Racial and ethnic disparities in coronary heart disease in women: Prevention, treatment, and needed interventions

Women's Health Issues

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 252-271

  Johnson, Paula A ^a   Fulp, Rachael S ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HOMOCYSTEINE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY RISK; DIABETES MELLITUS; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; HEART INFARCTION PREVENTION; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IMMOBILIZATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MORTALITY; OBESITY; PATIENT REFERRAL; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RACE DIFFERENCE; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; STRESS; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY;

ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; CORONARY DISEASE; CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS; CULTURAL DIVERSITY; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; UNITED STATES; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

EID: 0037027827     PISSN: 10493867     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1049-3867(02)00148-2     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (104)

1. Robertson R.M. Women and cardiovascular disease the risks of misperception and the need for action. Circulation. 103:2001;2318-2320.
2. Healthy People 2010 Understanding and improving health. 2nd ed. 2000;U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
3. Murphy S. Deaths final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports. Vol. 48:2000;National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD. No. 11.
4. 2001 Heart and stroke statistical update. 2000;American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas.
5. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III [1988-94]. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
6. Casper M.L.B.E., Halverson J.A., Elmes G.A., et al. Women and heart disease an atlas of racial and ethnic disparities in mortality. 2nd ed:2000;Office for Social Environment and Health Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
7. Coakley E.H., Kawachi I., Manson J.E., Speizer F.E., Willet W.C., Colditz G.A. Lower levels of physical functioning are associated with higher body weight among middle-aged and older women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 22:1998;958-965.
8. Rexrode K.M., Lee I.M., Cook N.R., Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E. Baseline characteristics of participants in the Women's Health Study. J Women's Health Gend Based Med. 9:2000;19-27.
9. Lee E.T., Welty T.K., Fabsitz R., et al. The Strong Heart Study. A study of cardiovascular disease in American Indians design and methods. Am J Epidemiol. 132:1990;1141-1155.
10. Sempos C.T., Bild D.E., Manolio T.A. Overview of the Jackson Heart Study a study of cardiovascular diseases in African American men and women. Am J Med Sci. 317:1999;142-146.
11. Rosenberg L., Adams-Campbell L., Palmer J.R. The Black Women's Health Study a follow-up study for causes and preventions of illness. J Am Med Women's Assoc. 50:1995;56-58.
12. Winkleby M.A., Kraemer H.C., Ahn D.K., Varady A.N. Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors findings for women from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. JAMA. 280:1998;356-362.
13. Rosenberg L., Palmer J.R., Rao R.S., Adams-Campbell L.L. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in African American women. Am J Epidemiol. 150:1999;904-909.
14. Stampfer M.J., Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Rimm E.B., Willett W.C. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med. 343:2000;16-22.
15. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1997.
16. Mokdad A.H., Bowman B.A., Ford E.S., Vinicor F., Marks J.S., Koplan J.P. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 286:2001;1195-1200.
17. Harris M.I., Flegal K.M., Cowie C.C., et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Diabetes Care. 21:1998;518-524.
18. Brancati F.L., Kao W.H., Folsom A.R., Watson R.L., Szklo M. Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American and white adults the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. JAMA. 283:2000;2253-2259.
19. Robbins J.M., Vaccarino V., Zhang H., Kasl S.V. Excess type 2 diabetes in African-American women and men aged 40-74 and socioeconomic status evidence from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Epidemiol Community Health. 54:2000;839-845.
20. Brancati F.L., Whelton P.K., Kuller L.H., Klag M.J. Diabetes mellitus, race, and socioeconomic status a population-based study. Ann Epidemiol. 6:1996;67-73.
21. Rosenbloom A.L., Joe J.R., Young R.S., Winter W.E. Emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care. 22:1999;345-354.
22. Harris M.I. Racial and ethnic differences in health care access and health outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 24:2001;454-459.
23. Mosca L., Manson J.E., Sutherland S.E., Langer R.D., Manolio T., Barrett-Connor E. Cardiovascular disease in women a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Writing Group. Circulation. 96:1997;2468-2482.
24. Howard B.V., Lee E.T., Cowan L.D., et al. Rising tide of cardiovascular disease in American Indians. The Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 99:1999;2389-2395.
25. Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med. 345:2001;790-797.
26. The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity. 2001;U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, Rockville, MD.
