메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 122, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 1784-1796

Adrenal insufficiency in the critically III: A new look at an old problem

Author keywords

Adrenal axis; Adrenal corticotropin hormone; Adrenal insufficiency; Cortisol; Critical care; Glucocorticoid receptors; Hypothalamic pituitary; ICU; Sepsis; Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; CYTOKINE; DEXAMETHASONE; ETOMIDATE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCORTISONE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE;

EID: 0036434848     PISSN: 00123692     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1378/chest.122.5.1784     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (347)

References (121)
  • 1
    • 0023263030 scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of serum cortisol response to ACTH in ICU patients: Correlation with degree of illness and mortality
    • Jurney TH, Cockrell JL Jr, Lindberg JS, et al. Spectrum of serum cortisol response to ACTH in ICU patients: Correlation with degree of illness and mortality. Chest 1987; 92:292-295
    • (1987) Chest , vol.92 , pp. 292-295
    • Jurney, T.H.1    Cockrell, J.L.2    Lindberg, J.S.3
  • 2
    • 0027168792 scopus 로고
    • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in critical illness: Response to dexamethasone and corticotropin-releasing hormone
    • Reincke M, Allolio B, Wurth G, et al. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in critical illness: Response to dexamethasone and corticotropin-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77:151-156
    • (1993) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.77 , pp. 151-156
    • Reincke, M.1    Allolio, B.2    Wurth, G.3
  • 3
    • 0021845911 scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid/antibiotic treatment of adrenalectomized dogs challenged with lethal E. coli
    • Hinshaw LB, Beller BK, Chang AC, et al. Corticosteroid/antibiotic treatment of adrenalectomized dogs challenged with lethal E. coli. Circ Shock 1985; 16:265-277
    • (1985) Circ Shock , vol.16 , pp. 265-277
    • Hinshaw, L.B.1    Beller, B.K.2    Chang, A.C.3
  • 4
    • 0025118791 scopus 로고
    • Corticosterone, but not glucose, treatment enables fasted adrenalectomized rats to survive moderate hemorrhage
    • Darlington DN, Chew G, Ha T, et al. Corticosterone, but not glucose, treatment enables fasted adrenalectomized rats to survive moderate hemorrhage. Endocrinology 1990; 127:766-772
    • (1990) Endocrinology , vol.127 , pp. 766-772
    • Darlington, D.N.1    Chew, G.2    Ha, T.3
  • 5
    • 0020574478 scopus 로고
    • Influence of sedation on mortality in critically ill multiple trauma patients
    • Ledingham IM, Watt I. Influence of sedation on mortality in critically ill multiple trauma patients [letter]. Lancet 1983; 1:1270
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1270
    • Ledingham, I.M.1    Watt, I.2
  • 6
    • 0002023154 scopus 로고
    • Anaemia-disease of the supra-renal capsules
    • Addison T. Anaemia-disease of the supra-renal capsules. Lond Med Gaz 1849; 43:517-518
    • (1849) Lond Med Gaz , vol.43 , pp. 517-518
    • Addison, T.1
  • 7
    • 0001273426 scopus 로고
    • Adrenocortical insufficiency: Clinical aspects
    • Vaughan ED, Carey RM, eds. New York, NY: Thieme Medical
    • May ME, Vaughan ED, Carey RM. Adrenocortical insufficiency: Clinical aspects. In: Vaughan ED, Carey RM, eds. Adrenal Disorders. New York, NY: Thieme Medical, 1989; 171-189
    • (1989) Adrenal Disorders , pp. 171-189
    • May, M.E.1    Vaughan, E.D.2    Carey, R.M.3
  • 8
    • 0022393794 scopus 로고
    • Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA
    • Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, et al. Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature 1985; 318:635-641
    • (1985) Nature , vol.318 , pp. 635-641
    • Hollenberg, S.M.1    Weinberger, C.2    Ong, E.S.3
  • 9
    • 0030046766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of glucocorticoid receptor-heat shock protein 90 interactions in vivo during nucleocytoplasmic trafficking
    • Yang J, DeFranco DB. Assessment of glucocorticoid receptor-heat shock protein 90 interactions in vivo during nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Mol Endocrinol 1996; 10:3-13
    • (1996) Mol Endocrinol , vol.10 , pp. 3-13
    • Yang, J.1    DeFranco, D.B.2
  • 10
    • 0026520193 scopus 로고
    • Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis
    • Pilkis SJ, Granner DK. Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Annu Rev Physiol 1992; 54:885-909
