F., Sheinfeld J., Fair W.R., Herr H.W. and Reuter V.E. (1993). Nuclear overexpression of p53 protein in transitional cell bladder carcinoma: A marker for disease progression. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 53-59.
120. Sauter G., Haley J., Chew K., Kerschmann R., Moore D., Carroll P., Moch H., Gudat F., Mihatsch M.J. and Waldman F. (1994). Epidermal-growth-factor-receptor expression is associated with rapid tumor proliferation in bladder cancer. Int. J. Cancer 57, 508-514.
121. Sauter G., Moch H., Gasser T.C., Mihatsch M.J. and Waldman F.M. (1995). Heterogeneity of chromosome 17 and erbB-2 gene copy number in primary and metastatic bladder cancer. Cytometry 21, 40-46.
122. Schmitz-Drager B.J., Jankevicius F. and Ackermann R. (1996). Molecular biology of dissemination in bladder cancer - Laboratory findings and clinical significance. World J. Urol. 14, 190-196.
123. Schmitz-Drager B.J., Kushima M., Goebell P., Jax T.W., Gerharz C.D., Bultel H., Schulz W.A., Ebert T. and Ackermann R. (1997a). p53 and MDM2 in the development and progression of bladder cancer. Eur. Urol. 32, 487-493.
124. Schmitz-Drager B.J., Schulz W.A., Jurgens B., Gerharz C.D., Van Roeyen C.R., Bultel H., Ebert T. and Ackermann R. (1997b). c-myc in bladder cancer. Clinical findings and analysis of mechanism. Urol. Res. 25, S45-49.
125. Schoenberg M., Kiemeney L., Walsh P.C., Griffin C.A. and Sidransky D. (1996). Germline translocation t(5;20)(p15;q11) and familial transitional cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 155, 1035-1036.
126. Schultz D.C., Vanderveer L., Buetow K.H., Boente M.P., Ozols R.F., Hamilton T.C. and Godwin A.K. (1995). Characterization of chromosome 9 in human ovarian neoplasia identifies frequent genetic imbalance on 9q and rare alterations involving 9p, including CDKN2. Cancer Res. 55, 2150-2157.
127. See W.A. (1993). Plasminogen activators: Regulators of tumor cell adherence to sites of lower urinary tract surgical trauma. J. Urol. 150, 1024-1029.
128. See W.A. and Chapman W.H. (1987). Tumor cell implantation following neodymium-YAG bladder injury: A comparison of electrocautery injury. J. Urol. 137, 1266-1269.
129. See W.A. and Williams R.D. (1992). Urothelial injury and clotting cascade activation: Common denominators in particulate adherence to urothelial surfaces. J. Urol. 147, 541-548.
130. See W.A., Chapman P.H. and Williams R.D. (1990). Kinetics of transitional tumor cell line 4909 adherence to injured urothelial surfaces in F-344 rats. Cancer Res. 50, 2499-2504.
131. See W.A., Miller J.S. and Williams R.D. (1989). Pathophysiology of transitional tumor cell adherence to sites of urothelial injury in rats: Mechanisms mediating intravesical recurrence due to implantation. Cancer Res. 49, 5414-5418.
132. See W.A., Yong X., Crist S. and Hedican S. (1994). Diversity and modulation of plasminogen activator activity in human transitional carcinoma cell lines. J. Urol. 151, 1691-1696.
133. Seripa D., Parrella P., Gallucci M., Gravina C., Papa S., Fortunato P., Alcini A., Flammia G., Lazzari M. and Fazio V.M. (2001). Sensitive detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder by microsatellite analysis of cells exfoliated in urine. Int. J. Cancer 95, 364-369.
134. Serrano M., Hannon G.J. and Beach D. (1993). A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4. Nature 366, 704-707.
135. Shariat S.F., Pahlavan S., Baseman A.G., Brown R.M., Green A.E., Wheeler T.M. and Lerner S.P. (2001). E-cadherin expression predicts clinical outcome in carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Urology 57, 60-65.
136. Shiina H., Igawa M., Shigeno K., Yamasaki Y., Urakami S., Yoneda T., Wada Y., Honda S. and Nagasaki M. (1999). Clinical significance of mdm2 and p53 expression in bladder cancer. A comparison with cell proliferation and apoptosis. Oncology 56, 239-247.
