Polycystic ovary syndrome

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 100, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 1389-1402

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIANDROGEN; ATORVASTATIN; CLOMIFENE CITRATE; DEXAMETHASONE; EFLORNITHINE; FINASTERIDE; FLUTAMIDE; GESTAGEN; GONADOTROPIN DERIVATIVE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INOSITOL DERIVATIVE; INSULIN; LEUPRORELIN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; METFORMIN; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PIOGLITAZONE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SPIRONOLACTONE; TROGLITAZONE;

ANOVULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; ESTHETIC SURGERY; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; INCIDENCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIVER TOXICITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OVARY FUNCTION; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; OVULATION INDUCTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 0036905344     PISSN: 00297844     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02628-5     Document Type: Short Survey

References (101)

1. Zawadrii, JK, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: Towards a rational approach, In: Dunaif A, Givens JR, Haseltine FP, Merriam GR, editors, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Current Issues in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1st Ed. Boston (MA): Blackwell Scientific Publications: 1992. p. 377-84. (Level III)
2. Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome: Mechanisms and implications for pathogenesity. Endorc Rev 1997;18:774-800. (Level III)
3. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995:333:853-61. (Level III)
4. Knochenhauer ES, Key T.J, Kahsar-Miller M, Waggoner W. Boots LR, Azziz R. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study. J Clin Endorcrinol Metab 1998;83:3078-82. (Level II-3)
5. Lobo RA. Goebelsmann U, Horton R. Evidence for the importance of peripheral tissue events in the development of hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endorcrinol Metab i1983;57:393-7. (Level II-2)
6. Azziz R, Ehrmann D.. Legro RS. Whitcomb RW, Hanley R. Fereshetian AG, et al. Troglitazone improves ovulation and hirsutism in the poycystic ovary syndrome: A multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001:86: 1626-32. (Level I)
7. Poretsky L. On the paradox of insulin-induced hyperandrogenism in insulin-resistant states. Endocr Rev 1991;12:3-13 (Level III)
8. Urman B. Sarac E. Dogan L, Gurgan T. Pregnancy in inferrtile PCOD patients. Complications and outcome. J Reprodm Med 1997;42:501-5. (Level II-2)
9. Anttila I., Karjala K. Penttila RA. Ruutiainen K. Ekblad U. Polycystic ovaries in women with gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92: 13-6. (Level II-2)
10. Holte J. Gennarelli G, Wide L. Lithell H, Berne C. High prevalence of polycystic ovaries and associated clinical, endocrine, and metabolic features in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998:83: 1143-50. (Level II-2)
11. Ho SP, Tan KT, Pang MW, Ho TH. Endometrial hyperlasia and the risk of endometrial carcinoma. Singapore Med J 1997:38:11-5. (Level II-2)
12. Dahlgren E, Friberg LG, Johansson S, Lindstrom B, Oden A. Samsioe G. et al. Endometrial carcinoma; ovarian dysfunction - A risk factor in young women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1991:41:143-50. (Level II-3)
13. Troisi R. Potischman N, Hoover RN, Siiteri P, Brinton LA. Insulin and endometrial cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146:476-82. (Level II-2)
14. Potischman N, Hooverr RN, Brinton LA, Siiteri P. Dorgan JF. Swanson CA. et al. Case-control study of endogenous steroid hormones and endometrial cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst 1996:88:1127-35. (Level II-2)
15. Vgontzas AN, Legro RS, Bixler EO, Grayev A, Kales A. Chrousos GP. Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with obstrutive sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness: Role of insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001: 86;517-20. (Level II-2)
16. Tsigos C, Chrousos Differential diagnosis and management Cushing's syndrome. Ann Rev Med 1996;47: 443-61. (Level III)
17. Waggoner W, Boots LR, Azziz, R. Total testosterone and DHEAS levels as predictors of androgen-secreting neoplasms: A populational study. Gynecol Endocrinol 1999:3: 394-100. (Level II-3)