    • (1992) Annu Rev Physiol , vol.54 , pp. 885-909
    • Pilkis, S.J.1    Granner, D.K.2
  • 11
    • 0025913679 scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids induce transcription and expression of the α1B adrenergic receptor gene in DTT1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells
    • Sakaue M, Hoffman BB. Glucocorticoids induce transcription and expression of the α1B adrenergic receptor gene in DTT1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:385-389
    • (1991) J Clin Invest , vol.88 , pp. 385-389
    • Sakaue, M.1    Hoffman, B.B.2
  • 12
    • 0023819348 scopus 로고
    • β-adrenergic receptors in hamster smooth muscle cells are transcriptionally regulated by glucocorticoids
    • Collins S, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. β-adrenergic receptors in hamster smooth muscle cells are transcriptionally regulated by glucocorticoids. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:9067-9070
    • (1988) J Biol Chem , vol.263 , pp. 9067-9070
    • Collins, S.1    Caron, M.G.2    Lefkowitz, R.J.3
  • 13
    • 0025215465 scopus 로고
    • Thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones regulate the expression of multiple Na, K-ATPase genes in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes
    • Orlowski J, Lingrel JB. Thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones regulate the expression of multiple Na, K-ATPase genes in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:3462-3470
    • (1990) J Biol Chem , vol.265 , pp. 3462-3470
    • Orlowski, J.1    Lingrel, J.B.2
  • 14
    • 0034773245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexamethasone impairs pulmonary defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa through suppressing iNOS gene expression and peroxynitrite production in mice
    • Satoh S, Oishi K, Iwagaki A, et al. Dexamethasone impairs pulmonary defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa through suppressing iNOS gene expression and peroxynitrite production in mice. Clin Exp Immunol Life 2001; 126:266-273
    • (2001) Clin Exp Immunol Life , vol.126 , pp. 266-273
    • Satoh, S.1    Oishi, K.2    Iwagaki, A.3
  • 15
    • 0035919647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexamethasone suppresses iNOS gene expression by inhibiting NF-κB in vascular smooth muscle cells
    • Matsumura M, Kakishita H, Suzuki M, et al. Dexamethasone suppresses iNOS gene expression by inhibiting NF-κB in vascular smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 2001; 69:1067-1077
    • (2001) Life Sci , vol.69 , pp. 1067-1077
    • Matsumura, M.1    Kakishita, H.2    Suzuki, M.3
  • 16
    • 0035051851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in the airway epithelium of asthmatic subjects and regulation by corticosteroid treatment
    • Redington AE, Meng QH, Springall DR, et al. Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in the airway epithelium of asthmatic subjects and regulation by corticosteroid treatment. Thorax 2001; 56:351-357
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , pp. 351-357
    • Redington, A.E.1    Meng, Q.H.2    Springall, D.R.3
  • 17
    • 0034020398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of iNOS-dependent and independent mechanisms of the microvascular permeability change induced by lipopolysaccharide
    • Fujii E, Yoshioka T, Ishida H, et al. Evaluation of iNOS-dependent and independent mechanisms of the microvascular permeability change induced by lipopolysaccharide. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:90-94
    • (2000) Br J Pharmacol , vol.130 , pp. 90-94
    • Fujii, E.1    Yoshioka, T.2    Ishida, H.3
  • 18
    • 0028686656 scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids and stress: Permissive and suppressive actions
    • Munck A, Naray-Fejes-Toth A. Glucocorticoids and stress: Permissive and suppressive actions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994; 746:115-130
    • (1994) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.746 , pp. 115-130
    • Munck, A.1    Naray-Fejes-Toth, A.2
  • 19
    • 0002205538 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids
    • Fahey JV, Guyre PM. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. Adv Inflamm Res 1981; 2:21-51
    • (1981) Adv Inflamm Res , vol.2 , pp. 21-51
    • Fahey, J.V.1    Guyre, P.M.2
  • 20
    • 0027494730 scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids: Molecular mechanisms
    • Barnes PJ, Adcock I. Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids: Molecular mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1993; 14: 436-441