137. Shimazui T., Schalken J.A., Giroldi L.A., Jansen C.F., Akaza H., Koiso K., Debruyne F.M. and Bringuier P.P. (1996). Prognostic value of cadherin-associated molecules (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenins and p120cas) in bladder tumors. Cancer Res. 56, 4154-4158.
138. Shopland D.R., Eyre H.J. and Pechacek T.F. (1991). Smoking-attributable cancer mortality in 1991: Is lung cancer now the leading cause of death among smokers in the United States? [see comments]. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83, 1142-1148.
139. Sidransky D., Frost P., Von Eschenbach A., Oyasu R., Preisinger A.C. and Vogelstein B. (1992). Clonal origin bladder cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 326, 737-740.
140. Sidransky D., Von Eschenbach A., Tsai Y.C., Jones P., Summerhayes I., Marshall F., Paul M., Green P., Hamilton S.R. and Frost P. (1991). Identification of p53 gene mutations in bladder cancers and urine samples. Science 252, 706-709.
141. Simoneau A.R. and Jones P.A. (1994). Bladder cancer: The molecular progression to invasive disease. World J. Urol. 12, 89-95.
142. Simoneau A.R., Spruck C.H. 3rd, Gonzalez-Zulueta M., Gonzalgo M.L., Chan M.F., Tsai Y.C., Dean M., Steven K., Horn T. and Jones P.A. (1996). Evidence for two tumor suppressor loci associated with proximal chromosome 9p to q and distal chromosome 9q in bladder cancer and the initial screening for GAS1 and PTC mutations. Cancer Res. 56, 5039-5043.
143. Soini Y., Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T., Kamel D., Autio-Harmainen H., Risteli J., Risteli L., Nuorva K., Paakko P. and Vahakangas K. (1993). p53 immunohistochemistry in transitional cell carcinoma and dysplasia of the urinary bladder correlates with disease progression. Br. J. Cancer 68, 1029-1035.
144. Soloway M.S. and Masters S. (1980). Urothelial susceptibility to tumor cell implantation: Influence of cauterization. Cancer 46, 1158-1163.
145. Spruck C.H.D., Rideout W.M.D., Olumi A.F., Ohneseit P.F., Yang A.S., Tsai Y.C., Nichols P.W., Horn T., Hermann G.G. and Steven K. (1993). Distinct pattern of p53 mutations in bladder cancer: Relationship to tobacco usage [published erratum appears in Cancer Res 1993 May 15;53(10 Suppl):2427]. Cancer Res. 53, 1162-1166.
146. Swaminathan S., Torino J.L. and Burger M.S. (2002). Human urinary bladder epithelial cells lacking wild-type p53 function are deficient in the repair of 4-aminobiphenyl-DNA adducts in genomic DNA. Mutat. Res. 499, 103-117.
147. Swenberg J.A., Richardson F.C., Boucheron J.A., Deal F.H., Belinsky S.A., Charbonneau M. and Short B.G. (1987). High- to low-dose extrapolation: Critical determinants involved in the dose response of carcinogenic substances. Environ. Health Perspect. 76, 57-63.
148. Syrigos K.N., Krausz T., Waxman J., Pandha H., Rowlinson-Busza G., Verne J., Epenetos A.A. and Pignatelli M. (1995). E-cadherin expression in bladder cancer using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: Correlation with histopathological grade, tumor stage and survival. Int. J. Cancer 64, 367-370.
149. Takahashi T., Habuchi T., Kakehi Y., Mitsumori K., Akao T., Terachi T. and Yoshida O. (1998). Clonal and chronological genetic analysis of multifocal cancers of the bladder and upper urinary tract. Cancer Res. 58, 5835-5841.
150. Talalay P. (1989). Mechanisms of induction of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogenesis. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 28, 237-250.
151. Theodorescu D., Cornil I., Fernandez B.J. and Kerbel R.S. (1990). Overexpression of normal and mutated forms of HRAS induces orthotopic bladder invasion in a human transitional cell carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9047-9051.
152. Theodorescu D., Cornil I., Sheehan C., Man M.S. and Kerbel R.S. (1991). Ha-ras induction of the invasive phenotype results in up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptors and altered responsiveness to epidermal growth factor in
153. Theodorescu D., Laderoute K.R., Calaoagan J.M. and Gulding K.M. (1998a). Inhibition of human bladder cancer cell motility by genistein is dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor but not P21ras gene expression. Int. J. Cancer 78, 775-782.
154. Theodorescu D., Laderoute K.R., and Gulding K.M. (1998b). Epidermal growth factor receptor-regulated human bladder cancer motility is in part a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated process. Cell Growth Differ. 9, 919-928.
