Regulation of gonadotropin secretion: Implications for polycystic ovary syndrome

Seminars in Reproductive Medicine

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 317-325

  McCartney, Christopher R ^a,b   Eagleson, Christine A ^b   Marshall, John C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Flutamide; Gonadotropins; LH; Menstrual cycle; Polycystic ovary syndrome

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; FLUTAMIDE; FOLLITROPIN; GONADORELIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; PROGESTERONE; RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; STEROID;

ANOVULATION; FOLLITROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; GONADOTROPIN RELEASE; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HORMONE INHIBITION; HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; HYPOTHALAMUS; MATURATION; MENSTRUATION; NONHUMAN; OVARY FOLLICLE; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; OVULATION; PATHOGENESIS; PHYSIOLOGY; PUBERTY; PULSE GENERATOR; PULSE RATE; REVIEW; SLEEP;

DRUG RESISTANCE; FEMALE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; GONADOTROPINS; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMUS; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OVARY; POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME; PUBERTY;

EID: 0036869152     PISSN: 15268004     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-36706     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome: Mechanisms and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev 1997;18:774-800
2. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;333:853-861
3. Taylor AE, Polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998;27:877-902
4. Marshall JC, Eagleson CA. Neuroendocrine aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1999;28:295-324
5. Ehrmann DA, Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL. Polycystic ovary syndrome as a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism due to dysregulation of androgen secretion. Endocr Rev 1995;16:322-353
6. Steingold K, De Ziegler D, Cedars M, et al. Clinical and hormonal effects of chronic gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;65:773-778
7. Marshall JC. Estrogen-progestagen therapy in the management of the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 1998;21:618-622
8. Hall JE. Polycystic ovarian disease as a neuroendocrine disorder of the female reproductive axis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993;22:75-92
9. Marshall JC, Case GD, Valk TW, Corley KP, Sauder SE, Kelch RP. Selective inhibition of FSH secretion by estradiol: A mechanism for modulation of gonadotropin responses to low dose pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. J Clin Invest 1983;71:248-258
10. Hayes FJ, Hall JE, Boepple PA, Crowley WF. Differential control of gonadotropin secretion in the human: Endocrine role of inhibin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1835-1841
11. Muttukrishna S, Fowler PA, George L, Groome NP, Knight PG. Changes in peripheral serum levels of total activin A during the human menstrual cycle and pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3328-3334
12. Wildt L, Hausler A, Marshall G, et al. Frequency and amplitude of gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation and gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinol 1981;109:376-385
13. Clarke IJ, Cummins JT, Findlay JK, Burman KJ, Doughton BW. Effects on plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone of varying the frequency and amplitude of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses in ovariectomized ewes with hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection. Neuroendocrinol 1984;39:214-221
14. Haisenleder DJ, Dalkin AC, Marshall JC. Regulation of gonadotropin gene expression. In: Knobil E, Neill J, eds. The Physiology of Reproduction. 2nd Ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994:1793
15. Dalkin AC, Haisenleder DJ, Gilrain JT, Aylor K, Yasin M, Marshall JC. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene expression in female rats: Actions on follicle-stimulating hormone beta messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) involve differential expression of pituitary activin (beta-B) and follistatin mRNAs. Endocrinology 1999;140:903-908
16. Kirk SE, Dalkin AC, Yasin M, Haisenleder DJ, Marshall JC. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency regulates expression of pituitary follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid: A mechanism for differential gonadotrope function. Endocrinology 1994;135:876-880
17. Reame N, Sauder SE, Kelch RP, Marshall JC. Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion during the human menstrual cycle: Evidence for altered frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;59:328-337
18. Filicori M, Santoro N, Merriam GR, Crowley WF. Characterization of the physiological pattern of episodic gonadotropin secretion throughout the human menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:1136-1144
19. Backstrom CT, McNeilly AS, Leask RM, Baird DT Pulsatile secretion of LH, FSH, prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone during the human menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1982;7:29-42
20. Filicori M, Butler JP, Crowley WF. Neuroendocrine regulation of the corpus luteum in the human. J Clin Invest 1984;73:1638-1647
