Insight into the physiological actions of thyroid hormone receptors from genetically modified mice

Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 175, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 553-570

  O'Shea, P J ^a   Williams, G R ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA; LIOTHYRONINE; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR ALPHA; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR BETA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AUDITORY SYSTEM FUNCTION; BONE GROWTH; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA MODIFICATION; GENE DELETION; GENE FUNCTION; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HEARING IMPAIRMENT; HEART FUNCTION; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE RECEPTOR INTERACTION; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IMMUNOREGULATION; IN VIVO STUDY; INTESTINE FUNCTION; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; MOUSE; MOUSE MUTANT; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMALL INTESTINE; THERMOGENESIS; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

ANIMALS; FEMALE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; MALE; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MICE, TRANSGENIC; MODELS, ANIMAL; PHENOTYPE; PITUITARY GLAND; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; RECEPTORS, THYROID HORMONE; THYROID GLAND; TRIIODOTHYRONINE;

EID: 0036936394     PISSN: 00220795     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1750553     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Abel ED, Boers ME, Pazos-Moura C, Moura E, Kaulbach H, Zakaria M, Lowell B, Radovick S, Liberman MC & Wondisford F 1999a Divergent roles for thyroid hormone receptor beta isoforms in the endocrine axis and auditory system. Journal of Clinical Investigation 104 291-300.
2. Abel ED, Kaulbach HC, Campos-Barros A, Ahima. RS, Boers ME, Hashimoto K, Forrest D & Wondisford FE 1999b Novel insight from transgenic mice into thyroid hormone resistance and the regulation of thyrotropin. Journal of Clinical Investigation 103 271-279.
3. Amma LL, Campos-Barros A, Wang Z, Vennstrom B & Forrest D 2001 Distinct tissue-specific roles for thyroid hormone receptors beta and alpha1 in regulation of type 1 deiodinase expression. Molecular Endocrinology 15 467-475.
4. Anthony A, Adams PM & Stein SA 1993 The effects of congenital hypothyroidism using the hyt/hyt mouse on locomotor activity and learned behavior. Hormones and Behaviour 27 418-433.
5. Arpin C, Pihlgren M, Fraichard A, Aubert D, Samarut J, Chassande O & Marvel J 2000 Effects of T3R alpha 1 and T3R alpha 2 gene deletion on T and B lymphocyte development. Journal of Immunology 164 152-160.
6. Ball SG, Ikeda M & Chin WW 1997 Deletion of the thyroid hormone beta1 receptor increases basal and triiodothyronine-induced growth hormone messenger ribonucleic acid in GH3 cells. Endocrinology 138 3125-3132.
7. Baniahmad A, Tsai SY, O'Malley BW & Tsai MJ 1992 Kindred S thyroid hormone receptor is an active and constitutive silencer and a repressor for thyroid hormone and retinoic acid responses. PNAS 89 10633-10637.
8. Beamer WG, Eicher EM, Maltais LJ & Southard JC 1981 Inherited primary hypothyroidism in mice. Science 212 61-63.
9. Beck-Peccoz P, Amr S, Menezes-Ferreira MM, Faglia G & Weintraub BD 1985 Decreased receptor binding of biologically inactive thyrotropin in central hypothyroidism. Effect of treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. New England Journal of Medicine 312 1085-1090.
10. Bianco AC, Salvatore D, Gereben B, Berry MJ & Larsen PR 2002 Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocrine Reviews 23 38-89.
11. Bradley DJ, Towle HC & Young WS 1992 Spatial and temporal expression of alpha- and beta-thyroid hormone receptor mRNAs, including the beta 2-subtype, in the developing mammalian nervous system. Journal of Neuroscience 12 2288-2302.
12. Bradley DJ, Towle HC & Young WS 1994 Alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptor (TR) gene expression during auditory neurogenesis: evidence for TR isoform-specific transcriptional regulation in vivo. PNAS 91 439-443.
13. Brucker-Davis F, Skarulis MC, Grace MB, Benichou J, Hauser P, Wiggs E & Weintraub BD 1995 Genetic and clinical features of 42 kindreds with resistance to thyroid hormone. The National Institutes of Health Prospective Study. Annals of Internal Medicine 123 572-583.
14. Caiozzo VJ, Swoap S, Tao M, Menzel D & Baldwin KM 1993 Single fiber analyses of type IIA myosin heavy chain distribution in hyper- and hypothyroid soleus. American Journal of Physiology 265 C842-C850.