155. Tsai Y.C., Simoneau A.R., Spruck C.H. III, Nichols P.W., Steven K., Buckley J.D. and Jones P.A. (1995). Mosaicism in human epithelium: Macroscopic monoclonal patches cover the urothelium. J. Urol. 153, 1697-1700.
156. Turkeri L.N., Erton M.L., Cevik I. and Akdas A. (1998). Impact of the expression of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and epidermal growth factor receptor on the prognosis of superficial bladder cancer. Urology 51, 645-649.
157. Underwood M., Bartlett J., Reeves J., Gardiner D.S., Scott R. and Cooke T. (1995). C-erbB-2 gene amplification: A molecular marker in recurrent bladder tumors? Cancer Res. 55, 2422-2430.
158. Utting M., Werner W., Dahse R., Schubert J. and Junker K. (2002). Microsatellite analysis of free tumor DNA in urine, serum, and plasma of patients: A minimally invasive method for the detection of bladder cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 35-40.
159. Veneis P. and Caporaso N. (1995). Tobacco and cancer: Epidemiology and the laboratory. Environ. Health Perspect. 103, 156-160.
160. Vogel C.L., Cobleigh M.A., Tripathy D., Gutheil J.C., Harris L.N., Fehrenbacher L., Slamon D.J., Murphy M., Novotny W.F., Burchmore M., Shak S., Stewart S.J. and Press M. (2002). Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 719-726.
161. Wada T., Louhelainen J., Hemminki K., Adolfsson J., Wijkstrom H., Norming U., Borgstrom E., Hansson J., Sandstedt B. and Steineck G. (2000). Bladder cancer: Allelic deletions at and around the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene in relation to stage and grade. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 610-615.
162. Wagner U., Bubendorf L., Gasser T.C., Moch H., Gorog J.P., Richter J., Mihatsch M.J., Waldman F.M. and Sauter G. (1997). Chromosome 8p deletions are associated with invasive tumor growth in urinary bladder cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 753-759.
163. Weber J.L. (1990). Informativeness of human (dC-dA)n. (dG-dT)n polymorphisms. Genomics 7, 524-530.
164. Weinstein I.B. (1991). Mitogenesis is only one factor in carcinogenesis. Science 251, 387-388.
165. Weinstein I.B. (2000). Disorders in cell circuitry during multistage carcinogenesis: The role of homeostasis. Carcinogenesis 21, 857-864.
166. Weinstein I.B. (2002). CANCER: Enhanced: Addiction to oncogenes - The Achilles Heal of Cancer. Science 297, 63-64.
167. Wheeless L.L., Reeder J.E., Han R., MJ O.C., Frank I.N., Cockett A.T. and Hopman A.H. (1994). Bladder irrigation specimens assayed by fluorescence in situ hybridization to interphase nuclei. Cytometry 17, 319-326.
168. Wick W., Petersen I., Schmutzler R.K., Wolfarth B., Lenartz D., Bierhoff E., Hummerich J., Muller D.J., Stangl A.P., Schramm J., Wiestler O.D. and Von Deimling A. (1996). Evidence for a novel tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 15 associated with progression to a metastatic stage in breast cancer. Oncogene 12, 973-978.
169. Wormhoudt L.W., Commandeur J.N. and Vermeulen N.P. (1999). Genetic polymorphisms of human N-acetyltransferase, cytochrome P450, glutathione-S-transferase, and epoxide hydrolase enzymes: Relevance to xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 29, 59-124.
170. Yu M.C., Skipper P.L., Taghizadeh K., Tannenbaum S.R., Chan K.K., Henderson B.E. and Ross R.K. (1994). Acetylator phenotype, aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adduct levels, and bladder cancer risk in white, black, and Asian men in Los Angeles, California. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86, 712-716.
171. Zhang J., Zheng S., Fan Z., Gao Y., Di X., Wang D., Xiao Z., Li C., An Q. and Chen S. (2001). A comparison between microsatellite analysis and cytology of urine for the detection of bladder cancer. Cancer Lett. 172, 55-58.
172. Zlotta A.R., Noel J.C., Fayt I., Drowart A., Van Vooren J.P., Huygen K., Simon J. and Schulman C.C. (1999). Correlation and prognostic significance of p53, p21WAF1/CIP1 and Ki-67 expression in patients with superficial bladder tumors treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical therapy. J. Urol. 161, 792-798.