메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 739-745

Hypocretin/orexin and sleep: Implications for the pathophysiology and diagnosis of narcolepsy

Author keywords

Cataplexy; Diagnosis; Hypocretin; Narcolepsy; Obesity; Orexin; Sleep regulation

Indexed keywords

LEPTIN; OREXIN;

EID: 0036907472     PISSN: 13507540     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200212000-00013     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (49)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 0008390266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hypocretins: Hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity
    • de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, et al. The hypocretins: Hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:322-327.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.95 , pp. 322-327
    • De Lecea, L.1    Kilduff, T.S.2    Peyron, C.3
  • 2
    • 0032489093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orexins and orexin receptors: A family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior
    • Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, et al. Orexins and orexin receptors: A family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell 1998; 92:573-585.
    • (1998) Cell , vol.92 , pp. 573-585
    • Sakurai, T.1    Amemiya, A.2    Ishii, M.3
  • 3
    • 0033529520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene
    • Lin L, Faraco J, Li R, et al. The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell 1999; 98:365-376.
    • (1999) Cell , vol.98 , pp. 365-376
    • Lin, L.1    Faraco, J.2    Li, R.3
  • 4
    • 0033588184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: Molecular genetics of sleep regulation
    • Chemelli RM, Willie JT, Sinton CM, et al. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: Molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell 1999; 98:437-451.
    • (1999) Cell , vol.98 , pp. 437-451
    • Chemelli, R.M.1    Willie, J.T.2    Sinton, C.M.3
  • 5
    • 0033971611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy
    • Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, et al. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet 2000; 355:39-40.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 39-40
    • Nishino, S.1    Ripley, B.2    Overeem, S.3
  • 6
    • 0034967934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcolepsy: Clinical features, new pathophysiologic insights, and future perspectives
    • Overeem S, Mignot E, van Dijk JG, Lammers GJ. Narcolepsy: Clinical features, new pathophysiologic insights, and future perspectives. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 18:78-105.
    • (2001) J Clin Neurophysiol , vol.18 , pp. 78-105
    • Overeem, S.1    Mignot, E.2    Van Dijk, J.G.3    Lammers, G.J.4
  • 7
    • 0036580756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hypocretins: Setting the arousal threshold
    • Sutcliffe JG, de Lecea L. The hypocretins: Setting the arousal threshold. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3:339-349.
    • (2002) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 339-349
    • Sutcliffe, J.G.1    De Lecea, L.2
  • 9
    • 0036302041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of hypocretins (orexins) in sleep regulation and narcolepsy
    • Taheri S, Zeitzer JM, Mignot E. The role of hypocretins (orexins) in sleep regulation and narcolepsy. Annu Rev Neurosci 2002; 25:283-313.
    • (2002) Annu Rev Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 283-313
    • Taheri, S.1    Zeitzer, J.M.2    Mignot, E.3
  • 11
    • 0030867241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) for the diagnosis of narcolepsy
    • Aldrich MS, Chervin RD, Malow BA. Value of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) for the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep 1997; 20:620-629.
    • (1997) Sleep , vol.20 , pp. 620-629
    • Aldrich, M.S.1    Chervin, R.D.2    Malow, B.A.3
  • 12
    • 0027469185 scopus 로고
    • The positive diagnosis of narcolepsy and narcolepsy's borderland
    • Moscovitch A, Partinen M, Guilleminault C. The positive diagnosis of narcolepsy and narcolepsy's borderland. Neurology 1993; 43:55-60.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 55-60
    • Moscovitch, A.1    Partinen, M.2    Guilleminault, C.3
  • 13
    • 0034846670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin (orexin) and altered energy homeostasis in human narcolepsy
    • Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, et al. Low cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin (orexin) and altered energy homeostasis in human narcolepsy. Ann Neurol 2001; 50:381-388. This is the first large study on CSF hypocretin-1 levels after the initial report of hypocretin deficiency in human narcolepsy. Hypocretin-1 was undetectable in 32 out of 38 patients, and body mass increased in many.
