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Hellen CU, Samow P: Internal ribosome entry sites in eukaryotic mRNA molecules. Genes Dev (2001) 15(13):1593-1612. An excellent recent review focusing on mechanistic aspects of internal initiation by viral and cellular IRES elements.
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Translation eukaryotic initiation factor 4G recognizes a specific structural element within the internal ribosome entry site of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA
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Human La antigen is required for the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation
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Grundhoff A, Ganem D: Mechanisms governing expression of the v-FLIP gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol (2001) 75(4):1857-1863. This report, and the following two independent contributions (references [13•] and [14•]), demonstrate for the first time the presence of an IRES element in a DNA virus. As observed in cellular IRESs, cell cycle- or stress-independent translation of the v-FLIP protein blocking apoptosis may be advantageous for the survival of KSHV-infected cells.
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J Virol
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Grundhoff, A.1
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Bieleski L, Talbot SJ: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vCyclin open reading frame contains an internal ribosome entry site. J Virol (2001) 75(4):1864-1869. This report demonstrates the presence of an IRES element in a DNA virus.
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Bieleski, L.1
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Internal ribosome entry site regulates translation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus FLICE inhibitory protein
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Low W, Harries M, Ye H, Du MQ, Boshoff C, Collins M: Internal ribosome entry site regulates translation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus FLICE inhibitory protein. J Virol (2001) 75(6):2938-2945. This report demonstrates the presence of an IRES element in a DNA virus.
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Low, W.1
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The RU5 ('R') region from human leukaemia viruses (HTLV-1) contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-like sequence
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Attal J, Theron MC, Taboit F, Cajero-Juarez M, Kann G, Bolifraud P, Houdebine LM: The RU5 ('R') region from human leukaemia viruses (HTLV-1) contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-like sequence. FEBS Lett (1996) 392(3):220-224.
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Vagner S, Galy B, Pyronnet S: Irresistible IRES. Attracting the translation machinery to internal ribosome entry sites. EMBO Rep (2001) 2(10):893-898. This paper discusses the prevalence and mechanisms of internal initiation of translation. The authors maintain a useful database website of cellular and viral IRES elements at http://www. ranguell. inserm.fr/IRESdatabase.
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Le Quesne JP, Stoneley M, Fraser GA, Willis AE: Derivation of a structural model for the c-myc IRES. J Mol Biol (2001) 310(1):111-126. Secondary structure model of the c-Myc IRES, supported by chemical probing techniques.
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0030474826
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Translation of CUG- but not AUG-initiated forms of human fibroblast growth factor 2 is activated in transformed and stressed cells
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Vagner S, Touriol C, Galy B, Audigier S, Gensac MC, Amalric F, Bayard F, Prats H, Prats AC: Translation of CUG- but not AUG-initiated forms of human fibroblast growth factor 2 is activated in transformed and stressed cells. J Cell Biol (1996) 135(5):1391-1402.
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Two independent internal ribosome entry sites are involved in translation initiation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA
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Huez I, Creancier L, Audigier S, Gensac MC, Prats AC, Prats H: Two independent internal ribosome entry sites are involved in translation initiation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA. Mol Cell Biol (1998) 18(11):6178-6190.
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Pinkstaff JK, Chappell SA, Mauro VP, Edelman GM, Krushel LA: Internal initiation of translation of five dendritically localized neuronal mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2001) 98(5):2770-2775. This work shows that intemal initiation also plays a role in neuronal function: synaptic stimuli activate local intemal translation of neuronal mRNAs encoding calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinases and other molecules involved in long-term synaptic potentiation.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Analysis of a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mutation reveals an essential internal ribosome entry site element in the connexin-32 gene
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Hudder A, Werner R: Analysis of a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mutation reveals an essential internal ribosome entry site element in the connexin-32 gene. J Biol Chem (2000) 275(44):34586-34591.
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A cell cycle-dependent internal ribosome entry site
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Pyronnet S, Pradayrol L, Sonenberg N: A cell cycle-dependent internal ribosome entry site. Mol Cell (2000) 5(4):607-616. This report, and the following three references ([24•,25,26•]), show that IRES-mediated translation of certain oncogenes and angiogenic factors like c-myc, omithine decarboxylase and VEFG is active during mitosis, apoptosis, hypoxia and genotoxic stress, when there is a large reduction in cap-dependent protein synthesis.