    • (1993) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.14 , pp. 436-441
    • Barnes, P.J.1    Adcock, I.2
  • 21
    • 0030615201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear factor-κB: A pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases
    • Barnes PJ, Karin M. Nuclear factor-κB: A pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1066-1071
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 1066-1071
    • Barnes, P.J.1    Karin, M.2
  • 22
    • 0028867899 scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: Inhibition of NF-κB activity through induction of IκB synthesis
    • Auphan N, Didonato JA, Rosette C, et al. Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: Inhibition of NF-κB activity through induction of IκB synthesis. Science 1995; 270:286-290
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 286-290
    • Auphan, N.1    Didonato, J.A.2    Rosette, C.3
  • 23
    • 0029091068 scopus 로고
    • Influence of hypercortosolemia on soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist responses to endotoxin in human beings
    • Barber AEI, Coyle SM, Fischer E, et al. Influence of hypercortosolemia on soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist responses to endotoxin in human beings. Surgery 1995; 118:406-410
    • (1995) Surgery , vol.118 , pp. 406-410
    • Barber, A.E.I.1    Coyle, S.M.2    Fischer, E.3
  • 24
    • 0029842527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypercortisolemia increases plasma interleukin-10 concentrations during human endotoxemia: A clinical research center study
    • van der Poll T, Barber AE, Coyle SM, et al. Hypercortisolemia increases plasma interleukin-10 concentrations during human endotoxemia: A clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:3604-3606
    • (1996) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.81 , pp. 3604-3606
    • Van der Poll, T.1    Barber, A.E.2    Coyle, S.M.3
  • 25
    • 0023574619 scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids inhibit transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of interleukin 1 in U937 cells
    • Knudsen PJ, Dinarello CA, Strom TB. Glucocorticoids inhibit transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of interleukin 1 in U937 cells. J Immunol 1987; 139: 4129-4134
    • (1987) J Immunol , vol.139 , pp. 4129-4134
    • Knudsen, P.J.1    Dinarello, C.A.2    Strom, T.B.3
  • 26
    • 0028117232 scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of the induction of nitric oxide synthase by endogenous glucocorticoids accounts for endotoxin tolerance in vivo
    • Szabo C, Thiemermann C, Wu CC, et al. Attenuation of the induction of nitric oxide synthase by endogenous glucocorticoids accounts for endotoxin tolerance in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:271-275
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.91 , pp. 271-275
    • Szabo, C.1    Thiemermann, C.2    Wu, C.C.3
  • 27
    • 0034754254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of corticosteroid-binding globulin and free cortisol index during septic shock and multitrauma
    • Beishuizen A, Thijs LG, Vermes I. Patterns of corticosteroid-binding globulin and free cortisol index during septic shock and multitrauma. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:1584-1591
    • (2001) Intensive Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1584-1591
    • Beishuizen, A.1    Thijs, L.G.2    Vermes, I.3
  • 28
    • 0002206237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical illness and systemic inflammation
    • Becker K, Nylen E, eds. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins
    • Zaloga GP, Bhatt B, Marik PE. Critical illness and systemic inflammation. In: Becker K, Nylen E, eds. Practice and Principles of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2001; 2068-2076
    • (2001) Practice and Principles of Endocrinology and Metabolism , pp. 2068-2076
    • Zaloga, G.P.1    Bhatt, B.2    Marik, P.E.3
  • 29
    • 0030043899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immuno-neuro-endocrine interactions: Facts and hypotheses
    • Besedovsky HO, del Ray A. Immuno-neuro-endocrine interactions: Facts and hypotheses. Endocr Rev 1996; 17:64-102
    • (1996) Endocr Rev , vol.17 , pp. 64-102
    • Besedovsky, H.O.1    Del Ray, A.2
  • 30
    • 0032905515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines: Actions and mechanisms of action
    • Turnbull AV, Rivier CL. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines: Actions and mechanisms of action. Physiol Rev 1999; 79:1-71
    • (1999) Physiol Rev , vol.79 , pp. 1-71