    • (2001) Ann Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 381-388
    • Nishino, S.1    Ripley, B.2    Overeem, S.3
  • 14
    • 0036203754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Undetectable levels of CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) in two prepubertal boys with narcolepsy
    • Tsukamoto H, Ishikawa T, Fujii Y, et al. Undetectable levels of CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) in two prepubertal boys with narcolepsy. Neuropediatrics 2002; 33:51-52.
    • (2002) Neuropediatrics , vol.33 , pp. 51-52
    • Tsukamoto, H.1    Ishikawa, T.2    Fujii, Y.3
  • 15
    • 0035956531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CSF hypocretin/orexin levels in narcolepsy and other neurological conditions
    • Ripley B, Overeem S, Fujiki N, et al. CSF hypocretin/orexin levels in narcolepsy and other neurological conditions. Neurology 2001; 57:2253-2258. To determine the specificity of low hypocretin-1 for narcolepsy, the authors measured the peptide in a group of 48 controls and 235 patients with various neurological conditions. Hypocretin-1 was detectable in all cases, except for three individuals with Guillain-Barré syndrome, making this the first disease other than narcolepsy with undetectable hypocretin.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 2253-2258
    • Ripley, B.1    Overeem, S.2    Fujiki, N.3
  • 16
    • 0036571428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) levels in human lumbar CSF in different age groups: Infants to elderly persons
    • Kanbayashi T, Yano T, Ishiguro H, et al. Hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) levels in human lumbar CSF in different age groups: Infants to elderly persons. Sleep 2002; 25:1553-1562.
    • (2002) Sleep , vol.25 , pp. 1553-1562
    • Kanbayashi, T.1    Yano, T.2    Ishiguro, H.3
  • 17
    • 0036791834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of CSF hypocretin measurements in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias
    • Mignot E, Lammers GJ, Ripley B, et al. The role of CSF hypocretin measurements in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Arch Neurol 2002; 59:1553-1562. To establish hypocretin-1 measurements as a diagnostic tool for narcolepsy, the authors analysed hypocretin-1 levels in 274 patients with sleep disorders (e.g. typical and atypical narcolepsy, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, insomnia) and 296 controls. Using quality receiver operator characteristics, hypocretin-1 values with the best diagnostic sensitivity/specificity ratios were determined.
    • (2002) Arch Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 1553-1562
    • Mignot, E.1    Lammers, G.J.2    Ripley, B.3
  • 18
    • 12244312760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The narcoleptic borderland: A multimodal diagnostic approach including cerebrospinal fluid levels of hypocretin-1 (orexin A)
    • in press
    • Bassetti C, Gugger M, Bischof M, et al. The narcoleptic borderland: A multimodal diagnostic approach including cerebrospinal fluid levels of hypocretin-1 (orexin A). Sleep Med (in press).
    • Sleep Med
    • Bassetti, C.1    Gugger, M.2    Bischof, M.3
  • 19
    • 0036119164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia
    • Kanbayashi T, Inoue Y, Chiba S, et al. CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia. J Sleep Res 2002; 11:91-93. This paper, together with [18], reports on hypocretin-1 levels in atypical narcolepsy cases: patients without cataplexy or negative for HLA DQB1*0602. In these atypical patients, hypocretin levels were normal.
    • (2002) J Sleep Res , vol.11 , pp. 91-93
    • Kanbayashi, T.1    Inoue, Y.2    Chiba, S.3
  • 20
    • 0033979673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcolepsy in children: A practical guide to its diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
    • Guilleminault C, Pelayo R. Narcolepsy in children: A practical guide to its diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Paediatr Drugs 2000; 2:1-9.
    • (2000) Paediatr Drugs , vol.2 , pp. 1-9
    • Guilleminault, C.1    Pelayo, R.2
  • 21
    • 0036054239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article reviewed: Plasma orexin-A is lower in patients with narcolepsy
    • Nishino S, Mignot E. Article reviewed: Plasma orexin-A is lower in patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Med 2002; 3:377-378.