21. Rossmanith WG, Liu CH, Laughlin GA, Mortola JF, Suh BY, Yen SS, Relative changes in LH pulsatility during the menstrual cycle: Using data from hypogonadal women as a reference point. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990;32:647-660
22. Marshall JC, Dalkin AC, Haisenleder DJ, Paul SJ, Ortolano GA, Kelch RP. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses: Regulators of gonadotropin synthesis and ovulatory cycles. Recent Prog Horm Res 1991;47:155-187; discussion 188-189
23. Sollenberger MJ, Carlsen EC, Johnson ML, Veldhuis JD, Evans WS. Specific physiological regulation of LH secretory events throughout the human menstrual cycle: New insights into the pulsatile mode of gonadotropin release. J Neuroendo 1990;2:845-852
24. Soules MR, Steiner RA, Clifton DK, Cohen NL, Aksel S, Bremner WJ. Progesterone modulation of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58:378-383
25. Goodman RL, Bittman EL, Foster DL, Karsch FJ. The endocrine basis of the synergistic suppression of luteinizing hormone by estradiol and progesterone. Endocrinology 1981;109:1414-1417
26. Nippoldt TB, Reame NE, Kelch RP, Marshall JC. The roles of estradiol and progesterone in decreasing luteinizing hormone pulse frequency in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69:67-76
27. MacLusky NJ, McEwen BS. Oestrogen modulates progestin receptor concentrations in some rat brain regions but not in others. Nature 1978;274:276-278
28. Romano GJ, Krust A, Pfaff DW. Expression and estrogen regulation of progesterone receptor mRNA in neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus: An in situ hybridization study. Mol Endocrinol 1989;3:1295-1300 [erratum appears in Mol Endocrinol 1989;3:1860]
29. Wehrenberg WB, Wardlaw SL, Frantz A, Ferin M. β-endorphin in hypophyseal portal blood: Variations throughout the menstrual cycle. Endocrinol 1982;111:879-881
30. Gindoff PR, Jewelewicz R, Hembree W, Wardlaw S, Ferin M. Sustained effects of opioid antagonism during the normal human luteal phase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:1000-1004
31. Casper RF, Alapin-Rubiliovitz S. Progestins increase endogenous opioid peptide activity in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:34-36
32. Wardlaw SL, Wehrenberg WB, Ferin M, Antunes JL, Frantz AG. Effect of sex steroids on β-endorphin in hypophyseal portal blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;55:877-881
33. Welt CK, Martin KA, Taylor AE, et al. Frequency modulation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during the luteal-follicular transition: Evidence for FSH control of inhibin B in normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2645-2652
34. McCartney CR, Gingrich MB, Hu Y, Evans WS, Marshall JC. Hypothalmic regulation of cyclic ovulation: Evidence that the increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency during the follicular phase reflects the gradual loss of the restraining effects of progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:2194-2200
35. Conway GS, Honour JW, Jacobs HS. Heterogeneity of the polycystic ovary syndrome: Clinical, endocrine, and ultrasound features in 556 patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989;30:459-470
36. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome: A changing perspective. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989;31:87-120
37. Rebar R, Judd HL,Yen SSC, et al. Characterization of the inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Invest 1976;57:1320-1329
38. Taylor AE, McCourt B, Martin KA, et al. Determinants of abnormal gonadotropin secretion in clinically defined women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2248-2256
39. Yen SSC, Lasley BL, Wang CF, et al. The operating characteristics of the hypothalamic-pituitary system during the menstrual cycle and observation of the biological action of somatostatin. Rec Prog Hormone Res 1975;31:361-363
40. Waldstreicher J, Santoro NF, Hall JE, et al. Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:165-172
41. Buvat J, Buvat-Herbaut M, Marcolin G, et al. A double-blind controlled study of the hormonal and clinical effects of bromocriptine in the polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:119-124
42. Murdoch AP, McClean KG, Watson MJ, et al. Treatment of hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome with bromocriptine. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1987;94:358-365
43. Barnes RB, Lobo RA. Central opioid activity in polycystic ovary syndrome with and without dopaminergic modulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;61:779-782
44. Cumming DC, Reid RL, Quigley ME, et al. Evidence for decreased endogenous dopamine and opioid inhibitory influences on LH secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1984;20:643-648
45. Berga SL, Yen SSC. Opioidergic regulation of LH pulsatility in women with PCOS. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989;30:177-184
46. Lobo RA, Granger LR, Wellington LP, et al. Psychological stress and increases in urinary norepinephrine metabolites, platelet serotonin, and adrenal androgens in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;145:496-503
47. Paradisi R, Venturoli S, Capelli M, et al. Effects of alpha-adrenergic blockade on pulsatile LH, FSH and prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;65:841-846
48. Rosen GF, Lobo RA. Further evidence against dopamine deficiency as a cause of inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;65:891-895