15. Calza L, Forrest D, Vennstrom B & Hokfelt T 2000 Expression of peptides and other neurochemical markers in hypothalamus and olfactory bulb of mice devoid of all known thyroid hormone receptors. Neuroscience 101 1001-1012.
16. Castillo RO, Glasscock GF, Noren KM & Reisenauer AM 1991 Pituitary regulation of postnatal small intestinal ontogeny in the rat: differential regulation of digestive hydrolase maturation by thyroxine and growth hormone. Endocrinology 129 1417-1423.
17. Chassande O, Fraichard A, Gauthier K, Flamant F, Legrand C, Savatier P, Laudet V & Samarut J 1997 Identification of transcripts initiated from an internal promoter in the c-erbA alpha locus that encode inhibitors of retinoic acid receptor-alpha and triiodothyronine receptor activities. Molecular Endocrinology 11 1278-1290.
18. Crestani M, Karam WG & Chiang JY 1994 Effects of bile acids and steroid/thyroid hormones on the expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA and the CYP7 gene in HepG2 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 198 546-553.
19. Dellovade TL, Zhu YS, Krey & Pfaff DW 1996 Thyroid hormone and estrogen interact to regulate behavior. PNAS 93 12581-12586.
20. Dellovade TL, Kia HK, Zhu YS & Pfaff DW 1999a Thyroid hormone coadministration inhibits the estrogen-stimulated elevation of preproenkephalin mRNA in female rat hypothalamic neurons. Neuroendocrinology 70 168-174.
21. Dellovade TL, Zhu YS & Pfaff DW 1999b Thyroid hormones and estrogen affect oxytocin gene expression in hypothalamic neurons. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 11 1-10.
22. Dellovade TL, Chan J, Vennstrom B, Forrest D & Pfaff DW 2000 The two thyroid hormone receptor genes have opposite effects on estrogen-stimulated sex behaviors. Nature Neuroscience 3 472-475.
23. DeLong GR 1993 Effects of nutrition on brain development in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57 286S-290S.
24. Deol MS 1973 An experimental approach to the understanding and treatment of hereditary syndromes with congenital deafness and hypothyroidism. Journal of Medical Genetics 10 235-242.
25. Dow-Edwards D, Crane AM, Rosloff B, Kennedy C & Sokoloff L 1986 Local cerebral glucose utilization in the adult cretinous rat. Brain Research 373 139-145.
26. Duffy TE, Cavazzuti M, Cruz NF & Sokoloff L 1982 Local cerebral glucose metabolism in newborn dogs: effects of hypoxia and halothane anesthesia. Annals of Neurology 11 233-246.
27. Duluc I, Lorentz 0, Fritsch C, Leberquier C, Kedinger M & Freund JN 1997 Changing intestinal connective tissue interactions alters homeobox gene expression in epithelial cells. Journal of Cell Science 110 1317-1324.
28. Ennion S, Sant'ana Pereira J, Sargeant AJ, Young A & Goldspink G 1995 Characterization of human skeletal muscle fibres according to the myosin heavy chains they express. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility 16 35-43.
29. Everett AW, Sinha AM, Umeda PK, Jakovcic S, Rabinowitz M & Zak R 1984 Regulation of myosin synthesis by thyroid hormone: relative change in the alpha- and beta-myosin heavy chain mRNA levels in rabbit heart. Biochemistry 23 1596-1599.
30. Fabris N, Pierpaoli W & Sorkin E 1971 Hormones and the immunological capacity. 3. The immunodeficiency disease of the hypopituitary Snell-Bagg dwarf mouse. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 9 209-225.
31. Falcone M, Miyamoto T, Fierro-Renoy F, Macchia E & DeGroot LJ 1992 Antipeptide polyclonal antibodies specifically recognize each human thyroid hormone receptor isoform. Endocrinology 131 2419-2429.
32. Farsetti A, Desvergne B, Hallenbeck P, Robbins J & Nikodem VM 1992 Characterization of myelin basic protein thyroid hormone response element and its function in the context of native and heterologous promoter. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 15784-15788.
33. Fernandez-Chacon R, Konigstorfer A, Gerber SH, Garcia J, Matos MF, Stevens CF, Brose N, Rizo J, Rosenmund C & Sudhof TC 2001 Synaptotagmin I functions as a calcium regulator of release probability. Nature 410 41-49.
