Mass spectra of copolymers

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 108-144

  Montaudo, Maurizio S ^a  

^a CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Block copolymers; Copolymer composition and sequence; Copolymer molar mass

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; POLYCONDENSATION; RING OPENING POLYMERIZATION; SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

MICROBIAL SYNTHESIS;

BLOCK COPOLYMERS;

POLYMER;

CHEMISTRY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; REVIEW;

CHROMATOGRAPHY, LIQUID; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; POLYMERS;

EID: 0036489426     PISSN: 02777037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mas.10021     Document Type: Article

References (268)

1. Aaserud D.J., Prokai L., Simonsick W.J. 1999. Gel permeation chromatography coupled to fourier transform mass spectrometry for polymer characterization. Anal Chem 71:4793.
2. Abate R., Garozzo D., Rapisardi R., Ballistreri A., Montaudo G. 1992. Sequence distribution of β-hydroxyalkanoate unit in bacterial copolyesters determined by desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 66:702.
3. Abate R., Ballistreri A., Montaudo G., Garozzo D., Impallomeni G., Critchley G., Tanaka K. 1993. Quantitative applications of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Determination of copolymer composition in bacterial copolyesters. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 7:1033.
4. Ackloo S., Terlouw J.K., Ruttink P.J.A., Burgers P.C. 2001. Analysis of carrageenans by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. I kappa-carrageenans. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:1152.
5. Adamus G., Sikorska W., Montaudo M.S., Scandola M., Kowalczuk M. 2000. Sequence distribution and fragmentation studies of bacterial copolyester-Characterisation of PHBV macroinitiator by electrospray ion-trap multistep mass spectrometry. Macromolecules 33:5797.
6. Allen G., Bevington J., editors. 1989. Comprehensive polymer science. (polymer characterization). Vol 1: Oxford: Pergamon.
7. Affrossman S., Hartshorne M., Jerome R., Munro H., Pethrick R.A., Petitjean S., Vilar M.R. 1993. Surface-composition of poly(Styrene-d8-Styrene) random copolymers studied by static secondary-ion mass-spectroscopy. Macromolecules 26:5400.
8. Allport B., Janes B. 1973. Block copolymers. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
9. Arai Y., Cao A., Yoshie N., Inoue Y. 1999. Studies on comonomer compositional distribution and its effect on some physical properties of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxypropionic acid). Polym Int 48:1219.
10. Ballistreri A., Garozzo D., Giuffrida M., Impallomeni G., Montaudo G. 1989a. Sequencing bacterial poly (β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) by partial methanolysis, HPLC fractionation and FAB-MS analysis. Macromolecules 22:2107.
11. Ballistreri A., Garozzo D., Giuffrida M., Impallomeni G., Montaudo G. 1989b. Analytical degradation: An approach to the structural analysis of microbial polyesters by different methods. J Anal Appl Pyrol 16:293.
12. Ballistreri A., Impallomeni G., Montaudo G., Lenz R.W., Kim Y.B., Fuller R.C. 1990. Sequence distribution of β-hydroxyalkanoate units with higher alkyl groups in bacterial polyesters. Macromolecules 23:5059.
13. Ballistreri A., Montaudo G., Garozzo D., Giuffrida M., Montaudo M.S. 1991. Microstructure of bacterial poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry analysis of the partial pyrolysis products. Macromolecules 24:1231.
14. Ballistreri A., Giuffrida M., Montaudo G., Lenz R.W., Kim Y., Fuller R.C. 1992. Determination of sequence distribution in bacterial copolyesters containing higher alkyl and alkenyl pendant groups. Macromolecules 25:1845.
15. Ballistreri A., Montaudo G., Impallomeni G., Lenz R.W., Ulmer A.W., Fuller C. 1995. Synthesis and characterization of polyesters produced by rhodospirillum rubrum from pentenoic acid. Macromolecules 28:3664.
16. Ballistreri A., Giuffrida M., Impallomeni G., Lenz R.W., Fuller R., Clinton R.C. 1999. Characterization by mass spectrometry of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) produced by Rhodospirillum rubrum from 3-hydroxyacids. Int J Biol Macromol 26: 201.
17. Ballistreri A., Giuffrida M., Guglielmino S.P.P., Carnazza S., Ferreri A., Impallomeni G. 2001. Biosynthesis and structural characterization of medium-chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa from fatty acids. Int J Biol Macromol 29:107.
18. Bark L.S., Allen N.S., editors. 1982. Analysis of polymers systems. Applied science. London.
19. Bashir S., Critchley P., Derrick P.J. 2001. Use of enzymatic digestion and chemical methylation followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry to sequence a 60 kDa commercial fraction of cellulose acetate. Cellulose 8:81-89.
20. Bhatia Q.S., Burrell M.C. 1991. X-ray photoelectron and static secondary-ion mass spectroscopic studies of segmented block copoly (ether-ester)s. Polymer 32:1948.
21. Blaszo M., Varhegyi G. 1978. Calculation of the kinetic parameters and sequence distribution from pyrolysis-gas chromatographic data of styrene-methylacrylate copolymers. Eur Polym J 14:625.
22. Bletsos I.V., Hercules D.M., VanLeyen D., Benninghoven A., Karakatsanis C.G., Reick J.N. 1990a. Structural characterization of model polyester polyurethanes using TOF SIMS mass spectrometry. Macromolecules 23:4157.
23. Bletsos I.V., Hercules D.M., Fowler D., Vanleyen D., Benninghoven A. 1990b. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass-spectrometry of perfluorinated polyethers. Anal Chem 62:1275.
24. Briggs D. 1987. Analysis of polymer surfaces by SIMS. 7. Homopolymer and copolymer nylons. Org Mass Spectrom 22:91.
25. Briggs D., Ratner B.D. 1988. Semiquantitative SIMS analysis of the surfaces of random ethyl methacrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer films. Polym Commun 29:6.
26. Brinen J.S., Rosati L., Chakel J., Lindley P. 1993. The effect of polymer architecture on the SIMS spectra of glycolide/trimethylene carbonate copolymers. Surf Interface Anal 20:1055.
27. Brinen J.S., Greenhouse S., Jarrett P.K. 1991. XPS and SIMS studies of biodegradable suture materials. Surf Interface Anal 17:259.
28. Burguiere C., Dourges M.A., Charleux B., Vairon J.P. 1999. Synthesis and characterization of omega-unsaturated poly (styrene-b-n-butyl methacrylate) block copolymers using TEMPO-mediated controlled radical polymerization. Macromolecules 32:3883.
29. Burrell M.C., Bhatia Q.S., Michael R.S. 1994. XPS and static Sims studies of copoly(ether esters) containing mixed polyether soft blocks. Surf Interface Anal 21:553.