    • (2002) Sleep Med , vol.3 , pp. 377-378
    • Nishino, S.1    Mignot, E.2
  • 22
    • 0033826856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains
    • Peyron C, Faraco J, Rogers W, et al. A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains. Nat Med 2000; 6:991-997.
    • (2000) Nat Med , vol.6 , pp. 991-997
    • Peyron, C.1    Faraco, J.2    Rogers, W.3
  • 23
    • 0035960580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphisms in hypocretin/orexin pathway genes and narcolepsy
    • Olafsdottir BR, Rye DB, Scammell TE, et al. Polymorphisms in hypocretin/orexin pathway genes and narcolepsy. Neurology 2001; 57:1896-1899.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 1896-1899
    • Olafsdottir, B.R.1    Rye, D.B.2    Scammell, T.E.3
  • 24
    • 0035960658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphisms in the vicinity of the hypocretin/orexin are not associated with human narcolepsy
    • Hungs M, Lin L, Okun M, Mignot E. Polymorphisms in the vicinity of the hypocretin/orexin are not associated with human narcolepsy. Neurology 2001; 57:1893-1895.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 1893-1895
    • Hungs, M.1    Lin, L.2    Okun, M.3    Mignot, E.4
  • 25
    • 0033710848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy
    • Thannickal TC, Moore RY, Nienhuis R, et al. Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron 2000; 27:469-474.
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.27 , pp. 469-474
    • Thannickal, T.C.1    Moore, R.Y.2    Nienhuis, R.3
  • 26
    • 4243302729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orexin (hypocretin) neurons contain dynorphin
    • RC168
    • Chou TC, Lee CE, Lu J, et al. Orexin (hypocretin) neurons contain dynorphin. J Neurosci 2001; 21:RC168 (1-6).
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 1-6
    • Chou, T.C.1    Lee, C.E.2    Lu, J.3
  • 27
    • 0012188426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypocretin (orexin) and narcolepsy
    • Peyron C, Charnay Y. Hypocretin (orexin) and narcolepsy [abstract]. J Sleep Res 2002; 11:260.
    • (2002) J Sleep Res , vol.11 , pp. 260
    • Peyron, C.1    Charnay, Y.2
  • 28
    • 0035954367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hypersomnolent girl with decreased CSF hypocretin level after removal of a hypothalamic tumor
    • Arii J, Kanbayashi T, Tanabe Y, et al. A hypersomnolent girl with decreased CSF hypocretin level after removal of a hypothalamic tumor. Neurology 2001; 56:1775-1776.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , pp. 1775-1776
    • Arii, J.1    Kanbayashi, T.2    Tanabe, Y.3
  • 29
    • 0035954346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcolepsy and low CSF orexin (hypocretin) concentration after a diencephalic stroke
    • Scammell TE, Nishino S, Mignot E, Saper CB. Narcolepsy and low CSF orexin (hypocretin) concentration after a diencephalic stroke. Neurology 2001; 56:1751-1753.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , pp. 1751-1753
    • Scammell, T.E.1    Nishino, S.2    Mignot, E.3    Saper, C.B.4
  • 30
    • 0035115873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypocretin deficiency in familial symptomatic narcolepsy
    • Melberg A, Ripley B, Lin L, et al. Hypocretin deficiency in familial symptomatic narcolepsy. Ann Neurol 2001; 49:136-137.
    • (2001) Ann Neurol , vol.49 , pp. 136-137
    • Melberg, A.1    Ripley, B.2    Lin, L.3
  • 31
    • 0012149803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary narcolepsy in patients with paraneoplastic anti-Ma2 antibodies is associated with hypocretin deficiency
    • Overeem S, Dalmau J, Bataller L, et al. Secondary narcolepsy in patients with paraneoplastic anti-Ma2 antibodies is associated with hypocretin deficiency [abstract]. J Sleep Res 2002; 11:166-167.