18. Robinson S, Rodin Decacon A, Wheeler M J, Clayton RN. Which hormone tests for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99:232-8. (Level II-2)
19. New MI. Speiser PW. Genetics of adrenal steroid 2 I-hydroxylase deficiency, Endocr Rev 1986;7:331-49. (Level III)
20. Azziz R. Hincapie LA, Knoehchenhauer ES, Dewailly D, Fox L., Boots LR. Screening for 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia among hyperandrogenic women: A prospective study. Fertil Steril 1999:72: 915-25. (Level II-2)
21. Wild S, Pierpoint T, McKeigue P, Jacobs H. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up: A retrospective cohort study. Clin Endorcrinol ((Oxf) 2000:52:595-600. (Level II-2)
22. Cibula D, Cifkova R, Fanta M. Poledne R, Zivny J, Skibova J. lncreased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovaryry syndronme. Hum Reprod 2000;15:785-9. (Level II-2)
23. Talbott EO, Zborowski JV. Sutton-Tyrrell K, McHughPemu KP Guzick DS. Cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2001;28:111-33, vii. (Level III)
24. Legro RS Kunselman AR Dodson WC, Dunaif A. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: A prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999:84:165-9. (Level II-2)
25. Haffner SM. Risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Hyperlen Suppl 1995:13:S73-6. (Level III)
26. Consensus Development Conference on Insulin Resistance. 5-6 November 1997. American Diabetss Association Diabetes Care 1998:21;310-4 (Level III)
27. Harris MI Eastman RC, Cowie CC, Floral KM. Eberhardt M.S Comparison of diabetes diagnostic categories in the U.N. population according to the 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1980-1985 World Health Organization diagnostic criteria. [)iabetes Care 1997;20:1859-62. (Level III)
28. Knowler WC, Barrret-Connor E, Fowler SE. Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403. (Level I)
29. Birdsall MA. Farquhar CM, White HD. Association between polycystic ovaries and extent of coronary artery disease in women having cardiac catheterization. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:32-5. (Level II-2)
30. Guzick DS, Talbott EO. Sutton-Tyrrell K. Herzog HC, Kuller LH Jr. Wolfson SK. Carotid athcrosclerosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Initial results from a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1224-.9: discussion 1229-32. (Level II-2)
31. Talbott EO, Guzick DS. Sutton-Tyrrell K. McHughPemu KP, Zborowski JV, Remsberg KE, et al. Evidence for association between polycystic ovary syndrome and premature carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women. Arteriocler Thromb Vase Biol 2000;20:2414-21. (Level II-2)
32. Barzilay JI, Spiekerman CF, Wahl PW, Kuller LH, Cushman M, Furberg CD, et al. Cardiovascular disease in older adults with glucose disorders: Comparison of American Diabetes Association criteria for diabetes mellitus with WHO criteria. Lancet 1999;354:622-5. (Level II-3)
33. Executive Summary of The Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 200;285:2486-97. (Level III)
34. Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Dunaif A. Prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann J Med 2001;111:607-13. (Level II-2)
35. Talbott E, Guzick D, Clerici A, Berga S, Detre K, Weimer K, et al. Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polyeystic ovary syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Bird 1995;15:821-26. (Level II-2)
36. Talbott E, Clerici A, Berga SL, Kuller L, Guzick D, Detre K. et al; Adverse lipid and coronary heart disease risk profiles in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Results of a case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;51:415-22, (Level II-2)
37. Laakso M. Dyslipidaemias, insulin resistance and atherosclrosis. Ann Med 1992;24:505-.9. (Level III)
38. Vessey MP, Painter R. Endometrial and ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives - Findings in a large cohort study. Br J Cancer 1995;71:1340-2. (Level II-2)
39. Anttila L, Koskinen P, Erkkola R, Irjala K, Ruutiainen K. Serum testosterone, androstenedione and luteinizing hor mone levels after short-term medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Acta Obstet Gynecol Stand 1994;73:634-6. (Level II-2)
40. Wortsman J, Khan MS, Rosner W. Suppression of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin by medroxyprogesterone acetate in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1986;67:705-9. (Level II-2)