30. Bovey F. 1972. High resolution NMR of macromolecules. NY: Academic Press.
31. Briggs D., Davies M.C. 1997. Quantitative study of methylmethacrylate poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate copolymer films using high resolution TOF-SIMS. Surf Interface Anal 25:725.
32. Broberg S., Koch K., Andersson R., Kenne L. 2000. A comparison between MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and HPAEC-PAD analysis of debranched starch. Carbohydr Polym 43: 285.
33. Carroccio S., Rizzarelli P., Puglisi C. 2000. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight characterisation of biodegradable aliphatic copolyesters. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 14:1513.
34. Chai W., Luo J., Lim C.K., Lawson A.M. 1998. Characterization of heparin oligosaccharide mixtures as ammonium salts using electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 70:2060.
35. Chan C.M., Weng L.T. 2000. Applications of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and static secondary ion mass spectrometry in surface characterization of copolymers and polymers blends. Rev Chem Eng 16:341.
36. Chen G.D., Cooks R.G., Jha S.K., Green M.M. 1997a. Microstructure of alkoxy and alkyl substituted isocyanate copolymers determined by desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 356:149.
37. Chen G., Cooks R.G., Jha S.K., Oupicky D., Green M.M. 1997b. Block microstructural characterization of copolymers formed from fluorinated and non-Fluorinated Alkyl Polyisocyanates using desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry int. J Mass Spectrom Ion Proc 165(166): 391.
38. Chen J., Gardella J.A. 1999. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass Spectrometry Studies of in vitro hydrolytic degradation of biodegradable polymers. Macromolecules 32: 7380.
39. Chen R., Zhang N., Tseng A.M., Li L. 2000. Effects of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization experimental conditions on quantitative compositional analysis of ethylene oxide/ propylene oxide copolymers. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 14:2175.
40. Chen R., Tseng A.M., Uhing M., Li L. 2001. Application of integrated MALDI-TOF, ESI mass spetrometry and tandem mass spetrometry approach to characterizing complex polyol mixtures. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 12:55.
41. Chisholm M.H., Navarro-Llobet D., Simonsick W.J. 2001. A comparative study in the ring-opening polymerization of lactides and propylene oxide. Macromolecules 34: 8851.
42. Cohen L.R.H., Hercules D.M., Karakatsanis C.G., Reick J.N. 1995. Characterization of polyester polyurethanes by TOF SIMS mass spectrometry. Macromolecules 28:5601.
43. Colangelo J., Orlando R. 1999. On-target exoglycosidase digestions/MALDI-MS for determining the primary structures of carbohydrate chains. Anal Chem 71:1479.
44. Collins P.M. 1987. Charbohydrates. London: Chapman and Hall.
45. Cooper J.N. 1980. Spectroscopic techniques in organic chemistry. NY: Wiley.
46. Crescenzi V., Dea I.C.M., Stivala S.S., editors. 1985. New developments in industrial polysaccharides. NY: Gordon and Breach.
47. Danis P.O., Huby F.J. 1995. The computer-assisted interpretation of copolymers mass spectra. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 6:1112.
48. Davies M.C., Lynn R.A.P., Watts J.F., Paul A.J., Vickerman J.C., Heller J. 1991. Tof-SIMS and XPS analysis of the surface chemical-structure of some linear poly(orthoesters). Macromolecules 24:5508.
49. Davies M.C., Lynn R.A.P., Davis S.S., Hearn J., Watts J.F., Vickerman J.C., Johnson D. 1994. Evidence for preferential surface enrichment in the surface chemical- analysis of a series of poly(butyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) latices using X-ray photoelectron-spectroscopy and static secondary-ion mass-spectrometry. Langmuir 10:1399.
50. Davies M.C., Lynn R.A.P., Hearn J., Paul A.J., Vickerman J.C., Watts J.F. 1996. Surface chemical characterization using XPS and ToF-SIMS of latex particles prepared by the emulsion copolymerization of methacrylic acid and styrene. Langmuir 12:3866.
51. Dawkins. 2001. Proceed. 16th internat. Bratislava meeting on polymers, p 11.
52. Deery M.J., Stimson E., Chappell C.G. 2001. Size exclusion chromatography/mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of polysaccharides. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:2273.
53. Desaire H., Sirich T.L., Leary J.A. 2001. Evidence of block and randomly sequenced chondroitin polysac-charides: Sequential enzymatic digestion and quantification using ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 73:3513.
54. DeVries M.S., Hunziker H.E. 1996. Polymer characterization by laser desorption with multiphoton ionization of end-group chromophores. Appl Surface Sci 106:466.
55. Ekeberg D., Knutsen S.H., Sletmoen M. 2001. Negative-ion electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as a tool for analysing structural heterogeneity in kappa-carrageenan oligosaccharides. Carbohyd Res 334:49.
56. Elias H.G. 1984. Macromolecules. NY: Plenum Press.
57. Erra-Balsells R., Kolender A.A., Matulewicz M.C., Nonami H., Cerezo A.S. 2000. Matrix-assisted ultraviolet laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of sulfated mannans from the red seaweed Nothogenia fastigiata. Carbohydr Res 329:157.
58. Esser E., Keil C., Braun D., Montag P., Pasch H. 2000. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers. 4. Coupling of size exclusion chromatography and MALDI-TOF using a spray-deposition interface. Polymer 41:4039.
59. Falkenhagen J., Friedrich J.F., Schulz G., Kruger R.P., Much H., Weidner S. 2000. Liquid adsorption chromatography near critical conditions of adsorption coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Int J Polym Anal Char 5:549.
60. Feng J.Y., Chan C.M., Weng L.T. 2000. Influence of chain sequence structure of polymers on ToF-SIMS spectra. Polymer 41:2695.
61. Flory P. 1971. Principles of polymer chemistry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
62. Florjaczyk Z., Kozera-Szakowska A., Noniewicz J. 2002. Terpolymerization of sulfur dioxide with oxiranes and cyclic anhydrides. Mocromol Chem Phys 203:565.
63. Foti S., Giuffrida M., Maravigna P., Montaudo G. 1983. Mass spectrometry of polymers. IX. Copoly(carbonate-urethanes) prepared by reorganization of polycarbonates with piperazine. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 21:1599.
64. Francke V., Raeder H.J., Geerts Y., Müllen K. 1998. Synthesis and characterization of a poly(para-phenyleneethylene)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) rod-coil block copolymer. Macromol Rapid Commun 19: 275.
65. Gallet G., Carroccio S., Rizzarelli P., Karlsson S. 2002. Thermal degradation of poly(ethylene oxide-propylene oxide-ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer: Comparative study by SEC/ NMR, SEC/MALDI-TOF-MS and SPME/GC-MS. Polymer 43:1081.
66. Galuska A.A. 1994. Surface characterization of EVA copolymers and blends using XPS and TOF-SIMS. Surf Interface Anal 21:703.