    • (2002) J Sleep Res , vol.11 , pp. 166-167
    • Overeem, S.1    Dalmau, J.2    Bataller, L.3
  • 32
    • 0034984017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypocretin levels in sporadic and familial cases of canine narcolepsy
    • Ripley B, Fujiki N, Okura M, et al. Hypocretin levels in sporadic and familial cases of canine narcolepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2001; 8:525-534. Detailed study of hypocretin levels in CSF and brain tissue of both sporadic and familial cases of canine narcolepsy, a naturally occurring animal model.
    • (2001) Neurobiol Dis , vol.8 , pp. 525-534
    • Ripley, B.1    Fujiki, N.2    Okura, M.3
  • 33
    • 13044249865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orexin A activates locus coeruleus cell firing and increases arousal in the rat
    • Hagan JJ, Leslie RA, Patel S, et al. Orexin A activates locus coeruleus cell firing and increases arousal in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:10911-10916.
    • (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.96 , pp. 10911-10916
    • Hagan, J.J.1    Leslie, R.A.2    Patel, S.3
  • 34
    • 0034667702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypocretin-1 modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons
    • Bourgin P, Huitron-Resendiz S, Spier AD, et al. Hypocretin-1 modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons. J Neurosci 2000; 20:7760-7765.
    • (2000) J Neurosci , vol.20 , pp. 7760-7765
    • Bourgin, P.1    Huitron-Resendiz, S.2    Spier, A.D.3
  • 35
    • 0035134269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orexin A excites serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat
    • Brown RE, Sergeeva O, Eriksson KS, Haas HL. Orexin A excites serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat. Neuropharmacology 2001; 40:457-459.
    • (2001) Neuropharmacology , vol.40 , pp. 457-459
    • Brown, R.E.1    Sergeeva, O.2    Eriksson, K.S.3    Haas, H.L.4
  • 36
    • 0035783667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orexins (hypocretins) directly excite tuberomammillary neurons
    • Bayer L, Eggermann E, Serafin M, et al. Orexins (hypocretins) directly excite tuberomammillary neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:1571-1575.
    • (2001) Eur J Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 1571-1575
    • Bayer, L.1    Eggermann, E.2    Serafin, M.3
  • 37
    • 0035576310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orexin/hypocretin excites the histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus
    • Eriksson KS, Sergeeva O, Brown RE, Haas HL. Orexin/hypocretin excites the histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus. J Neurosci 2001; 21:9273-9279.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 9273-9279
    • Eriksson, K.S.1    Sergeeva, O.2    Brown, R.E.3    Haas, H.L.4
  • 38
    • 0035834260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased brain histamine content in hypocretin/orexin receptor-2 mutated narcoleptic dogs
    • Nishino S, Fujiki N, Ripley B, et al. Decreased brain histamine content in hypocretin/orexin receptor-2 mutated narcoleptic dogs. Neurosci Lett 2001; 313:125-128.
    • (2001) Neurosci Lett , vol.313 , pp. 125-128
    • Nishino, S.1    Fujiki, N.2    Ripley, B.3
  • 39
    • 0035859825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arousal effect of orexin A depends on activation of the histaminergic system
    • Huang ZL, Qu WM, Li WD, et al. Arousal effect of orexin A depends on activation of the histaminergic system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9965-9970.