34. Flamant F, Poguet AL, Plateroti M, Chassande O, Gauthier K, Streichenberger N, Mansouri A & Samarut J 2002 Congenital hypothyroid Pax8(- / -) mutant mice can be rescued by inactivating the TRalpha gene. Molecular Endocrinology 16 24-32.
35. Forrest D, Sjoberg M & Vennstrom B 1990 Contrasting developmental and tissue-specific expression of alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptor genes. EMBO Journal 9 1519-1528.
36. Forrest D, Hallbook F, Persson H & Vennstrom B 1991 Distinct functions for thyroid hormone receptors alpha and beta in brain development indicated by differential expression of receptor genes. EMBO Journal 10 269-275.
37. Forrest D, Erway LC, Ng L, Altschuler R & Curran T 1996a Thyroid hormone receptor beta is essential for development of auditory function. Nature Genetics 13 354-357.
38. Forrest D, Hanebuth E, Smeyne RJ, Everds N, Stewart CL, Wehner JM & Curran T 1996b Recessive resistance to thyroid hormone in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor beta: evidence for tissue-specific modulation of receptor function. EMBO Journal 15 3006-3015.
39. Fraichard A, Chassande O, Plateroti M, Roux JP, Trouillas J, Dehay C, Legrand C, Gauthier K, Kedinger M, Malaval L, Rousset B & Samarut J 1997 The T3R alpha gene encoding a thyroid hormone receptor is essential for post-natal development and thyroid hormone production. EMBO Journal 16 4412-4420.
40. Freeman S, Geal-Dor M, Shimoni Y & Sohmer H 1993 Thyroid hormone induces earlier onset of auditory function in neonatal rats. Hearing Research 69 229-235.
41. Freund JN, Boukamel R & Benazzouz A 1992 Gradient expression of Cdx along the rat intestine throughout postnatal development. FEBS Letters 314 163-166.
42. Gambke B, Lyons GE, Haselgrove J, Kelly AM & Rubinstein NA 1983 Thyroidal and neural control of myosin transitions during development of rat fast and slow muscles. FEBS Letters 156 335-339.
43. Gauthier K, Chassande O, Plateroti M, Roux JP, Legrand C, Pain B, Rousset B, Weiss R, Trouillas J & Samarut J 1999 Different functions for the thyroid hormone receptors TRalpha and TRbeta in the control of thyroid hormone production and post-natal development. EMBO Journal 18 623-631.
44. Gauthier K, Plateroti M, Harvey CB, Williams GR, Weiss RE, Refetoff S, Willott JF, Sundin V, Roux JP, Malaval L, Hara M, Samarut J & Chassande O 2001 Genetic analysis reveals different functions for the products of the thyroid hormone receptor alpha locus. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21 4748-4760.
45. Geffner M 1997 Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on T- and B-lymphocytes and immune function. Acta Paediatrica 423 (Suppl) 76-79.
46. Gloss B, Sayen MR, Trost SU, Bluhm WF, Meyer M, Swanson EA, Usala SJ & Dillmann WH 1999 Altered cardiac phenotype in transgenic mice carrying the delta337 threonine thyroid hormone receptor beta mutant derived from the S family. Endocrinology 140 897-902.
47. Gloss B, Trost S, Bluhm W, Swanson E, Clark R, Winkfein R, Janzen K, Giles W, Chassande O, Samarut J & Dillmann W 2001 Cardiac ion channel expression and contractile function in mice with deletion of thyroid hormone receptor alpha or beta. Endocrinology 142 544-550.
48. Gothe S, Wang Z, Ng L, Kindblom JM, Barros AC, Ohlsson C, Vennstrom B & Forrest D 1999 Mice devoid of all known thyroid hormone receptors are viable but exhibit disorders of the pituitary-thyroid axis, growth, and bone maturation. Genes and Development 13 1329-1341.
49. Gruber J, Sgonc R, Hu YH, Beug H & Wick G 1994 Thymocyte apoptosis induced by elevated endogenous corticosterone levels. European Journal of Immunology 24 1115-1121.
50. Gullberg H, Rudling M, Forrest D, Angehn B & Vennstrom B 2000 Thyroid hormone receptor beta-deficient mice show complete loss of the normal cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A) response to thyroid hormone but display enhanced resistance to dietary cholesterol. Molecular Endocrinology 14 1739-1749.
51. Hashimoto K, Curty FH, Borges PP, Lee CE, Abel ED, Elmquist JK, Cohen RN & Wondisford FE 2001 An unliganded thyroid hormone receptor causes severe neurological dysfunction. PNAS 98 3998-4003.