27. Manson J.E.L.C., Kotchen J.M., Allen C., et al. Ethnic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle correlates of obesity in U.S. women. The Women's Health Initiative. Clin J Women's Health. 1:2001;225-234.
28. Kumanyika S.K. Special issues regarding obesity in minority populations. Ann Intern Med. 119:1993;650-654.
29. Strong Heart Study [1989-92]. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
30. Troiano R.P.F.K. Overweight children and adolescents description, epidemiology, and demographics. Pediatrics. 101:1998;497-504.
31. James S.A. Primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease among African-Americans a social epidemiological perspective. Prev Med. 29:1999;S84-S89.
32. Downs J.R., Beere P.A., Whitney E., et al. Design and rationale of the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Am J Cardiol. 80:1997;287-293.
33. Downs J.R., Clearfield M., Weis S., et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA. 279:1998;1615-1622.
34. Lewis S.J., Sacks F.M., Mitchell J.S., et al. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 32:1998;140-146.
35. Sacks F.M., Pfeffer M.A., Moye L.A., et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 335:1996;1001-1009.
36. National Health Interview Survey [1998]. 2000;National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD.
37. Women and smoking a report of the Surgeon General. 2001;U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, Rockville, MD.
38. Romano P.S., Bloom J., Syme S.L. Smoking, social support, and hassles in an urban African-American community. Am J Public Health. 81:1991;1415-1422.
39. Manfredi C., Lacey L., Warnecke R., Buis M. Smoking-related behavior, beliefs, and social environment of young black women in subsidized public housing in Chicago. Am J Public Health. 82:1992;267-272.
40. Kelly A., Blair N., Pechacek T.F. Women and smoking issues and opportunities. J Women's Health Gend Based Med. 10:2001;515-518.
41. CDC Surveillance Summaries. MMWR 2000;49 (No. SS-5).
42. Pate R.R., Pratt M., Blair S.N., et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 273:1995;402-407.
43. Carter-Edwards L., Bynoe M.J., Svetkey L.P. Knowledge of diet and blood pressure among African Americans use of focus groups for questionnaire development. Ethn Dis. 8:1998;184-197.
44. Behera S.K., Winkleby M.A., Collins R. Low awareness of cardiovascular disease risk among low-income African-American women. Am J Health Promot. 14:2000;301-305. iii.
45. Johnson PA. Personal communication.
46. Eaker E.D. Psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease in women. Cardiol Clin. 16:1998;103-111.
47. Taylor S.E., Klein L.C., Lewis B.P., Gruenewald T.L., Gurung R.A., Updegraff J.A. Biobehavioral responses to stress in females tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychol Rev. 107:2000;411-429.
48. Ridker P.M., Buring J.E., Shih J., Matias M., Hennekens C.H. Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation. 98:1998;731-733.
49. Ridker P.M., Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E., Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med. 342:2000;836-843.
50. Kaplan G.A., Keil J.E. Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease a review of the literature. Circulation. 88:1993;1973-1998.
51. Wing S., Barnett E., Casper M., Tyroler H.A. Geographic and socioeconomic variation in the onset of decline of coronary heart disease mortality in white women. Am J Public Health. 82:1992;204-209.
52. Winkleby M.A., Cubbin C., Ahn D.K., Kraemer H.C. Pathways by which SES and ethnicity influence cardiovascular disease risk factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 896:1999;191-209.
53. Rogot E.S.P.D., Johnson N.J., Schmitt A. A mortality study of 1.3 million persons by demographic social and economic factors 1979-1985 follow-up. 1992;National Institutes of Health.
54. Cunningham M.A., Lee T.H., Cook E.F., et al. The effect of gender on the probability of myocardial infarction among emergency department patients with acute chest pain a report from the Multicenter Chest Pain Study Group. J Gen Intern Med. 4:1989;392-398.
55. Johnson P.A., Lee T.H., Cook E.F., Rouan G.W., Goldman L. Effect of race on the presentation and management of patients with acute chest pain. [see comments] Ann Intern Med. 118:1993;593-601.
56. Summers R.L., Cooper G.J., Carlton F.B., Andrews M.E., Kolb J.C. Prevalence of atypical chest pain descriptions in a population from the southern United States. Am J Med Sci. 318:1999;142-145.