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.98 , pp. 9965-9970
    • Huang, Z.L.1    Qu, W.M.2    Li, W.D.3
  • 40
    • 0036546690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect excitation of laterodorsal tegmental neurons by hypocretin/orexin peptides: Implications for wakefulness and narcolepsy
    • Burlet S, Tyler CJ, Leonard CS. Direct and indirect excitation of laterodorsal tegmental neurons by hypocretin/orexin peptides: Implications for wakefulness and narcolepsy. J Neurosci 2002; 22:2862-2872.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 2862-2872
    • Burlet, S.1    Tyler, C.J.2    Leonard, C.S.3
  • 41
    • 0035282983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fos expression in orexin neurons varies with behavioral state
    • Estabrooke I, McCarthy MT, Ko E, et al. Fos expression in orexin neurons varies with behavioral state. J Neurosci 2001; 21:1656-1662. Fos expression was used to quantify the activity of hypocretin neurons, and was shown to be positively correlated with the amount of wakefulness and negatively correlated with the amount of non-REM and REM sleep.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 1656-1662
    • Estabrooke, I.1    McCarthy, M.T.2    Ko, E.3
  • 42
    • 0035783672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluctuation of extracellular hypocretin-1 (orexin A) levels in the rat in relation to the light-dark cycle and sleep-wake activities
    • Yoshida Y, Fujiki N, Nakajima T, et al. Fluctuation of extracellular hypocretin-1 (orexin A) levels in the rat in relation to the light-dark cycle and sleep-wake activities. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:1075-1081. Extracellular hypocretin-1 levels in freely moving rats showed a robust diurnal variation (increasing during the active phase, decreasing during the rest phase). Furthermore, sleep deprivation increased hypocretin release.
    • (2001) Eur J Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 1075-1081
    • Yoshida, Y.1    Fujiki, N.2    Nakajima, T.3
  • 43
    • 0036663072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Release of hypocretin (orexin) during waking and sleep states
    • Kiyashchenko LI, Mireykovskiy BY, Maidment N, et al. Release of hypocretin (orexin) during waking and sleep states. J Neurosci 2002; 22:5282-5286. The authors measured hypocretin-1 levels in microdiarysis samples at 10-min intervals, with simultaneous sleep recordings. Hypocretin levels were highest during active waking and during REM sleep.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 5282-5286
    • Kiyashchenko, L.I.1    Mireykovskiy, B.Y.2    Maidment, N.3
  • 44
    • 0036674614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurobiology of sleep: Genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks
    • Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. The neurobiology of sleep: genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3:591-605. In-depth review of the neurobiology of sleep: from molecular mechanisms underlying clock function to the interaction of various brain nuclei to generate the sleep cycle.
    • (2002) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 591-605
    • Pace-Schott, E.F.1    Hobson, J.A.2
  • 46
    • 0035576935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sleep switch: Hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness
    • Saper CB, Chou TC, Scammell TE. The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24:726-731. After reviewing the key nuclei involved in the generation of the different sleep/wake states, the authors describe the important role of the hypothalamus in regulating these systems. A model is proposed, in which wake and sleep-promoting neurons inhibit each other, thereby forming a bistable 'sleep-switch'.
    • (2001) Trends Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 726-731
    • Saper, C.B.1    Chou, T.C.2    Scammell, T.E.3
  • 47
    • 0035006525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypocretin/orexin, sleep and narcolepsy
    • Hungs M, Mignot E. Hypocretin/orexin, sleep and narcolepsy. Bioessays 2001; 23:397-408.
    • (2001) Bioessays , vol.23 , pp. 397-408
    • Hungs, M.1    Mignot, E.2
  • 48
    • 0034255401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hypocretin/orexin ligand-receptor system: Implications for sleep and sleep disorders
    • Kilduff TS, Peyron C. The hypocretin/orexin ligand-receptor system: Implications for sleep and sleep disorders. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23:359-365.
    • (2000) Trends Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 359-365
    • Kilduff, T.S.1    Peyron, C.2
  • 49
    • 0037082219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep-waking discharge patterns of neurons recorded in the rat perifornical lateral hypothalamic area
    • Alam MN, Gong H, Alam T, et al. Sleep-waking discharge patterns of neurons recorded in the rat perifornical lateral hypothalamic area. J Physiol 2002; 538:619-631. In this study the electrical activity of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus during wakefulness and sleep was measured. Several cell populations were found with different patterns of activity during the various vigilance states.