52. Hayashi Y, Xie J, Weiss RE, Pohlenz J & Refetoff S 1998 Selective pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone produced by expression of a mutant thyroid hormone receptor beta gene in the pituitary gland of transgenic mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 245 204-210.
53. Hebert R, Langlois JM & Dussault JH 1985 Permanent defects in rat peripheral auditory function following perinatal hypothyroidism: determination of a critical period. Brain Research 355 161-170.
54. Hodin RA, Lazar MA, Wintman BI, Darling DS, Koenig RJ, Larsen PR, Moore DD & Chin WW 1989 Identification of a thyroid hormone receptor that is pituitary-specific. Science 244 76-79.
55. Hodin RA, Shei A, Morin M & Meng S 1996 Thyroid hormone and the gut: selective transcriptional activation of a villus-enterocyte marker. Surgery 120 138-143.
56. Hoh JF, McGrath PA & Hale PT 1978 Electrophoretic analysis of multiple forms of rat cardiac myosin: effects of hypophysectomy and thyroxine replacement. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 10 1053-1076.
57. Itoh Y, Esaki T, Kaneshige M, Suzuki H, Cook M, Sokoloff L, Cheng SY & Nunez J 2001 Brain glucose utilization in mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone alpha or beta receptor gene. PNAS 98 9913-9918.
58. Izumo S, Nadal-Ginard B & Mahdavi V 1986 All members of the MHC multigene family respond to thyroid hormone in a highly tissue-specific manner. Science 231 597-600.
59. James R & Kazenwadel J 1991 Homeobox gene expression in the intestinal epithelium of adult mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 3246-3251.
60. Johansson C, Vennstrom B & Thoren P 1998 Evidence that decreased heart rate in thyroid hormone receptor-alpha1-deficient mice is an intrinsic defect. American Journal of Physiology 275 R640-R646.
61. Johansson C, Gothe S, Forrest D, Vennstrom B & Thoren P 1999 Cardiovascular phenotype and temperature control in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor-beta or both alpha1 and beta. American Journal of Physiology 276 H2006-H2012.
62. Johansson C, Lannergren J, Lunde PK, Vennstrom. B, Thoren P & Westerblad H 2000 Isometric force and endurance in soleus muscle of thyroid hormone receptor-alpha(1)- or -beta-deficient mice. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrated and Comparative Physiology 278 R598-R603.
63. Kaneshige M, Kaneshige K, Zhu X, Dace A, Garrett L, Carter TA, Kazlauskaite R, Pankratz DG, Wynshaw-Boris A, Refetoff S, Weintraub B, Willingham MC, Barlow C & Cheng S 2000 Mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone beta receptor gene exhibit impaired growth and resistance to thyroid hormone. PNAS 97 13209-13214.
64. Kaneshige M, Suzuki H, Kaneshige K, Cheng J, Wimbrow H, Barlow C, Willingham MC & Cheng S 2001 A targeted dominant negative mutation of the thyroid hormone alpha 1 receptor causes increased mortality, infertility, and dwarfism in mice. PNAS 98 15095-15100.
65. Kelley MW, Turner JK & Reb TA 1995a Ligands of steroid/thyroid receptors induce cone photoreceptors; in vertebrate retina. Development 121 3777-3785.
66. Kelley MW, Turner JK & Reb TA 1995b Regulation of proliferation and photoreceptor differentiation in fetal human retinal cell cultures. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 36 1280-1289.
67. Kennedy C, Sakurada O, Shinohara M & Miyaoka M 1982 Local cerebral glucose utilization in the newborn macaque monkey. Annals of Neurology 12 333-340.
68. Kindblom JM, Gothe S, Forrest D, Tornell J, Vennstrom B & Ohlsson C 2001 GH substitution reverses the growth phenotype but not the defective ossification in thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1-/-beta-/-mice. Journal of Endocrinology 171 15-22.
69. Klein I & Hong C 1986 Effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac size and myosin content of the heterotopically transplanted rat heart. Journal of Clinical Investigation 77 1694-1698.
70. Lazar MA 1993 Thyroid hormone receptors: multiple forms, multiple possibilities. Endocrine Reviews 14 184-193.
71. Lewinson D, Harel Z, Shenzer P, Silbermann M & Hochberg Z 1989 Effect of thyroid hormone and growth hormone on recovery from hypothyroidism of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage and its adjacent bone. Endocrinology 124 937-945.