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Pyronnet, S.1
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0033956750
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c-Myc protein synthesis is initiated from the internal ribosome entry segment during apoptosis
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Stoneley M, Chappell SA, Jopling CL, Dickens M, MacFarlane M, Willis AE: c-Myc protein synthesis is initiated from the internal ribosome entry segment during apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol (2000) 20(4):1162-1169. IRES-mediated translation of certain oncogenes and angiogenic factors is active during mitosis, apoptosis, hypoxia and genotoxic stress.
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Mol Cell Biol
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Stoneley, M.1
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Willis, A.E.6
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25
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Translation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by internal ribosome entry: Implications for translation under hypoxia
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Subkhankulova T, Mitchell SA, Willis AE: Internal ribosome entry segment-mediated initiation of c-Myc protein synthesis following genotoxic stress. Biochem J (2001) 359(Pt 1):183-192. IRES-mediated translation of certain oncogenes and angiogenic factors is active during mitosis, apoptosis, hypoxia and genotoxic stress.
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A 9-nt segment of a cellular mRNA can function as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and when present in linked multiple copies greatly enhances IRES activity
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Chappell SA, Edelman GM, Mauro VP: A 9-nt segment of a cellular mRNA can function as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and when present in linked multiple copies greatly enhances IRES activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2000) 97(4):1536-1541.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Adv Virus Res
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Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore PB, Steitz TA: The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 Å resolution. Science (2000) 289(5481):905-920. This article, and the following reference, report the determination of the atomic resolution structures of the bacterial ribosome subunits by X-ray crystallography. These structures provided invaluable insight on the molecular mechanisms of mRNA decoding and peptide bond formation, and are currently being used for the structure-based design of new antibacterials .
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Science
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Structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit
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Wimberly, B.T.1
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Structure of the 80S ribosome from Saccharomyces cerevisiae - tRNA-ribosome and subunit-subunit interactions
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Spahn CM, Beckmann R, Eswar N, Penczek PA, Sali A, Blobel G, Frank J: Structure of the 80S ribosome from Saccharomyces cerevisiae - tRNA-ribosome and subunit-subunit interactions. Cell (2001) 107(3):373-386. The first high-resolution model of the eukaryotic 80S ribosome, built by docking homology models of rRNA and ribosomal proteins into a cryo-EM reconstruction of the yeast ribosome. Models such as this are likely to be extensively used until X-ray structures become available.
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The hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site adopts an ion-dependent tertiary fold
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Spahn CM, Kieft JS, Grassucci RA, Penczek PA, Zhou K, Doudna JA, Frank J: Hepatitis C virus IRES RNA4nduced changes in the conformation of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Science (2001) 291(5510):1959-1962. This 20-Å resolution cryo-EM reconstruction of a complex between the 40S subunit and the HCV IRES provides insightful information on the overall structural organization of the IRES and its interaction with the ribosome. Based on IRES-induced conformational changes in the subunit, the authors suggest a mechanism for the positioning of the mRNA in the decoding center.
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Science
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Spahn, C.M.1
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Structures of two RNA domains essential for hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site function
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Lukavsky PJ, Otto GA, Lancaster AM, Sarnow P, Puglisi JD: Structures of two RNA domains essential for hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site function. Nat Struct Biol (2000) 7(12):1105-1110. Domains IIId and IIIe of the HCV IRES are highly conserved, and interact with the 40S subunit. Their NMR structure revealed exposed bases and unusual backbone geometry.
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Nat Struct Biol
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A potential RNA drug target in the hepatitis C virus internal ribosomal entry site
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Klinck R, Westhof E, Walker S, Afshar M, Collier A, Aboul-Ela F: A potential RNA drug target in the hepatitis C virus internal ribosomal entry site. RNA (2000) 6(10):1423-1431. Domains IIId and IIIe of the HCV IRES are highly conserved, and interact with the 40S subunit.
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A conserved RNA structure within the HCV IRES elF3 binding site
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Collier AJ, Gallego J, Klinck R, Cole PT, Harris SJ, Harrison GP, Aboul-Ela F, Varani G, Walker S: A conserved RNA structure within the HCV IRES elF3 binding site. Nat Struct Biol (2002) 9(5):375-380. By combining mutational analyses and NMR spectroscopy, the authors show that domain IIIb of the HCV IRES contains an internal loop structure and an adjacent C:C mismatch, that are important for IRES-dependent initiation of translation. This subdomain forms a unique three-dimensional structure, conserved between viral isolates of varying sequence.
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Nat Struct Biol
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Collier, A.J.1
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