    • (2002) J Physiol , vol.538 , pp. 619-631
    • Alam, M.N.1    Gong, H.2    Alam, T.3
  • 50
    • 0034621042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased body-mass index in patients with narcolepsy
    • Schuld A, Hebebrand J, Geller F, Pollmacher T. Increased body-mass index in patients with narcolepsy. Lancet 2000; 355:1274-1275.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1274-1275
    • Schuld, A.1    Hebebrand, J.2    Geller, F.3    Pollmacher, T.4
  • 51
    • 0035010913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased prevalence of obesity in narcoleptic patients and relatives
    • Dahmen N, Bierbrauer J, Kasten M. Increased prevalence of obesity in narcoleptic patients and relatives. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 251:85-89. The authors measured the body mass index of 132 narcoleptic patients, and compared the data to a previous survey of self-reported data on body weight and height in the general population.
    • (2001) Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.251 , pp. 85-89
    • Dahmen, N.1    Bierbrauer, J.2    Kasten, M.3
  • 52
    • 24244479515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body weight and composition in patients with narcolepsy versus idiopathic hypersomnia
    • Overeem S, Kok SW, Pijl H, et al. Body weight and composition in patients with narcolepsy versus idiopathic hypersomnia [abstract]. Sleep 2002; 25:A79.
    • (2002) Sleep , vol.25
    • Overeem, S.1    Kok, S.W.2    Pijl, H.3
  • 53
    • 0033777552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced leptin levels in human narcolepsy
    • Schuld A, Blum WF, Uhr M, et al. Reduced leptin levels in human narcolepsy. Neuroendocrinology 2000; 72:195-198.
    • (2000) Neuroendocrinology , vol.72 , pp. 195-198
    • Schuld, A.1    Blum, W.F.2    Uhr, M.3
  • 54
    • 0036174090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of plasma leptin levels and loss of its circadian rhythmicity in hypocretin (orexin)-deficient narcoleptic humans
    • Kok SW, Meinders AE, Overeem S, et al. Reduction of plasma leptin levels and loss of its circadian rhythmicity in hypocretin (orexin)-deficient narcoleptic humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:805-809. Detailed study of serum leptin levels in a group of narcoleptics and a group of stringently matched controls, using measurements at 10-min intervals for 24 h.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 805-809
    • Kok, S.W.1    Meinders, A.E.2    Overeem, S.3
  • 55
    • 0013293960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The suprachiasmatic nucleus generates the diurnal changes in plasma leptin levels
    • Karsbeek A, Fliers E, Romijn JA, et al. The suprachiasmatic nucleus generates the diurnal changes in plasma leptin levels. Endocrinology 2001; 142:2677-2685.
    • (2001) Endocrinology , vol.142 , pp. 2677-2685
    • Karsbeek, A.1    Fliers, E.2    Romijn, J.A.3
  • 56
    • 0034954686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal
    • Aston-Jones G, Chen S, Zhu Y, Oshinsky ML. A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4:732-738. Using several neuronal tracer techniques, the authors describe an indirect pathway from the biological clock to the locus coeruleus relaying in the hypotharamus.
    • (2001) Nat Neurosci , vol.4 , pp. 732-738
    • Aston-Jones, G.1    Chen, S.2    Zhu, Y.3    Oshinsky, M.L.4
  • 57
    • 0035847577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems
    • Abrahamson EE, Leak RK, Moore RY. The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems. Neuroreport 2001; 12:435-440.
    • (2001) Neuroreport , vol.12 , pp. 435-440
    • Abrahamson, E.E.1    Leak, R.K.2    Moore, R.Y.3
  • 58
    • 0036847109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of the pituitary-adrenal ensemble in hypocretin deficient narcoleptic humans: Blunted basal ACTH release and evidence for normal time-keeping by the master pacemaker
    • in press
    • Kok SW, Roelfsema F, Overeem S, et al. Dynamics of the pituitary-adrenal ensemble in hypocretin deficient narcoleptic humans: Blunted basal ACTH release and evidence for normal time-keeping by the master pacemaker. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87 (in press).