72. Lezoualc'h F, Hassan AH, Giraud P, Loeffler JP, Lee SL & Demeneix BA 1992 Assignment of the beta-thyroid hormone receptor to 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine-dependent inhibition of transcription from the thyrotropin-releasing hormone promoter in chick hypothalamic neurons. Molecular Endocrinology 6 1797-1804.
73. Li S, Crenshaw EB, Rawson EJ, Simmons DM, Swanson LW & Rosenfeld MG 1990 Dwarf locus mutants lacking three pituitary cell types result from mutations in the POU-domain gene Pit-1 Nature 347 528-533.
74. Lorentz O, Duluc I, Arcangelis AD, Simon-Assmann P, Kedinger M & Freund JN 1997 Key role of the Cdx2 homeobox gene in extracellular matrix-mediated intestinal cell differentiation. Journal of Cellular Biology 139 1553-1565.
75. Ludwig A, Zong X, Jeglitsch M, Hofmann F & Biel M 1998 A family of hyperpolarization-activated mammalian cation channels. Nature 393 587-591.
76. Lyubarsky AL, Falsini B, Pennesi ME, Valentini P & Pugh EN 1999 UV- and midwave-sensitive cone-driven retinal responses of the mouse: a possible phenotype for coexpression of cone photopigments. Journal of Neuroscience 19 442-455.
77. Macchia PE, Takeuchi Y, Kawai T, Cua K, Gauthier K, Chassande O, Seo H, Hayashi Y, Samarut J, Murata Y, Weiss RE & Refetoff S 2001 Increased sensitivity to thyroid hormone in mice with complete deficiency of thyroid hormone receptor alpha. PNAS 98 349-354.
78. Maia AL, Kieffer JD, Harney JW & Larsen PR 1995 Effect of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) administration on dio1 gene expression and T3 metabolism in normal and type 1 deiodinase-deficient mice. Endocrinology 136 4842-4849.
79. Maiter DM, Hooi SC, Koenig JI & Martin JB 1990 Galanin is a physiological regulator of spontaneous pulsatile secretion of growth hormone in the male rat. Endocrinology 126 1216-1222.
80. Mansouri A, Chowdhury K & Gruss P 1998 Follicular cells of the thyroid gland require Pax8 gene function. Nature Genetics 19 87-90.
81. Mathe D & Chevallier F 1976 Effects of the thyroid state on cholesterol metabolism in the rat. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 441 155-164.
82. Mellstrom B, Naranjo JR, Santos A, Gonzalez AM & Bernal J 1991 Independent expression of the alpha and beta c-erbA genes in developing rat brain. Molecular Endocrinology 5 1339-1350.
83. Montecino-Rodriguez E, Clark R, Johnson A, Collins L & Dorshkind K 1996 Defective B cell development in Snell dwarf (dw/dw) mice can be corrected by thyroxine treatment. Journal of Immunology 157 3334-3340.
84. Montecino-Rodriguez E, Clark RG, Powell-Braxton L & Dorshkind K 1997 Primary B cell development is impaired in mice with defects of the pituitary/thyroid axis. Journal of Immunology 159 2712-2719.
85. Muller A, van der Linden GC, Zuidwijk MJ, Simonides WS, van der Laarse WJ & van Hardeveld C 1994 Differential effects of thyroid hormone on the expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca(2+)-ATPase isoforms in rat skeletal muscle fibers. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 203 1035-1042.
86. Murphy WJ, Durum SK, Anver MR & Longo DL 1992 Immunologic and hematologic effects of neuroendocrine hormones. Studies on DW/J dwarf mice. Journal of Immunology 148 3799-3805.
87. Murphy WJ, Durum. SK & Longo DL 1993 Differential effects of growth hormone and prolactin on murine T cell development and function. Journal of Experimental Medicine 178 231-236.
88. Ness GC & Zhao Z 1994 Thyroid hormone rapidly induces hepatic LDL receptor mRNA levels in hypophysectomized rats. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 315 199-202.
89. Ness GC, Dugan RE, Lakshmanan MR, Nepokroeff CM & Porter JW 1973 Stimulation of hepatic beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in hypophysectomized rats by L-triiodothyronine. PNAS 70 3839-3842.
90. Ness GC, Pendleton LC, Li YC & Chiang JY 1990 Effect of thyroid hormone on hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase, LDL receptor, HMG-CoA reductase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase and apolipoprotein A-I mRNA levels in hypophysectomized rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 172 1150-1156.
91. Newell FW & Diddie KR 1977 Typical monochromacy, congenital deafness, and resistance to intracellular action of thyroid hormone. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 171 731-734.