67. Galuska A.A. 1996. Quantitative surface analysis of ethylene-propylene polymers and their sequence distributions using Tof-SIMS. Proceed Nat ACS Meet. Polym Chem Div 37:303.
68. Garozzo D., Montaudo G. 1985. Identification of polymers by library search of pyrolysis mass spectra and pattern recognition analysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 9:1.
69. Garozzo D., Giuffrida M., Montaudo G., Lenz R.W. 1987. Mass spectrometric characterization of random ethylene terephthalate and p-hydroxybenzoic acid copolyesters. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 25:271.
70. Garozzo D. 1997. MALDI MS oligo and polysaccharides, In: Caprioli R.M., Malorni A., Sindona G., editors. Selected topics in mass spectrometry in the biomolecular sciences. NY: Kluwer.
71. Garozzo D., Spina E., Cozzolino R., Cescutti P., Fett W.F. 2000. Studies on the primary structure of short polysaccharides using SEC MALDI mass spectroscopy. Carbohyd Res 323:139.
72. Giuffrida M., Maravigna P., Montaudo G., Chiellini E. 1986. Thermal decomposition mechanisms of sequential bipolyesters based on propeneglycol and hydroxybenzoic/phthalic diacid derivatives. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 24:1643.
73. Gaucher S.P., Morrow J., Leary J.A. 2000. STAT: A saccharide topology analysis tool used in combination with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 72:2331.
74. Geyer H., Schmitt S., Wuhrer M., Geyer R. 1999. Structural analysis of glycoconjugates by on-target enzymatic digestion and MALDI-TOF-MS. Anal Chem 71:476.
75. Goodman B. 1982. Developments in block copolymers. NY: Applied Science.
76. Gores F., Kilz P. 1993. In: Provder T., editor. Chromatography of polymers. Washington: ACS Symp Ser 521, ACS Publ.
77. Guarini A., Guglielmetti G., Vincenti M., Guaeda P., Marchionni G. 1993. Characterization of perfluoropolyethers by desorption chemical ionization and tandem mass-spectrometry. Anal Chem 65:970.
78. Guttman C.M., Blair W.R., Danis P.O. 1997. Mass spectroscopy and SEC of SRM 1487, a low molecular weight Poly(methyl methacrylate) standard. J Polym Sci Part B-Polym Phys 35:2409.
79. Haddleton D., Feeney E., Buzy A., Jasieczek C.B., Jennings K.R. 1996. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) of poly(methyl methacrylate) and acrylic statistical copolymers. Chem Comm may: 1157.
80. Haken J.K. 1998. Pyrolysis gas chromatography of synthetic polymers- a bibliography. J Chromatogr A 825:171.
81. Hanton S.D. 2001. Mass Spectrometry of Polymers and polymer surfaces. Chemical Reviews 101:527.
82. Harvey D.J. 1999. MALDI of carbohydrates. Mass Spectrom Rev 18:349.
83. Harwood X.X. 1965. Sequence Distributions in copolymers. Angew Chem, Internat Ed 4:394.
84. Hearn M.J., Ratner B.D., Briggs D. 1988. SIMS and XPS studies of Polyurethane Surfaces 1 Preliminary Studies. Macromolecules 21:2950.
85. Hercules D.M. 2002. In: Montaudo G., Lattimer R., editors. Mass spectrometry of polymers. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p311.
86. Hisamatsu M., Impallomeni G., York W.S., Albersheim P., Darvill A.G. 1991. The Structure of Plant-Cell Walls.31. A New Undecasaccharide Subunit Of Xyloglucans With 2 Alpha-L-Fucosyl Residues. Carbohyd Res 211:117.
87. Hittle L.R., Proctor A., Hercules D.M. 1994. Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange in Time-of-Flight Secondary-Ion Mass-Spectra of Polystyrene. Anal Chem 66:108.
88. Hittle L.R., Proctor A., Hercules D.M. 1995. Investigation of Intramolecular Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange in the Time-of-Flight Secondary-Ion Mass-Spectra of Polystyrene. Macromolecules 28:6238.
89. Hoke S.H., Cooks R.G., Munoz B., Chang H.P., Green M.M. 1995. Microstructure Of Alkyl Isocyanate Copolymers Comprised of Enantiomeric Monomers Determined By Desorption Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 28:2955.
90. Hounsell E.F., editor. 1998. Glycoanalysis protocols. 2nd edition. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
91. Huang Y., Mechref Y., Novotny M.V. 2001. Microscale Non-reductive Release of O-Linked Glycans for Subsequent Analysis through MALDI Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 73:6063.
92. Hunt S.M., Sheil M., Derrick P.J. 1998. Comparison of Electrospray Ionization-MS and MALDI-MS and Size Exclusion Chromatography for the Characterization of Polyester Resins. Eur Mass Spectrom 4:475.
93. Impallomeni G., Guglielmino S.P.P., Carnazza S., Ferreri A., Ballistreri A. 2000. Tween 20 and its Major Fatty Acids as Carbon Substrates for the Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Pseudomonas Aeuriginosa ATCC 27853. J Polym Environm 8:97.
94. Impallomeni G., Giuffrida M., Barbuzzi T., Musumarra G., Ballistreri A. 2002. Acid catalyzed transesterification as a route to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-eps-caprolactone) copolymers from their homopolymers. Biomacromolecules 3:835.
95. Jedlinski Z., Kowalczuk M., Adamus G., Sikorska W., Rydz J. 1999. Novel synthesis of functionalized poly(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) and its copolymers. Int J Biol Macromol 25:247.
96. Jacobs A., Lundqvist J., Stålbrand H., Tjerneld F., Dahlman O. 2002. Characterization of water-soluble hemicelluloses from spruce and aspen employing SEC/MALDI mass spectroscopy. Carbohyd Res 337:711.
97. Jandera P., Holcapek M., Kolarova L. 2000. Retention mechanism, isocratic and gradient-elution separation and characterization of (co)polymers in normal-phase and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A869:65.
98. Jandera P., Holcapek M., Theodoridis G. 1998. Investigation of chromatographic behaviour of ethoxylated alcohol surfactants in normal-phase and reversed-phase systems using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A813:299.
99. Kabel M.A., Schols H.A., Voragen A.G.J. 2001. Mass determination of oligosaccbarides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry following HPLC, assisted by on-line desalting and automated sample handling. Carbohyd Polym 44:161.
100. Karlsson H., Johansson L., Miller-Podraza H., Karlsson K.A. 1999. Fingerprinting of large oligosaccharides linked to ceramide by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: highly heterogeneous polyglycosylceramides of human erythrocytes with receptor activity for Helicobacter pylori. Glycobiology 9:765.
101. Keki S., Bodnar I., Borda J., Deak G., Batta G., Zsuga M. 2001. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometric Study of the Oligomers Formed from Lactic Acid and Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate. Macromolecules 34: 7288.