41. Kovacs G. Progestogen-only pills and bleeding disturbances, Hum Reprod 1996;II (suppl 2):20-3. (Level III)
42. Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ. Lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome respond to insulin reduction with decreases in ovarian p450c17 alpha activity and serum androgens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:4075-9. (Level II-2)
43. Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ, Evans WS, Pasquali R. Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomipheneinduced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1876-80. (Level II-1)
44. Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ, Reamer P, Gunn RD, Allan G, Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1314-20. (Level I)
45. Pasquali R, Gambineri A, Biscotti D. Vicennati V, Gagliardi L. Colitta D, et al. Effect of long-term treatment with metformin added to hypocaloric diet on body composition, fat distribution, and androgen and insulin levels in abdominally obese women with and without the polycystic Ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2767-74. (Level I)
46. Moghetti P, Castello R, Negri C, Tosi F, Perrone F, Caputo M, et al. Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled 6-month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluaiion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:139-46. (Level I)
47. Kolodziejczyk B, Duleba A J, Spaczynski RZ. Pawelczyk L. Metformin therapy decreases hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2000;73:1149-54. (Level II-2)
48. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Spielgelman D, et al. A prospectivc study of oral contraceptives and NIDDM among U.S. women. Diabetes Care 1997;20:330-5. (Level II-2)
49. Falselti L, Pasinetti E. Effects of lung-term administration of an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate on lipid metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995;74:56-60. (Level II-2)
50. Morin-Papunen LC, Vauhkonen I, Koivunen RM, Ruokonen A, Martikainen HK, Tapanainen JS. Endocrine and metabolic effects of metaformin versus ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3161-8. (Level I)
51. Ginsberg H, Plutzky J, Sobel BE. A review of metabolic and cardiovascular effects of oral antidiabetic agents: Beyond glucose-level lowering. J Cardiovasc Risk 1999;6:337-46. (Level III)
52. Kim LH, Taylor AE, Barbieri RL. Insulin sensitizers and polycystic ovary syndrome: Can a diabetes medication treat infertility? Fertil Steril 2000;73:1097-8. (Level III)
53. Adashi EY. Ovulalion induction: Clomiphene citrate. In: Adashi EY, Rock JA, Rosenwaks Z, editors. Repro- ductive endocrinology, surgery, and technology, vol. I. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven; 1996. p. 1181-1206. (Level III)
54. Gysler M, March CM, Mishell DR, Jr. Bailey FJ. A decade's experiente with an individualized clomiphene treatment regimen including its effect on the postcoital test. Fertil Steril 1982;37:161-7. (Level II-3)
55. Hughes E, Collins J, Vandekerckhove P. Clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in women with oligo-amenorrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2002. Oxford: Update Software (Level III)
56. Shepard MK, Balmaceda JP, Leija CG. Relationship of weight to successful induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 1979;32:641-5. (Level II-2)
57. Lobo RA, Granger LR, Davajan V, Mishell DR, Jr. An extended regimen of clomiphene citrate in women unresponsive to standard therapy. Fertil Steril 1982;37:762-6. (Level II-3)
58. Daly DC, Walters CA, Soto-Albors CE, Tohan N, Riddick DH. A randomized study of dexamethasone in ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 1984;41:844-8. (Level I)
59. Fauser BC, Donderwinkel P, Schoot DC. The step-down principle in gonadotrophin treatment and the role of GnRH analogues. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1993;7:309-30. (Level III)
60. Homburg R, Levy T, Ben-Rafael Z. A comparative prospective study of conventional regimen with chronic low-dose administration of follicle-stimulating hormone for anovulation associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1995;63:729-33. (Level II-2)
61. Sagle MA, Hamilton-Fairley D, Kiddy DS, Franks S. A comparative, randomized study of low-dose human menopausal gonadotropin and follicle-stimulating hormone in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril 1991;55:50-60. (Level I)