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87
    • Kok, S.W.1    Roelfsema, F.2    Overeem, S.3
  • 59
    • 0028566823 scopus 로고
    • Chronobiological aspects of narcolepsy
    • Broughton R, Mullington J. Chronobiological aspects of narcolepsy. Sleep 1994; 17:S35-S44.
    • (1994) Sleep , vol.17
    • Broughton, R.1    Mullington, J.2
  • 60
    • 0030955520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological aspects of human and canine narcolepsy
    • Nishino S, Mignot E. Pharmacological aspects of human and canine narcolepsy. Prog Neurobiol 1997; 52:27-78.
    • (1997) Prog Neurobiol , vol.52 , pp. 27-78
    • Nishino, S.1    Mignot, E.2
  • 61
    • 0034070166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcolepsy: Genetic predisposition and neuropharmacological mechanisms
    • Nishino S, Okura M, Mignot E. Narcolepsy: Genetic predisposition and neuropharmacological mechanisms. Sleep Med Rev 2000; 4:57-99.
    • (2000) Sleep Med Rev , vol.4 , pp. 57-99
    • Nishino, S.1    Okura, M.2    Mignot, E.3
  • 62
    • 0001858941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and polysomnographic characterization of orexin-1 receptor and orexin-2 receptor double knockout mice
    • Kisanuki Y, Chemelli RM, Tokita S, et al. Behavioral and polysomnographic characterization of orexin-1 receptor and orexin-2 receptor double knockout mice [abstract]. Sleep 2001; 24:A22.
    • (2001) Sleep , vol.24
    • Kisanuki, Y.1    Chemelli, R.M.2    Tokita, S.3
  • 63
    • 0034992322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic ablation of orexin neurons in mice results in narcolepsy, hypophagia, and obesity
    • Hara J, Beuckmann CT, Nambu T, et al. Genetic ablation of orexin neurons in mice results in narcolepsy, hypophagia, and obesity. Neuron 2001; 30:345-354. Description of a new murine model for narcolepsy, in which hypocretin neurons degenerate during the first months of life. These mice develop narcolepsy and lateonset obesity, despite eating less.
    • (2001) Neuron , vol.30 , pp. 345-354
    • Hara, J.1    Beuckmann, C.T.2    Nambu, T.3
  • 64
    • 0030025684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous food choice in narcolepsy
    • Lammers GJ, Pijl H, lestra J, et al. Spontaneous food choice in narcolepsy. Sleep 1996; 19:75-76.
    • (1996) Sleep , vol.19 , pp. 75-76
    • Lammers, G.J.1    Pijl, H.2    Lestra, J.3
  • 65
    • 24244474601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A rat model of narcolepsy: Genetic ablation of orexin neurons
    • Beuckmann CT, Hammer RE, Williams SC, et al. A rat model of narcolepsy: genetic ablation of orexin neurons [abstract]. Sleep 2002; 25:A73-A74.
    • (2002) Sleep , vol.25
    • Beuckmann, C.T.1    Hammer, R.E.2    Williams, S.C.3
  • 66
    • 0035884938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypocretin-2-saporin lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce narcoleptic-like sleep behavior in the rat
    • Gerashchenko D, Kohls MD, Greco M, et al. Hypocretin-2-saporin lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce narcoleptic-like sleep behavior in the rat. J Neurosci 2001; 21:7273-7283. In this study, hypocretin receptor-expression neurons in the lateral hypothalamus were lesioned using a hypocretin-2-saporin conjugate. This technique shows promise to selectively destroy neurons that receive hypocretin input.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 7273-7283
    • Gerashchenko, D.1    Kohls, M.D.2    Greco, M.3
  • 67
    • 0033724996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcolepsy: A neurodegenerative disease of the hypocretin system?
    • van den Pol AN. Narcolepsy: A neurodegenerative disease of the hypocretin system? Neuron 2000; 27:415-418.
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.27 , pp. 415-418
    • Van den Pol, A.N.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.