102. Kilz P., Kruger R.P., Much H., Schulz G. 1995. In: Provder T., Barth H.G., Urban M.W., editors. Chromatographic characterization of polymers ACS. Washington DC: p 223.
103. Klee J.E., Haegele K., Przybylski M. 1996. Mass spectrometric characterization of telechelic prepolymers and addition polymers of DGEBA-aliphatic amines. J Polym Sci Polym Chem 34:2791.
104. Koenig J.L. 1999. Spectroscopy of polymers. 2nd edition. NY: Elsevier.
105. Koskinen A.M.P., Klibanov A.P., editors. 1996. Enzymatic reactions in organic media. London: Chapman and Hall.
106. Koster S., Duursma M.C., Boon J.J., Nielen M.W.F., DeKoster C.G., Heeren R.M.A. 2000. Structural analysis of synthetic homo-and copolyesters by electrospray ionization on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. J Mass Spectrom 35:739.
107. Kowalczuk M., Adamus G., Montaudo M.S. 2002. J Polym Sci Part A Chem Phys. Polym Sci Polym Chem 40:2442.
108. Kricheldorf H.R., Langanke D. 2001. Polylactones, 56. ABA triblock copolymers derived from ε-caprolactone or L-lactide and a central polysiloxane block. Macromol Biosci 1:364.
109. Kuchanov S.I. 2001. Principles of the quantitative description of the chemical structure of synthetic polymers. Adv Polym Sci 52:157.
110. Lang F.R., Leonard D., Mathieu H.J., Moser E.M., Bertrand P. 1998. Bulk and surface quantification of a biodegradable and medical copolyester. Macromolecules 31:6177.
111. Leadley S.R., Davies M.C., Vert M., Braud C., Paul A.J., Shard A.G., Watts J.F. 1997. Probing the surface chemical structure of the novel biodegradable polymer poly(-malic acid) and its ester derivatives using TOF-SIMS and XPS. Macromolecules 30:6920.
112. Leadley S.R., Davies M.C., Domb A., Nudelman R., Paul A.J., Beamson G. 1998. Analysis of the surface chemical structure of copolymers of poly(sebacic anhydride) with ricinoleic acid maleate using XPS and ToF-SIMS. Macromolecules 31:8957.
113. Lee H.F., Gardella J.A. 1992. Multitechnique surface-analysis of poly(N-vinylpyridine-Co-styrene) and poly(N-vinylimidazole-co-styrene) random copolymers. Polymer 33: 4250.
114. Lee H., Lee W., Chang T., Choi S., Lee D., Ji H., Nonidez W.K., Mays J.W. 1999. Characterization of poly(ethyleneoxide)-block-poly(lactide) by HPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Macromolecules 32:4143.
115. Lee H., Chang T., Lee D., Shim M.S., Ji H., Nonidez W.K., Mays J.W. 2001. Characterization of poly(L-lactide)-block-poly-(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(L-lactide) triblock copolymer by liquid chromatography at the critical condition and by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 73: 1726.
116. Li L., Chan C.-M., Weng L.-T., Xiang M.-L., Jiang M. 1998. Specific interaction between poly(styrene-co-4-vinylphenol) and poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Macromolecules 31:7248.
117. Li L., Chan C.M., Ng Lei Y., Weng L.T. 2001. A time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry study of sequential polymers with a well-defined segmental length. Polymer 42:6841.
118. Licciardello A., Puglisi C., Niehuis E., Benninghoven A. 1997. Time-of-flight SIMS characterization of Nylon6/polycarbonate blends. In: Benninghoven A., Linton F., Werner H., editors. Proceed 10th intern conf secondary ion mass spectrometry. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p 711.
119. Limberg G., Körner R., Buchholt H.C., Christensen T.M.I.E., Reopstroff P., Mikkelsen J.D. 2000a. Quantification of the amount of galacturonic acid residues in blocksequences in pectin homogalacturonan by enzymatic fingerprinting with exo- and endo-polygalacturonase II from Aspergillus niger. Carbohyd Res 327:293.
120. Limberg G., Körner R., Buchholt H.C., Christensen T.M.I.E, Reopstroff P., Mikkelsen J.D. 2000b. Analysis of different de-esterification mechanisms for pectin by enzymatic fingerprinting using endopectin lyase and endopolygalacturonase II from A. Niger. Carbohyd Res 327:321.
121. Lub J., Buning G.H.W. 1990. The analysis of various polycarbonates by static secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Polymer 31:1009.
122. Lub J., van Vroonhoven F.C.B.M., van Leyen D., Benninghoven A. 1989. The time-of-flight static secondary negative ion mass spectra of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethyl methacrylate). Ion structures and quantification. J Polym Sci, Part B, 27:2071.
123. Ludwiczak P., Brando T., Monsarrat B., Puzo G. 2001. Structural characterization of mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannans by the combination of capillary electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 73:2323.
124. Ma Q.G., Wooley K.L. 2000. The preparation of t-butyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, and styrene block copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization: Precursors to amphiphilic and hydrophilic block copolymers and conversion to complex nanostructured materials. J Polym Sci Pol Chem Suppl S 38:4805.
125. Majumdar T.K., Eberlin M.N., Cooks R.G., Green M.M., Munoz B., Reidy M.P. 1991. Structural studies on Alkyl isocyanate polymers by thermal degradation tandem mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2:130.
126. Majumdar T.K., Ranasinghe A., Lu L., Cooks R.G., Fife W.K., Zeldin M. 1993. Structural characterization of poly(N-alkyl-4-vinylpyridinium) triflates using pyrolysis tandem mass-spectrometry. Talanta 40:363-379.
127. Mehl J.T., Murgasova R., Dong X., Hercules D.M., Nefzger H. 2000. Characterization of polyether and polyester polyurethane soft blocks using MALDI mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 72:2490.
128. Mehl J.T., Hercules D.M. 2001. Secondary ion mass spectrometry of poly(styrene-co-isoprene) diblock copolymers: Improved surface sensitivity using the high-mass region. Macromolecules 34:1845.
129. Meyer T., Kunkel M., Frahm A.W., Waidelich D. 2001. Residue mass plot and abundance plot: Detection of isobaric interferences in DE-MALDI-TOF-mass spectra of complex polymer mixtures. J Am Soc Mass Spectr 12:911.
130. Mitchell J., Jr. editor. 1987. Applied polymer analysis and characterization. Munich: Hanser Publ.
131. Montaudo G., Scamporrino E., Vitalini D. 1989a. Synthesis and structural characterization of exactly alternating copolyesters containing photolabile units in the main chain. Polymer 30:297.
132. Montaudo G., Scamporrino E., Vitalini D. 1989b. Structural characterization of copolyesters by FAB-MS of the partial amminolysis products. Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 10:411.