62. Farquhar C, Vandekerekhove P, Lilford R. Laparoscopic "drilling" by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Issue 3, 2002 Oxford: Update Software. (Meta-analysis)
63. Farquhar CM, Williamson K, Gudex G, Johnson NP, Garland J, Sadler L. A randomized controlled trial of laparoscopic ovarian dialthermy versus gonadotropin therapy for women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic syndrome. Fertil Steril 2002;78:4-11 (Level I)
64. Donesky BW, Adashi EY. Surgically induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome: Wedge resection revisited in the age of laparoscopy. Fertil Steril 1995;63: 439-63. (Level III)
65. Lemieux S, Lewis GF, Ben-Chetrit A, Steiner G, Greenblatt EM. Correction of hyperandrogenemia by laparoscopic ovarian cautery in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome is not accompanied by improved insulin sensitivity or lipid-lipoprotein levels. J Clin Endorcrinol Metab 1999;442;84;4278-82 (Level II-2)
66. Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ. Decreases in ovarian cytochrome P450c17 alpha activity and serum free testosterone after reduction of insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996;335:617-23. (Level I)
67. De Leo V, La Marca A, Ditto A, Morgantc G, Cianci A. Effects of metformin on gonadotropin-induced ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1999;72:282-5. (Level I)
68. Crave JC, Fimbel S, Lejeune H, Cugnardey N, Dechaud H. Pugeat M. Effects of diet and metformin administration on sex hormone binding globulin, androgens, and insulin in hirsute and obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2057-62. (Level I)
69. Aebay O, Gundogdu S. Can metformin reduce insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome? Fertil Steril 1996;65:946-9. (Level II-2)
70. Ehrmann DA, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, Sturis J, Rosenfield RL, Polonsky KS. Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:524-30. (Level II-2)
71. Stadtmauer LA, Toma SK, Riehl RM, Talbert LM. Metformin treatment of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization improves outcomes and is associated with modulation of the insulin-like growth factors. Fertil Steril 2001;75:505-9. (Level II-2)
72. Vandermolen DT, Ratts VS, Evans WS, Stovall DW, Kauma SW, Nestler JE. Metformin increases the ovulatory rate and pregnancy rate from clomiphene citrate in patients with polycystic ovary Syndrome who are resistant to clomiphene citrate alone. Fertil Steril 2001;75:310-5. (Level I)
73. Callahan TI, Hall JE, Ettner SL, Christiansen CL, Greene MF, Crowley WF Jr. The economic impact of multiple-gestation pregnancies and the contribution of assisted-reproduction techniques to their incidence. N Engl J Med 1994;331;244-9. (Level III)
74. Glueck CJ, Phillips H, Cameron D, Sieve-Smith L, Wang P. Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: A pilot study. Fertil Steril 2001;75:46-52. (Level III)
75. Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1502-5. (Level II-3)
76. Huber-Buchholz MM, Carey DG, Norman RJ. Restoration of reproductive potential by lifestyle modification in obese polycystic ovary syndrome: Role of insulin sensitivity and luteinizing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1470-4. (Level II-2)
77. Kiddy DS, Hamilton-Fairley D, Bush A, Short F, Anyaoku V, Reed MJ, et al. Improvement in endocrine and ovarian function during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992;36:105-11. (Level II-2)
78. Guzick DS, Wing R, Smith D, Berga SL, Winters SJ. Endocrine consequences of weight loss in obese, hyperandrogenic, anovulatory women. Fertil Steril 1994;61:598-604. (Level I)
79. Pasquali R, Antenucci D, Casimirri F, Venturoli S, Paradisi R, Fabbri R, et al. Clinical and hormonal characteristics of obese amenorrheic hyperandrogenic women before and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:173-9. (Level II-3)
80. Jaatinen TA, Anttila L, Erkkola R, Koskinen P, Laippala P, Ruutiainen K, et al. Hormonal responses to physical exercise in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril 1993;60:262-7. (Level II-2)
81. Braun B, Zimmermann MB, Kretchmer N. Effects of exercise intensity on insulin sensitivity in women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol 1995;78:300-6. (Level II-2)