92. Ng L, Forrest D, Haugen BR, Wood WM & Curran T 1995 N-terminal variants of thyroid hormone receptor beta: differential function and potential contribution to syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone. Molecular Endocrinology 9 1202-1213.
93. Ng L, Hurley JB, Dierks B, Srinivas M, Salto C, Vennstrom B, Reh TA & Forrest D 2001 A thyroid hormone receptor that is required for the development of green cone photoreceptors. Nature Genetics 27 94-98.
94. O'Brien T, Dinneen SF, O'Brien P & Palumbo PJ 1993 Hyperlipidemia in patients with primary and secondary hypothyroidism. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 68 860-866.
95. Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT & Slootweg MC 1998 Growth hormone and bone. Endocrine Reviews 19 55-79.
96. Pandak WM, Heuman DM, Redford K, Stravitz RT, Chiang JY, Hylemon PB & Vlahcevic ZR 1997 Hormonal regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase specific activity, mRNA levels, and transcriptional activity in vivo in the rat. Journal of Lipid Research 38 2483-2491.
97. Parrilla R, Mixson AJ, McPherson JA, McClaskey JH & Weintraub BD 1991 Characterization of seven novel mutations of the c-erbA beta gene in unrelated kindreds with generalized thyroid hormone resistance. Evidence for two 'hot spot' regions of the ligand binding domain. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88 2123-2130.
98. Pazos-Moura C, Abel ED, Boers ME, Moura E, Hampton TG, Wang J, Morgan JP & Wondisford FE 2000 Cardiac dysfunction caused by myocardium-specific expression of a mutant thyroid hormone receptor. Circulation Research 86 700-706.
99. Pedersen CA, Caldwell JD, Peterson G, Walker CH & Mason GA 1992 Oxytocin activation of maternal behavior in the rat. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 652 58-69.
100. Persani L, Asteria C, Tonacchera M, Vitti P, Krishna V, Chatterjee K & Beck-Peccoz P 1994 Evidence for the secretion of thyrotropin with enhanced bioactivity in syndromes of thyroid hormone resistance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 78 1034-1039.
101. Plateroti M, Chassande O, Fraichard A, Gauthier K, Freund JN, Samarut J & Kedinger M 1999 Involvement of T3 Ralpha- and beta-receptor subtypes in mediation of T3 functions during postnatal murine intestinal development. Gastroenterology 116 1367-1378.
102. Plateroti M, Gauthier K, Domon-Dell C, Freund JN, Samarut J & Chassande O 2001 Functional interference between thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRalpha) and natural truncated TRDeltaalpha isoforms in the control of intestine development. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21 4761-4772.
103. Refetoff S, DeWind LT & DeGroot LJ 1967 Familial syndrome combining deaf-mutism, stuppled epiphyses, goiter and abnormally high PBI: possible target organ refractoriness to thyroid hormone. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 27 279-294.
104. Rohlich P, van Veen T & Szel A 1994 Two different visual pigments in one retinal cone cell. Neuron 13 1159-1166.
105. Rusch A, Erway LC, Oliver D, Vennstrom. B & Forrest D 1998 Thyroid hormone receptor beta-dependent expression of a potassium conductance in inner hair cells at the onset of hearing. PNAS 95 15758-15762.
106. Safer JD, Langlois MF, Cohen R, Monden T, John-Hope D, Madura J, Hollenberg AN & Wondisford FE 1997 Isoform. variable action among thyroid hormone receptor mutants provides insight into pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone. Molecular Endocrinology 11 16-26.
107. Sakurai A, Takeda K, Ain K, Ceccarelli P, Nakai A, Seino S, Bell GI, Refetoff S & DeGroot LJ 1989 Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone associated with a mutation in the ligand-binding domain of the human thyroid hormone receptor beta. PNAS 86 8977-8981.
108. Salto C, Kindblom JM, Johansson C, Wang Z, Gullberg H, Nordstrom K, Mansen A, Ohlsson C, Thoren P, Forrest D & Vennstrom B 2001 Ablation of TRalpha2 and a concomitant overexpression of alpha1 yields a mixed hypo- and hyperthyroid phenotype in mice. Molecular Endocrinology 15 2115-2128.
109. Sandhofer C, Schwartz HL, Mariash CN, Forrest D & Oppenheimer JH 1998 Beta receptor isoforms are not essential for thyroid hormone-dependent acceleration of PCP-2 and myelin basic protein gene expression in the developing brains of neonatal mice. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 137 109-115.