133. Montaudo G., Puglisi C., Samperi F. 1989c. Sequencing aromatic copolycarbonate by partial ammonolysis and FAB-MS analysis of the products. Polymer Bull 21:483.
134. Montaudo G., Scamporrino E., Vitalini D. 1989d. Characterization of copolymer sequences by FAB-MS. I. Identification of oligomers produced in the hydrolysis and photolysis of random copolyamides photolabile units in the main chain. Macromolecules 22:623.
135. Montaudo G., Scamporrino E., Vitalini D. 1989e. Characterization of copolymer sequences by FAB-MS.II. Identification of oligomers contained in the alternating and random copolyesters with photo-labile units in the main chain. Macromolecules 22:627.
136. Montaudo G., Scamporrino E., Vitalini D. 1991a. Structural characterization of butadiene/styrene copolymers by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry analysis of the partial ozonolysis products. Macromolecules 24:376.
137. Montaudo M.S., Ballistreri A., Montaudo G. 1991b. Determination of microstructure in copolymers. Statistical modeling and computer simulation of mass spectra. Macromolecules 24:5051.
138. Montaudo G., Scamporrino E., Vitalini D. 1992a. In: Mitchell J., editor. Structural characterization of synthetic polymers and copolymers by FAB-MS, appeared in "Applied Polymer Analysis and Characterization". Vol. 2: Hanser, Munich. p 79.
139. Montaudo M.S., Montaudo G. 1992b. Further studies on the composition and microstructure of copolymers by statistical modeling of their mass spectra. Macromolecules 25: 4264.
140. Montaudo G., Montaudo M.S., Scamporrino E., Vitalini D. 1992c. Mechanism of exchange in polyesters. Composition and microstructure of copolymers formed in the melt-mixing process of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene adipate). Macromolecules 25:5099.
141. Montaudo M.S., Montaudo G. 1993a. Microstructure of copolymers by statistical modeling of their mass spectra, Die makromol. Chem Makromol Symp 65:269.
142. Montaudo G., Montaudo M.S., Scamporrino E., Vitalini D. 1993b. Composition and microstructure of a copolyester formed in the melt-mixing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly (ethylene truxillate). Die Makromol Chem 194:993.
143. Montaudo M.S. 1993c. Montecarlo simulation of copolymer mass spectra. Makromol Chem Theo Simul 2:735.
144. Montaudo G., Montaudo M.S., Puglisi C., Samperi F. 1994. Primary thermal degradation processes of PEK and PEK/PES copolymers investigated by direct pyrolysis mass-spectrometry. Macromol Chem Phys 195:1241.
145. Montaudo G., Montaudo M.S., Puglisi C., Samperi F. 1995a. Sequence distribution of poly(ether-suphone)/poly(Ether-Ketone) copolymers by mass spectrometry and 13C-NMR. Macromol Chem Phys 196:499.
146. Montaudo G., Garozzo D., Montaudo M.S., Puglisi C., Samperi F. 1995b. Molecular and structural characterization of polydisperse polymers and copolymers by combining MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with GPC fractionation. Macromolecules 28:7983.
147. Montaudo G., Montaudo M.S., Puglisi C., Samperi F. 1997. Molecular weight determination and structural analysis in polydisperse polymers by hyphenated gel permeation chromatography/MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry method. Int J Polym Anal Charact 3:177.
148. Montaudo M.S., Puglisi C., Samperi F., Montaudo G. 1998a. Structural characterization of multicomponent copolyesters by mass spectrometry. Macromolecules 31:8666.
149. Montaudo M.S., Puglisi C., Samperi F., Montaudo G. 1998b. Partially selective methanolysis of sebacic units in biodegradable multicomponent copolyesters. Macromol Rapid Commun 19:445.
150. Montaudo M.S., Puglisi C., Samperi F., Montaudo G. 1998c. Molar mass distribution and hydrodynamic interactions in random copolyesters investigated by size exclusion chromatography matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization. Macromolecules 31:3839.
151. Montaudo M.S., Puglisi C., Samperi F., Montaudo G. 1998d. Application of size exclusion chromatography matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight to the determination of molecular masses in polydisperse polymers. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 12:519.
152. Montaudo M.S., Samperi F. 1999a. Determination of sequence and composition in poly(butylene adipate-co-butyleneterephthalate) by MALDI-TOF. Eur Mass Spectrom 4:459.
153. Montaudo M.S. 1999b. Sequence constraints in glycine-lactic acid copolymer determined by MALDI-MS analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13:639.
154. Montaudo M.S., Montaudo G. 1999c. Bivariate distribution in PMMA/PBA copolymers by combined SEC/NMR and SEC/MALDI measurements. Macromolecules 32:7015.
155. Montaudo M.S. 2001a. Copolymer characterization by SEC-NMR and SEC-MALDI, Proceed. 221th Meet. Am Chem Soc Div Polym Chem; p 375.
156. Montaudo G., Montaudo M.S. 2002a. In: Montaudo G., Lattimer R., editors. Mass spectrometry of polymers. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p 41.
157. Montaudo G., Montaudo M.S., Samperi F. 2002b. In: Montaudo G., Lattimer R., editors. Mass spectrometry of polymers. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p 420.
158. Montaudo M.S. 2002c. In: Cheng N.H., English A., editors. NMR spectrometry of polymers. Washington: ACS Press (in press).
159. Montaudo M.S. 2002d. Full copolymer characterization by SEC-NMR and SEC-MALDI. Polymer 43:1587.
160. Montaudo M.S. 2002e. Recent advances in MALDI of polymer and copolymers. J Separ Sci (in press).
161. Moore J.A., Hua Q., Tannahill T., Montaudo M.S. 2002. A model for mass spectra of random and block copolymers which display a drift in composition (in press).
162. Mori S. 1988. Determination of chemical composition and molecular weight distributions in high-conversi on styrene methyl methacrylate copolymers by liquid adsorption and size exclusion chromatography. Anal Chem 60: 1125.
163. Morrison D.A., Eadie L., Davis T.P. 2001. Catalytic chain transfer isomerization reactions involving 2-phenytallyl Alcohol, Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 34:7967.
164. Murphy R.E., Schure M.R., Foley J.P. 1998. Quantitative analysis of poly(methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate) copolymer composition by liquid chromatography particle beam mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 824:181.
165. Nagaya T., Sugimura Y., Tsuge S. 1980. Studies on sequence distributions in acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers by pyrolysis-glass capillary gas chromatography. Macromolecules 13:353.
166. Nedea M.E., Morin F.G., Marchessault R.H. 1991. Microstructure of bacterial poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) by FAB Mass Spectrometry. Polym Bull 26:549.
167. Nielen M.W.F., Malucha S. 1997. Characterization of polydisperse synthetic polymers by size-exclusion chromatography/ matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 11: 1194.