82. Ehrmann DA, Schneider DJ, Sobel BE, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, Rosenfield RL, et al. Troglitazone improves defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2108-16. (Level II-2)
83. Ciotta L, Cianci A, Marietta E, Pisana L, Agliano A, Palumbo G. Treatment of hirsutism with flutamide and a low-dosage oral contraceptive in polycystic ovarian disease patients. Fertil Steril 1994;62:1129-35. (Level II-2)
84. Azziz R, Ochoa TM, Bradley EL Jr. Potter HD, Boots LR. Leuprolide and estrogen versus oral contraceptive pills for the treatment of hirsutism: A prospective randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3406-11. (Level I)
85. De Leo V, Fulghesu AM, La Marca A, Morgante G, Pasqui L, Talluri B, et al. Hormonal and clinical effects of GnRH agonist alone, or in combination with a combination oral contraceptive or flutamide in women with severe hir sutism. Gynecol Endrocrinol 2000;14:411-6. (Level I)
86. Falsetti L, Gambera A, Tisi G. Efficacy of the combination ethinyl oestradiol and cyproterone acetate on endocrine, clinical and ultrasonographic profile in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod 2001;16;36-42. (Level II-2)
87. Sobbrio GA, Granata A, D'Arrigo F, Arena D. Panacea A, Trimarchi F, et al. Treatment of hirsutism related to micropolycystic ovary syndrome (MPCO) with two lowdose oestrogen oral contraceptives: A comparative randomized evalualition. Acta Eur Fertil 1990;21:139-41. (Level I)
88. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Mitrakou A, Raptis S, Tolis G, Duleba AJ. The effect of a pure antiandrogen receptor blocker, flutamide, on the lipid profile in the polycystic Ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2699-705. (Level II-2)
89. Moghetti P, Tosi F, Tosti A, Negri C, Misciali C, Perrone F, et al. Comparison of spironolactone, flutamide, and finasteride efficacy in the treatment of hirsutism: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controllecl trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:89-94. (Level I)
90. Eil C, Edelson SK. The use of human skin fibroblasts to obtain potency estimates of drug binding to androgen receptors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;59:51-5. (Level II-3)
91. Helfer EL, Miller JL, Rose LI. Side-effects of spironolactone therapy in the hirsute woman. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:208-11. (Level III)
92. Farquhar C, Lee O, Toomath R, Jepson R. Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne (Cochrane Review). In: Cochrane Library. Issue 3, 2002. Oxford: Update Software. (Metaanalysis)
93. Pucci E, Genazzani AD, Monzani F, Lippi F, Angelini F, Gargani M, et al. Prolonged treatment of hirsutism with flutamide alone in patients affected by polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 1995;9:221-8. (Leve II-2)
94. Fruzzetti F, De Lorenzo D, Ricci C, Fioretti P. Clinical and endocrine effects of flutamide in hyperandrogenic women. Fertil Steril 1993;60:806-13. (Level II-1)
95. Moghetti P, Castello R, Magnani CM, Tosi F, Negri C, Armanini D, et al. Clinical and hormonal effects of the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride in idiopathic hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1115-21. (Level II-2)
96. Fruzzetti F, de Lorenzo D, Parrini D, Ricci C. Effects of finasteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, on circulating androgens and gonadotropin secretion in hirsute women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:831-5. (Level II-2)
97. Morin-Papunen LC, Koivunen RM, Ruokonen A, Martikatinen HK. Metformin therapy improves the menstrual pattern with minimal endocrine and metabolic effects in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril 1998;69:691-6. (Level II-2)
98. Ibanez L, Valls C, Potau N, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Sensitization to insulin in adolecscent girls to normalize fursutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism after precocious pubarehe. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3526-30. (Level II-2)
99. Richards RN, Uy M, Meharg G. Temporary hair removal in patients with hirsutism: A clinical study. Cutis 1990;45:199-202. (Level III)
100. Peereboom-Wynia JD. Effect of various methods of depilation on density of hairgrowth in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Arch Dermatol Forsch 1972;243:164-76. (Level II-2)
101. Diecriekx CC. Hair removal by lasers and intense pulsed light sources. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2000;19:267-75. (Level III)