110. Sato K, Mimura H, Han DC, Tsushima T & Shizume K 1984 Ontogenesis of iodothyronine-5′-deiodinase. Induction of 5′-deiodinating activity by insulin, glucocorticoid, and thyroxine in cultured fetal mouse liver. Journal of Clinical Investigation 74 2254-2262.
111. Sayen MR, Rohrer DK & Dillmann WH 1992 Thyroid hormone response of slow and fast sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca2+ ATPase mRNA in striated muscle. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 87 87-93.
112. Scherbel U, Raghupathi R, Nakamura M, Saatman KE, Trojanowski JQ, Neugebauer E, Marino MW & McIntosh TK 1999 Differential acute and chronic responses of tumor necrosis factor-deficient mice to experimental brain injury. PNAS 96 8721-8726.
113. Schiaffino, S, Gorza L, Sartore S, Saggin L, Ausoni S, Vianello M, Gundersen K & Lomo T 1989 Three myosin heavy chain isoforms in type 2 skeletal muscle fibres. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility 10 197-205.
114. Schwartz HL, Lazar MA & Oppenheimer JH 1994 Widespread distribution of immunoreactive thyroid hormone beta 2 receptor (TR beta 2) in the nuclei of extrapituitary rat tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 24777-24782.
115. Shi YB, Wong J, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M & Stolow MA 1996 Tadpole competence and tissue-specific temporal regulation of amphibian metamorphosis: roles of thyroid hormone and its receptors. BioEssays 18 391-399.
116. Shimoni Y & Severson DL 1995 Thyroid status and potassium currents in rat ventricular myocytes. American Journal of Physiology 268 H576-H583.
117. Sjoberg M, Vennstrom B & Forrest D 1992 Thyroid hormone receptors in chick retinal development: differential expression of mRNAs for alpha and N-terminal variant beta receptors. Development 114 39-47.
118. 14C] deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. Journal of Neurochemistry 28 897-916.
119. Sornson MW, Wu W, Dasen JS, Flynn S, Norman DJ, O'Connell SM, Gukovsky I, Carriere C, Ryan AK, Miller AP, Zuo L, Gleiberman AS, Andersen B, Beamer WG & Rosenfeld MG 1996 Pituitary lineage determination by the Prophet of Pit-1 homeodomain factor defective in Ames dwarfism. Nature 384 327-333.
120. Staels B, Van Tol A, Chan L, Will H, Verhoeven G & Auwerx J 1990 Alterations in thyroid status modulate apolipoprotein, hepatic triglyceride lipase, and low density lipoprotein receptor in rats. Endocrinology 127 1144-1152.
121. Stanbury JB 1984 The pathogenesis of endemic cretinism. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 7 409-419.
122. Stein SA, Oates EL, Hall CR, Grumbles RM, Fernandez LM, Taylor NA, Puett D & Jin S 1994 Identification of a point mutation in the thyrotropin receptor of the hyt/hyt hypothyroid mouse. Molecular Endocrinology 8 129-138.
123. Stevens DA, Hasserjian RP, Robson H, Siebler T, Shalet SM & Williams GR 2000 Thyroid hormones regulate hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation and expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and its receptor during endochondral bone formation. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 15 2431-2442.
124. Strait KA, Zou L & Oppenheimer JH 1992 Beta 1 isoform-specific regulation of a triiodothyronine-induced gene during cerebellar development. Molecular Endocrinology 6 1874-1880.
125. Suh E & Traber PG 1996 An intestine-specific homeobox gene regulates proliferation and differentiation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 16 619-625.
126. Szel A, van Veen T & Rohlich P 1994 Retinal cone differentiation. Nature 370 336.
127. Szel A, Lukats A, Fekete T, Szepessy Z & Rohlich P 2000 Photoreceptor distribution in the retinas of subprimate mammals. Journal of the Optical Society of America A (Optics, Image Science and Vision) 17 568-579.
128. Tata JR 1993 Gene expression during metamorphosis: an ideal model for post-embryonic development. Bioessays 15 239-248.
129. Taylor T & Weintraub BD 1989 Altered thyrotropin (TSH) carbohydrate structures in hypothalamic hypothyroidism created by paraventricular nuclear lesions are corrected by in vivo TSH-releasing hormone administration. Endocrinology 125 2198-2203.