57. Fisher S.G., Cooper R., Weber L., Liao Y. Psychosocial correlates of chest pain among African-American women. Women Health. 24:1996;19-35.
58. Hall J.A., Roter D.L. Medical communication and gender a summary of research. J Gender-Specific Med. 1:1998;39-42.
59. Anderson R.T., Barbara A.M., Weisman C., et al. A qualitative analysis of women's satisfaction with primary care from a panel of focus groups in the National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. J Women's Health Gend Based Med. 10:2001;637-647.
60. Cooper-Patrick L., Gallo J.J., Gonzales J.J., et al. Race, gender, and partnership in the patient-physician relationship. JAMA. 282:1999;583-589.
61. Doescher M.P., Saver B.G., Franks P., Fiscella K. Racial and ethnic disparities in perceptions of physician style and trust. Arch Fam Med. 9:2000;1156-1163.
62. Morales L.S., Cunningham W.E., Brown J.A., Liu H., Hays R.D. Are Latinos less satisfied with communication by health care providers? J Gen Intern Med. 14:1999;409-417.
63. Vaccarino V., Parsons L., Every N.R., Barron H.V., Krumholz H.M. Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants. N Engl J Med. 341:1999;217-225.
64. Shlipak M.G., Elmouchi D.A., Herrington D.M., Lin F., Grady D., Hlatky M.A. The incidence of unrecognized myocardial infarction in women with coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 134:2001;1043-1047.
65. Hulley S., Grady D., Bush T., et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA. 280:1998;605-613.
66. Jollis J.G., DeLong E.R., Peterson E.D., et al. Outcome of acute myocardial infarction according to the specialty of the admitting physician. [see comments] N Engl J Med. 335:1996;1880-1887.
67. Go A.S., Rao R.K., Dauterman K.W., Massie B.M. A systematic review of the effects of physician specialty on the treatment of coronary disease and heart failure in the United States. Am J Med. 108:2000;216-226.
68. Casale P.N., Jones J.L., Wolf F.E., Pei Y., Eby L.M. Patients treated by cardiologists have a lower in-hospital mortality for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 32:1998;885-889.
69. Ayanian J.Z., Guadagnoli E., McNeil B.J., Cleary P.D. Treatment and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction among patients of cardiologists and generalist physicians. Arch Intern Med. 157:1997;2570-2576.
70. Ayanian J.Z., Udvarhelyi I.S., Gatsonis C.A., Pashos C.L., Epstein A.M. Racial differences in the use of revascularization procedures after coronary angiography. JAMA. 269:1993;2642-2646.
71. Wenneker M.B., Epstein A.M. Racial inequalities in the use of procedures for patients with ischemic heart disease in Massachusetts. JAMA. 261:1988;253-257.
72. Giles W.H., Anda R.F., Casper M.L., Escobedo L.G., Taylor H.A. Race and sex differences in rates of invasive cardiac procedures in US hospitals. Data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Arch Intern Med. 155:1995;318-324.
73. Whittle J., Conigliaro J., Good C.B., Lofgren R.P. Racial differences in the use of invasive cardiovascular procedures in the Department of Veterans Affairs medical system. N Engl J Med. 329:1993;621-627.
74. Carlisle D.M., Leake B.D., Shapiro M.F. Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of cardiovascular procedures associations with type of health insurance. Am J Public Health. 87:1997;263-267.
75. Peterson E.D., Shaw L.K., DeLong E.R., Pryor D.B., Califf R.M., Mark D.B. Racial variation in the use of coronary-revascularization procedures. Are the differences real? Do they matter? N Engl J Med. 336:1997;480-486.
76. Peterson E.D., Wright S.M., Daley J., Thibault G.E. Racial variation in cardiac procedure use and survival following acute myocardial infarction in the Department of Veterans Affairs. JAMA. 271:1994;1175-1180.
77. Ayanian J.Z., Epstein A.M. Differences in the use of procedures between women and men hospitalized for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 325:1991;221-225.
78. Johnson P.A., Goldman L., Orav E.J., et al. Gender differences in the management of acute chest pain support for the "Yentl syndrome" J Gen Intern Med. 11:1996;209-217.
79. Tobin J.N., Wassertheil-Smoller S., Wexler J.P., et al. Sex bias in considering coronary bypass surgery. Ann Intern Med. 107:1987;19-25.