168. Nielen M.W.F. 1999. MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers. Mass Spectrom Rev 18:309.
169. Nuwaysir L.M., Wilkins C.L., Simonsick W.J. 1990. Analysis of copolymers by laser desorption fourier transform mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 1:66.
170. Pethrick R.A., Dawkins J.V., editors. 1999. Modern techniques for polymer characterization. NY: Wiley.
171. Pasch H. 2000. Hyphenated techniques in liquid chromatography of polymers. Adv Polym Sci 150:1.
172. Pasch H., Pizzi A., Rode K. 2001. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of polyflavonoid tannins. Polymer 42:7531.
173. Pinto G.R., Stika K.M., Lloyd K.G. 1995. Elucidating ablation mechanisms through SIMS studies of cross-linked polymer surfaces. J Phys Chem 99:1543.
174. Plage B., Schulten H.R., Schneider J., Ringsdorf H. 1990. Bulk reactions in amphiphilic acrylic copolymers studied by time temperature-resolved pyrolysis field-ionization mass-spectrometry. Macromolecules 23:3417.
175. Plage B., Schulten H.R. 1991a. Sequences in copolymers studied by high-mass oligomers in pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry. Angew Makromol Chem 184:133.
176. Plage B., Schulten H.R. 1991b. Thermal-degradation mechanisms of amphiphilic acrylic copolymers studied by temperature-resolved pyrolysis field-ionization mass-spectrometry. J Anal Appl Pyrol 19:285.
177. Protschka M., Dubin P.L., editors. 1993. Strategies in size exclusion chromatography. Washington: ACS Symp Ser 635, ACS Publ.
178. Polce M.J., Klein D.J., Harris F.W., Modarelli D.A., Wesdemiotis C. 2001. Structural characterization of quinoxaline homopolymers and quinoxaline/ether sulfone copolymers by matrixassisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 73:1948.
179. Provder T., Barth H.G., Urban M.W., editors. 1995. Chromatographic characterization of polymers. Washington DC: ACS.
180. Przybilla L., Francke V., Raeder H.J., Müllen K. 2001. Block length determination of a poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) diblock copolymer by means of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry combined with fragment-ion analysis. Macromolecules 34:4401.
181. Raeder H.J., Spickermann J., Müllen K. 1995. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in polymer analytics, I. Monitoring the polymer analogous sulfonation reaction of polystyrene. Macromol Chem Phys 196:3967.
182. Raeder H.I., Schrepp W. 1998. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in the analysis of synthetic polymers. Acta Polymerica 49:272.
183. Ramjit H.G., Sedgwick R.D. 1976. Exchange reactions in polyesters studied by mass spectrometry. J Macromol Sci Chem A10:173.
184. Ranasinghe A., Lu L., Majumdar T.K., Cooks R.G., Fife W.K., Rubinsztajn S., Zeldin M. 1993. Structural characterization and sequence distributions of polysiloxanes using pyrolysis MS/MS. Talanta 40:1233.
185. 13C method). NewYork: Academic Press.
186. Reihmann M.H., Ritter H. 2001. Oxidative copolymerisation of para-functionalized phenols catalyzed by Horseradish peroxidase and thermocrosslinking via Diels-Alder and (1+3) cycloaddition. Macromol Biosci 1:85.
187. Rudd P.M., Guile G.R., Kuster B., Harvey D.J., Opdenakker G., Dwek R.A. 1997. Oligosaccharide sequencing technology. Nature 388:205.
188. Rudin A. 1995. In: Wu C.S., editor. Handbook of size exclusion chromatography. NY: Dekker. p 147.
189. Saeed K.A., Ayorinde F.O., Eribo B.E., Gordon M., Collier L. 1999. Characterization of partially transesterified poly(β-hydroxyalkanoate)s using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13:1951.
190. Satoh K., Kamigaito M., Sawamoto M. 2000. Direct synthesis of amphiphilic random and block copolymers of p-hydroxystyrene and p-methoxystyrene via living cationic polymerization with BF3OEt2/ROH systems. Macromolecules 33: 4830.
191. Scamporrino E., Vitalini D. 1999. In: Pethrick R.A., editor. Experimental methods in polymer characterization. New York: Wiley, p. 233.
192. Schaer M. 1995. Analysis of synthetic polymers and copolymers by MALDI-MS. Proc 43rd ASMS Conf Mass Spectrom Allied Topics. Atlanta GA; p 948.
193. Schriemer D.C., Whittal R.M., Li L. 1997. Analysis of structurally complex polymers by time-lag focusing MALDI-TOF MS. Macromolecules 30:1955.
194. Scrivens J.H., Jackson A.T. 2000. Characterisation of synthetic polymer systems. Int J Mass Spectrom 200:261.
195. Senshu K., Furuzono T., Koshizaki N., Yamashita S., Matsumoto T., Kishida A., Akashi M. 1997. Novel functional polymers: Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-polyamide multiblock copolymen 8 Surface studies of aramid-silicone resin by means of XPS, Static SIMS, and TEM. Macromolecules 30:4421.
196. Servaty S., Kohler W., Meyer W.H., Rosenhauer C., Spickermann J., Raeder H.J., Wegner G., Weier A. 1998. MALDI-TOF MS copolymer analysis: Characterization of a poly (dimethylsiloxane)-co-poly(hydromethyl siloxane) as a precursor of a functionalized silicone graft copolymer. Macromolecules 31:2468.
197. Shard A.G., Davies M.C., Tendler S.J.B., Nicholas C.V., Purbrick M.D., Watts J.F. 1995a. Surface characterization of methyl methacrylate-poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate copolymers by secondary-ion mass-spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron-spectroscopy. Macromolecules 28:7855.
198. Shard A.G., Sartore L., Davies M.C., Ferruti P., Paul A.J., Beamson G. 1995b. Investigation of the surface chemical-structure of some biomedical poly(Amidoamine)s using high-Resolution X-ray photoelectron-spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass-spectrometry. Macromolecules 28:8259.
199. Shard A.G., Volland C., Davies M.C., Kissel T. 1996. Information on monomer sequence of poly(lactic acid) and random copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid by examination of static secondary ion mass spectrometry ion intensity. Macromolecules 29:748.
200. Shard A.G., Davies M.C., Li Y.X., Volland C., Kissel T. 1997. XPS and SSIMS analysis revealing surface segregation and shortrange order in solid films of block copolymers of PEO and PLGA. Macromolecules 30:3051.
201. Shi D.H., Hendrickson C.L., Marshall A.G., Simonsick W.J., Aaserud D.J. 1998. Identification, composition, and asymmetric formation mechanism of glycidyl methacrylate/butyl methacrylate copolymers up to 7000 Da from electrospray ionization ultrahigh-resolution fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 70:3220.
202. Shizuma M., Adachi H., Takai Y., Hayashi M., Tanaka J., Takeda T., Sawada M. 2001. Combinatorial evaluation of the chiral discrimination of permethylated carbohydrates using fastatom bombardment mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 335:275.