130. Taylor T, Gesundheit N, Gyves PW, Jacobowitz DM & Weintraub BD 1988 Hypothalamic hypothyroidism caused by lesions in rat paraventricular nuclei alters the carbohydrate structure of secreted thyrotropin. Endocrinology 122 283-290.
131. Thompson CC 1996 Thyroid hormone-responsive genes in developing cerebellum include a novel synaptotagmin and a hairless homolog. Journal of Neuroscience 16 7832-7840.
132. Toyoda N, Zavacki AM, Maia AL, Harney JW & Larsen PR 1995 A novel retinoid X receptor-independent thyroid hormone response element is present in the human type 1 deiodinase gene. Molecular and Cellular Biology 15 5100-5112.
133. Traber PG 1994 Differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells: lessons from the study of intestine-specific gene expression. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 123 467-477.
134. Usala SJ, Menke JB, Watson TL, Wondisford FE, Weintraub BD, Berard J, Bradley WE, Ono S, Mueller OT & Bercu BB 1991 A homozygous deletion in the c-erbA beta thyroid hormone receptor gene in a patient with generalized thyroid hormone resistance: isolation and characterization of the mutant receptor. Molecular Endocrinology 5 327-335.
135. Uziel A 1986 Periods of sensitivity to thyroid hormone during the development of the organ of Corti. Acta Oto-Laryngologica Supplement 429 23-27.
136. Uziel A, Gabrion J, Ohresser M & Legrand C 1981 Effects of hypothyroidism on the structural development of the organ of Corti in the rat. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 92 469-480.
137. Wang Y, Macke JP, Merbs SL, Zack DJ, Klaunberg B, Bennett J, Gearhart J & Nathans J 1992 A locus control region adjacent to the human red and green visual pigment genes. Neuron 9 429-440.
138. Weigent DA, Baxter JB & Blalock JE 1992 The production of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I by the same subpopulation of rat mononuclear leukocytes. Brain, Behavior and Immunity 6 365-376.
139. Weiss RE, Forrest D, Pohlenz J, Cua K, Curran T & Refetoff S 1997 Thyrotropin regulation by thyroid hormone in thyroid hormone receptor beta-deficient mice. Endocrinology 138 3624-3629.
140. Weiss RE, Murata Y, Cua K, Hayashi Y, Seo H & Refetoff S 1998 Thyroid hormone action on liver, heart, and energy expenditure in thyroid hormone receptor beta-deficient mice. Endocrinology 139 4945-4952.
141. Wikstrom L, Johansson C, Salto C, Barlow C, Campos Barros A, Baas F, Forrest D, Thoren P & Vennstrom B 1998 Abnormal heart rate and body temperature in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1. EMBO Journal 17 455-461.
142. Wilder RL 1995 Neuroendocrine-immune system interactions and autoimmunity. Annual Review of Immunology 13 307-338.
143. Williams GR 2000 Cloning and characterization of two novel thyroid hormone receptor beta isoforms. Molecular and Cellular Biology 20 8329-8342.
144. Wong R, Vasilyev VV, Ting YT, Kutler DI, Willingham MC, Weintraub BD & Cheng S 1997 Transgenic mice bearing a human mutant thyroid hormone beta 1 receptor manifest thyroid function anomalies, weight reduction, and hyperactivity. Molecular Medicine 3 303-314.
145. Yamada M, Saga Y, Shibusawa N, Hirato J, Murakami M, Iwasaki T, Hashimoto K, Satoh T, Wakabayashi K, Taketo MM & Mori M 1997 Tertiary hypothyroidism and hyperglycemia in mice with targeted disruption of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene. PNAS 94 10862-10867.
146. Yu F, Gothe S, Wikstrom L, Forrest D, Vennstrom, B & Larsson L 2000 Effects of thyroid hormone receptor gene disruption on myosin isoform expression in mouse skeletal muscles. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278 R1545-R1554.
147. Zhu XG, Yu CL, McPhie P, Wong R & Cheng SY 1996a Understanding the molecular mechanism of dominant negative action of mutant thyroid hormone beta 1-receptors: the important role of the
148. Zhu YS, Yen PM, Chin WW & Pfaff DW 1996b Estrogen and thyroid hormone interaction on regulation of gene expression. PNAS 93 12587-12592.
149. Zhu XG, Kaneshige M, Parlow AF, Chen E, Hunziker RD, McDonald MP & Cheng SY 1999 Expression of the mutant thyroid hormone receptor PV in the pituitary of transgenic mice leads to weight reduction. Thyroid 9 1137-1145.