80. Steingart R.M., Packer M., Hamm P., et al. Sex differences in the management of coronary artery disease. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Investigators. N Engl J Med. 325:1991;226-230.
81. Gardner T.J., Horneffer P.J., Gott V.L., et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting in women a ten-year perspective. Ann Surg. 201:1985;780-784.
82. Christakis G.T., Ivanov J., Weisel R.D., Birnbaum P.L., David T.E., Salerno T.A. The changing pattern of coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation. 80:1989;I151-I161.
83. Goldman L., Hashimoto B., Cook E.F., Loscalzo A. Comparative reproducibility and validity of systems for assessing cardiovascular functional class advantages of a new specific activity scale. Circulation. 64:1981;1227-1234.
84. Bell M.R., Holmes D.R. Jr, Berger P.B., Garratt K.N., Bailey K.R., Gersh B.J. The changing in-hospital mortality of women undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. JAMA. 269:1993;2091-2095.
85. Schneider E.C., Leape L.L., Weissman J.S., Piana R.N., Gastonis C., Epstein A.M. Racial differences in cardiac revascularization rates Does "overuse" explain higher rates among white patients? Ann Intern Med. 135:2001;328-337.
86. Schulman K.A., Berlin J.A., Harless W., et al. The effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiac catheterization. N Engl J Med. 340:1999;618-626.
87. Johnson P.A., Goldman L., Orav E.J., Yoon C.S., Guadagnoli E., Lee T.H. Correlates of patients' thresholds for undergoing cardiology procedures. Med Decis Making. 12:1992;350.
88. Shahar E., Folsom A.R., Romm F.J., et al. Patterns of aspirin use in middle-aged adults the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am Heart J. 131:1996;915-922.
89. Giacomini M.K. Gender and ethnic differences in hospital-based procedure utilization in California. Arch Intern Med. 156:1996;1217-1224.
90. Rice D.P. Older women's health and access to care. Women's Health Issues. 10:2000;42-46.
91. Misra D., Women's health data book a profile of women's health in the United States. 3rd ed. 2001;Jacob's Institute of Women's Health and The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Washington, DC.
92. Yanek L.R., Becker D.M., Moy T.F., Gittelsohn J., Koffman D.M. Project Joy faith based cardiovascular health promotion for African American women. Public Health Rep. 116:(Suppl 1):2001;68-81.
93. Airhihenbuwa C.O., Kumanyika S.K., TenHave T.R., Morssink C.B. Cultural identity and health lifestyles among African Americans a new direction for health intervention research? Ethn Dis. 10:2000;148-164.
94. Shea S., Basch C.E., Wechsler H., Lantigua R. The Washington Heights-Inwood Healthy Heart Program a 6-year report from a disadvantaged urban setting. Am J Public Health. 86:1996;166-171.
95. Alcalay R., Alvarado M., Balcazar H., Newman E., Huerta E. Salud para su Corazon a community-based Latino cardiovascular disease prevention and outreach model. J Community Health. 24:1999;359-379.
96. Moreno C., Alvarado M., Balcazar H., Lane C., Newman E., Ortiz G., Forrest M. Heart disease education and prevention program targeting immigrant Latinos using focus groups responses to develop effective interventions. J Community Health. 22:1997;435-450.
97. Rosamond W.D., Ammerman A.S., Holliday J.L., et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factor intervention in low-income women the North Carolina WISEWOMAN project. Prev Med. 31:2000;370-379.
98. Brandt A.M. Racism and research the case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Hastings Cent Rep. 8:1978;21-29.
99. Caplan A.L. Twenty years after. The legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. When evil intrudes. Hastings Cent Rep. 22:1992;29-32.
100. Gamble V.N. Under the shadow of Tuskegee African Americans and health care. Am J Public Health. 87:1997;1773-1778.
101. National Institutes of Health Strategic Plan to Reduce and Eliminate Health Disparities Fiscal Years 2002-2006. 2000;U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD. p. 29.
102. Cooper E.S. Cardiovascular diseases and stroke in African Americans a call for action. J Natl Med Assoc. 85:1993;97-100.
103. Pechura C.M. Programs of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to develop minority medical careers. Am J Med Sci. 322:2001;259-261.
104. Rene A., Fakunding J. The support of minority training and career development in the biomedical and biobehavioral sciences by the National Institutes of Health. Ethn Dis. 2:1992;288-295.