203. Shriner R.L., Fuson R.C., Curtin D.Y. 1980. Systematic identification of organic compounds. 6th edn. NY: Wiley.
204. Si D., Zhong D., Chen X. 2001. Profiling of isovalertatin family aminooligosaccharides extracted from the culture of streptomyces luteogriseus by using liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 73:3808.
205. Silversteiu R.M., Bassler C.G., Morril T.C. 1991. Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds, 5th edn. NY: Wiley.
206. Simonsick W.J., Prokai L. 1995. In: Provder T., Barth H.G., Urban M.W., editors. Chromatographic characterization of polymers Washington DC: ACS. p 41.
207. Simonsick W.J., Ross C.W. 1996. The characterization of novel dispersants, fluorinated surfactants, and modified natural oils by laser desorption fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LD-FTICR-MS). Internat J Mass Spectrom lon Processes 157(158):379.
208. Simonsick W.J., Ross C.W., Prokai L. 1996b. Gel permeation chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for polyester characterization. Proceed Nat ACS Meet. Polym Chem Div 37:286.
209. Spina E., Cozzolino R., Ryan E., Garozzo D. 2000. Sequencing of oligosaccharides by collision-induced dissociation matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 35:1042.
210. Spool A.M., Kasai P.H. 1996. Perfluoropolyethers: Analysis by TOF-SIMS. Macromolecules 29:1691.
211. Statheropoulos M., Georgakopoulos K., Montaudo G. 1991. The interpretation of mass spectra of polymers using a hybrid software system based on library searching with euristic. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 20:65.
212. Statheropoulos M., Montaudo G. 1991. IONIA: An expert system for the prediction of the thermal decomposition of condensation polymers. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 20:57.
213. Stockmayer W.H. 1945. Bivariate distribution of chain lenghts and compositions. J Chem Phys 13:199.
214. Storey R.F., Brister L.B., Sherman J.W. 2001. Structural characterization of Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Poly(ε-caprolactone-b-isobutylene-b-ε-caprolactone) block copolymers by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem A38:107.
215. Sturiale L., Naggi A., Torri G. 2001. MALDI mass spectrometry as a tool for characterizing glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides and their interaction with proteins. Semin Thromb Hemost 27:465.
216. Suddaby K.G., Hunt K.H., Haddleton D.M. 1996. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in the study of statistical copolymerization and its application in examining the free radical copolymerization of methylmethacrylate and n-butyl methacrylate. Macromolecules 29:8642.
217. Sudesh K., Abe H., Doi Y. 2000. Synthesis, structure and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates: Biological polyesters. Prog Polym Sci 25:1503.
218. y-(OSiMe2)z] silsesquioxane copolymer resin by mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:2176.
219. Therisod H., Labas V., Caroff M. 2001. Direct microextraction and analysis of rough-type lipo-polysaccharides by combined thin-layer chromatography and MALDI mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 73:3804.
220. Tonelli A.E. 1989. NMR spectroscopy and polymer microstructure. New York: VCH Publishers.
221. Tsuge S., Hiramitsu S., Horibe T., Yamaoka M., Takeuchi T. 1975. Characterization of sequence distributions in methyl acrylate-styrene copolymers to high conversion by pyrolysis gas chromatography. Macromolecules 8: 721.
222. Tsuge S., Kobayashi T., Nagaya T., Takeuchi T. 1979a. Pyrolysisgas chromatographic determination of run numbers in methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymers using the boundary effect. J Anal Appl Pyrolys 1:133.
223. Tsuge S., Kobayashi T., Sugimura Y., Nagaya T., Takeuchi T. 1979b. Pyrolysis gas chromatographic characterization of highly alternating copolymers containing styrene tetracyanoquinodimethan methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile or methylmethacrylate units. Macromolecules 12:988.
224. Uglea C.V. 1996. Liquid chromatography of oligomers. New York: Marcel Dekker.
225. van Alebeek G.J.W.M., Schols H.A., Voragen A.G.J. 2001. Amidation of methyl-esterified oligogalacturonides: Examination of the reaction products using MALDI-TOF MS. Carbohydr Polym 46:311.
226. van Alebeek G.J.W.M., Zabotina O., Beldman G., Schols H.A., Voragen A.G.J. 2000. Esterification and glycosydation of oligogalacturonides: Examination of the reaction products using MALDI-TOF MS and HPAEC. Carbohydr Polym 43:39.
227. Van den Eynde X., Bertrand P., Penelle J. 2000. Matrix" effects in ToF-SIMS analyses of styrene-methyl methacrylate random copolymers. Macromolecules 33:5624.
228. Van den Eynde X., Reiths K., Bertrand P. 2001. Influence of triad sequences on the secondary ion emission in random copolymers. Macromolecules 34:5073.
229. van der Burgt Y.E.M., Bergsma J., Bleeker I.P., Mijland P.J.H.C., van der Kerk-van Hoof A., Kamerling J.P., Vliegenthart J.F.G. 2000a. Distribution of methyl substituents in amylose and amylopectin from methylated potato starches. Carbohyd Res 325:183.
230. van der Burgt Y.E.M., Bergsma J., Bleeker I.P., Mijland P.J.H.C., Kamerling J.P., Vliegenthart J.F.G. 2000b. Substituent distribution in highly branched dextrins from methylated starches. Carbohyd Res 327:423.
231. Van der Hage E.R.E., Duursma M.C., Heeren R.M.A., Boon J.J., Nielen M.W.F., Weber A.J.M., de Koster C.G., de Vries N.K. 1997. Structural analysis of polyoxyalkyl-eneamines by matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization on an external ion source FT-ICR-MS and NMR. Macromolecules 30:4302.
232. VanHest J.C.M., Delnoye D.A.P., Baars M.W.P.L., ElissenRoman C., vanGenderen M.H.P., Meijer E.W. 1996. Polystyrenepoly(propylene imine) dendrimers: Synthesis, characterization, and association behavior of a new class of amphiphiles. Chem Eur J 2:1616.
233. Van Rooji G.J., Duursma M.C., deKoster C.G., Heeren R.M.A., Boon J.J., Schuyl P.J.W., Van der Hage E.R.E. 1998. Determination of block length distributions of poly(oxypropylene) and poly(oxyethylene) block copolymers by MALDI-FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 70:843.
234. Varhegyi G., Blaszo M. 1978. Thermal degradation and microstructure of vinyl copolymers. A mathematical model. Eur Polym J 14:349.
235. Varki A., Cummings R., Esko J., Freeze H., Hart G., Marth J, editors. 1999. Essentials of glycobiology. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
236. Vincenti M., Sommazzi A. 1993. Analytical characterization of ethylene-propylene-carbon monoxide copolymers by desorption chemical-ionization mass-spectrometry, societa' chimica Italiana. Annali di Chimica 83:209.