49. Yen SSC, Chaney C, Judd HL. Functional aberrations of the hypothalamic-pituitary system in PCOS: A consideration of pathogenesis. In: James VHT, ed. The Endocrine Function of the Human Ovary. New York: Academic Press; 1976:273
50. Chang RJ, Mandel FP, Lu JK, Judd HL. Enhanced disparity of gonadotropin secretion by estrone in women with polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;54:490-494
51. Morales AJ, Laughlin GA, Butzow T, et al. Insulin, somatotrophic, and luteinizing hormone axes in non-obese and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Common and distinct features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2854-2864
52. Barbieri RL, Markis A, Randall RW, Daniels G, Kistner RW, Ryan KJ. Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubations of ovarian stroma obtained from women with hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:904-910
53. Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ, de Vargas AF, et al. Insulin stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the signal transduction system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2001-2005
54. Poretsky L, Piper B. Insulin resistance, hypersecretion of LH and a dual defect hypothesis for the pathogenesis of PCOS. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:613-621
55. Nestler JE, Jacubowicz DJ. Decreases in ovarian cytochrome P450 c17 activity and serum free testosterone after reduction of insulin secretion in PCOS. N Engl J Med 1996;335:617-623
56. Dunaif A, Scott D, Finegood D, et al. The insulin sensitizing agent Troglitazone improves metabolic and reproductive abnormalities in PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3299-3306
57. Acbay O, Gundogdu S. Can metformin reduce insulin resistance in PCOS. Fertil Steril 1996;65:946-949
58. Melrose P, Gross L. Steroids effect the secretory modalities of GnRH release. Endocrinology 1987;121:190-199
59. Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL, Ehrmann DA, et al. Ovarian hyperandrogenism as a result of congenital adrenal viralizing disorders: Evidence for perinatal masculinization of neuroendocrine function in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1328-1333
60. Dunaif A. Do androgens directly regulate gonadotropin secretion in the polycystic ovary syndrome? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:215-221
61. Serafini P, Silva PD, Paulson RJ, et al. Acute modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary axis by intravenous testosterone in normal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155:1288-1292
62. Spinder T, Spijkstra JJ, Van Den Tweel, et al. The effect of long term testosterone administration on pulsatile LH secretion and ovarian histology in eugonadal female to male transsexuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69:151-157
63. Pastor CL, Griffin-Korf ML, Aloi JA, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Evidence for reduced sensitivity of the GnRH pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:582-590
64. Daniels TL, Berga SL. Resistance of GnRH drive to sex steroid induced suppression in hyperandrogenemic anovulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:4179-4183
65. Eagleson CA, Gingrich MB, Pastor CL, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Evidence that flutamide restores sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4047-4052
66. Dumesic DA, Abbott DH, Eisner JR, Goy RW. Prenatal exposure of female rhesus monkeys to testosterone propionate increases serum luteinizing hormone levels in adulthood. Fertil Steril 1997;67:155-163
67. Robinson JE, Forsdike RA, Taylor JA. In utero exposure of female lambs to testosterone reduces sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal network to inhibition by progesterone. Endocrinology 1999;140:5797-5805
68. Venturoli S, Porcu E, Fabri R, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of different gonadotropin pulsatile patterns in anovulatory cycles of young girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:836-841
69. Apter D, Vihko R. Endocrine determinants of fertility: Serum androgen concentrations during follow up of adolescents into the third decade of life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:970-974
70. Venturoli S, Porcu E, Fabbri R, et al. Postmenarchal evolution of endocrine pattern and ovarian aspects in adolescents with menstrual irregularities. Fertil Steril 1987;48:78-85
71. Apter D, Butzow T, Laughlin GA, et al. Accelerated 24h LH pulsatile activity in adolescent girls with ovarian hyperandrogenism: Relevance to the developmental phase of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:119-125
72. Jakacki RI, Kelch RP, Sauder SE, et al. Pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;55:453-458
73. Marshall JC, Kelch RP. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Role of pulsatile secretion in the regulation of reproduction. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1459-1468
74. Apter D. Serum steroids and pituitary hormones in female puberty: A partly longitudinal study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1980;12:107-120
75. Mitamura R, Yano K, Suzuki N, Ito Y, Makita Y, Okuno A. Diurnal rhythms of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, and estradiol secretion before the onset of female puberty in short children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1074-1080