237. Vitalini D., Scamporrino E. 1992a. Structural characterization of butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers by FAB mass spectrometric analysis of the partial ozonolysis products. Polymer 33:4597.
238. Vitalini D., Scamporrino E. 1992b. Main chain porphyrin polymers 2 synthesis and characterization of some copolyethers and their metal derivatives. Macromolecules 25:6605.
239. Vitalini D., Mineo P., Di Bella S., Fragalà I., Maravigna P., Scamporrino E. 1996. Synthesis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight characterization of an exactly alternating copolycarbonate and two random copolyethers containing schiff base copper(II) complex nonlinear optical units in the main chain. Macromolecules 29:4478.
240. Vitalini D., Mineo P., Scamporrino E. 1999a. Synthesis and characterization of some main chain porphyrin copolyforreals, based on bisphenol A and long linear aliphatic units, having a low glass transition temperature. Macromolecules 32:60.
241. Vitalini D., Mineo P., Scamporrino E. 1999b. Effect of combined changes in delayed extraction and potential gradient on the mass resolution and ion discrimination in the analysis of polydisperse poymers and polymer blends by delayed extraction matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13:2511.
242. Wallace W.E., Guttman C.M., Antonucci J.M. 1999. Molecular structure of Silsesquioxanes determined by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. J Amer Soc Mass Spectrom 10:224.
243. Wang S.H., Zeng Z.H., Yang S.H., Weng L.T., Wong P.C.L., Ho K.C. 2000a. Controlled sulfonation of poly(N-vinylcarbazole). Macromolecules 33:3232.
244. Wang H.B., Wang H.H., Urban V.S., Littrell K.C., Thiyagarajan P., Yu L.P. 2000b. Syntheses of amphiphilic diblock copolymers containing a conjugated block and their self-assembling properties. J Am Chem Soc 122:6855.
245. Watanabe T., He Y., Fukuchi T., Inoue Y. 2001. Comonomer compositional distribution and thermal characteristics of bacterially synthesized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)s. Macromol Biosci 1:75.
246. Weng L.T., Bertrand P., Lauer W., Zimmer R., Busetti S. 1995. Quantitative surface analysis of styrene-butadiene copolymers using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Surf Interf Anal 23:879.
247. Weng L.T., Wong P.C.L., Ho K., Wang S.H., Zeng Z.H., Yang S.H. 2000a. Sulfonation of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) studied by combined time of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Anal Chem 72: 4908.
248. Weng L.T., Liu S., Li L., Ho K., Chan C.M. 2000b. Quantitative surface analysis of styrene-based copolymers using TOF-SIMS, In: Benninghoven A., Bertrand P., Migeon H.N., editors. Proceed 12th Intern Conf on SIMS, Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. 785.
249. Wilczek-Vera G., Danis P.O., Eisenberg A. 1996. Individual block length distributions of block copolymers of poly(α-methyl styrene)-block-poly(styrene) by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Macromolecules 29:4036.
250. Wilczek-Vera G., Yu Y., Waddell K., Danis P.O., Eisenberg A. 1999a. Analysis of diblock copolymers of poly (α-methyl styrene)-block-poly(styrene) by Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 32:2180.
251. Wilczek-Vera G., Yu Y., Waddell K., Danis P.O., Eisenberg A. 1999b. Detailed structural analysis of diblock copolymers by MALDI-TOF. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13:764.
252. Wilding I.R., Melia C.D., Short R.D., Davies M.C., Brown A. 1990. SSIMS analysis of methacrylate copolymers employed in drug delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 39:1827.
253. Williams D.H. 1973. Fleming I., spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry. 2nd Edn. London: McGraw-Hill.
254. Williams R.J.J., Erra-Balsells R., Ishikawa Y., Nonami H., Mauri A.N., Riccardi C.C. 2001. UV-MALDI-TOF and ESI-TOF mass spectrometry characterization of silsesquioxanes obtained by the hydrolytic condensation of (3-Glycidoxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane in an epoxidized solvent. Macromol Chem Phys 202:2425.
255. Xin Y., Hu Y., Zeldin M., Fife W.K. 1993. Copolymerization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic 1-Alkyl-4-Vinylpyridinium Monomers. Macromolecules 26:4670.
256. Yang B.Y., Montgomery R. 2000. Degree of acetylation of heteropolysaccharides. Carbohyd Res 323:156.
257. Yang J.C., Nonidez W.K., Mays J.W. 2001. MALDI/TOF/MS as a method for characterizing micelle-forming polymers: A MALDI/TOF/MS study of amphiphilic diblock copolymers based on sulfonated polystyrene. Int J Polym Anal Ch 6:547.
258. Yeung B., Marecak D. 1999. Molecular weight determination of hyaluronic acid by gel filtration chromatography coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromat A852:573.
259. Yoshida S., Yamamoto S., Takamatsu T. 1998. Detailed structural characterization of modified silicone copolymers by matrixassisted laser description/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 12:535.
260. Yoshie N., Inoue Y. 1999. Chemical composition distribution of bacterial copolyesters. Int J Biol Macromol 25:193.
261. Zaia J., McClellan J.E., Costello C.E. 2001. Tandem mass spectrometric determination of the 4S/6S sulfation sequence in chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 73: 6030.
262. Zhao J., Rojstaczer S.R., Gardella J.A. 1998. Thin films of Polyimdesiloxane copolymers with Short Polydimethylsiloxane Segments studied using TOF-SIMS. In: Gillen G., Lareau R., Benneth J., Stevie F., editors. Proceed 11th Intern Conf on SIMS, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; p 521.
263. Zhuang H., Gardella J.A., Hercules D.M. 1997a. Determination of the distribution of poly(dimethylsiloxane) segment lengths at the surface of poly[(dimethylsiloxane)-urethane]-segmented copolymers by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spec trometry. Macromolecules 30:1153.
264. Zhuang H., Gardella J.A., Hercules D.M. 1997b. Solvent effects on the surface composition of bisphenol A polycarbonate and polydimethylsiloxane (BPAC-PDMS) random block copolymers. Macromolecules 30:3632.
265. Zoller D.L., Johnston M.V. 1997. Composition and microstructure of acrylonitrile-Butadiene copolymers by pyrolysis-photoionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 69: 3791.
266. Zoller D.L., Sum S.T., Johnston M.V., Haffieldt G.R., Qian K. 1999. Determination of polymer type and comonomer content in polyethylenes by pyrolysis-photoionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 71:866.
267. Zoller D.L., Johnston M.V. 2000a. Microstructure of butadiene copolymers determined by ozonolysis/MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 33:1664.
268. Zoller D.L., Johnston M.V., Qian K., Lohse D.J. 2000b. A study of deuterium distribution in deuterated polyolefins by pyrolysis-photoionization mass spectrometry. Macromolecules 33:5388.