    • Turnbull, A.V.1    Rivier, C.L.2
  • 31
    • 0027131202 scopus 로고
    • Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans
    • Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, Weber JS. Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77:1690-1694
    • (1993) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.77 , pp. 1690-1694
    • Mastorakos, G.1    Chrousos, G.P.2    Weber, J.S.3
  • 32
    • 0024319605 scopus 로고
    • The immune-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
    • Bateman A, Singh A, Kral T, et al. The immune-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Endocr Rev 1989; 10:92-112
    • (1989) Endocr Rev , vol.10 , pp. 92-112
    • Bateman, A.1    Singh, A.2    Kral, T.3
  • 33
    • 0025288875 scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor α inhibits the hormonal response of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic releasing factors
    • Gaillard RC, Turnill D, Sappino P, et al. Tumor necrosis factor α inhibits the hormonal response of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic releasing factors. Endocrinology 1990; 127:101-106
    • (1990) Endocrinology , vol.127 , pp. 101-106
    • Gaillard, R.C.1    Turnill, D.2    Sappino, P.3
  • 34
    • 0032922569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rapid low-dose (1 microgram) cosyntropin test in the immediate postoperative period: Results in elderly subjects after major abdominal surgery
    • Richards ML, Caplan RH, Wickus GG, et al. The rapid low-dose (1 microgram) cosyntropin test in the immediate postoperative period: Results in elderly subjects after major abdominal surgery. Surgery 1999; 125:431-440
    • (1999) Surgery , vol.125 , pp. 431-440
    • Richards, M.L.1    Caplan, R.H.2    Wickus, G.G.3
  • 35
    • 0028906714 scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency occurring during septic shock: Incidence, outcome, and relationship to peripheral cytokine levels
    • Soni A, Pepper GM, Wyrwinski PM, et al. Adrenal insufficiency occurring during septic shock: Incidence, outcome, and relationship to peripheral cytokine levels. Am J Med 1995; 98:266-271
    • (1995) Am J Med , vol.98 , pp. 266-271
    • Soni, A.1    Pepper, G.M.2    Wyrwinski, P.M.3
  • 36
    • 0035113369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of patients with severe sepsis: Altered response to corticotropin-releasing hormone
    • Schroeder S, Wichers M, Klingmuller D, et al. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of patients with severe sepsis: Altered response to corticotropin-releasing hormone. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:310-316
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 310-316
    • Schroeder, S.1    Wichers, M.2    Klingmuller, D.3
  • 37
    • 0021322361 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of adrenocortical depression during Escherichia coli shock
    • Catalano RD, Parameswaran V, Ramachandran J, et al. Mechanisms of adrenocortical depression during Escherichia coli shock. Arch Surg 1984; 119:145-150
    • (1984) Arch Surg , vol.119 , pp. 145-150
    • Catalano, R.D.1    Parameswaran, V.2    Ramachandran, J.3
  • 38
    • 0019796951 scopus 로고
    • Effects of septic shock plasma on adrenocortical cell function
    • Keri G, Parameswaran V, Trunkey DD, et al. Effects of septic shock plasma on adrenocortical cell function. Life Sci 1981; 28:1917-1923
    • (1981) Life Sci , vol.28 , pp. 1917-1923
    • Keri, G.1    Parameswaran, V.2    Trunkey, D.D.3
  • 39
    • 0002865582 scopus 로고
    • Secretion and metabolism of cortisol after injection of endotoxin
    • Melby JC, Egdahl RH, Spink WW. Secretion and metabolism of cortisol after injection of endotoxin. J Lab Clin Med 1960; 56:50-62
    • (1960) J Lab Clin Med , vol.56 , pp. 50-62
    • Melby, J.C.1    Egdahl, R.H.2    Spink, W.W.3
  • 40
    • 0026081771 scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor as a potent inhibitor of adrenocorticotropin-induced cortisol production and steroidogenic P450 enzyme gene expression in cultured human fetal adrenal cells
    • Jaattela M, Ilvesmaki V, Voutilainen R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor as a potent inhibitor of adrenocorticotropin-induced cortisol production and steroidogenic P450 enzyme gene expression in cultured human fetal adrenal cells. Endocrinology 1991; 128:623-629
    • (1991) Endocrinology , vol.128 , pp. 623-629
    • Jaattela, M.1    Ilvesmaki, V.2    Voutilainen, R.3
  • 41
    • 0026603465 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and mode of action of rabbit corticostatic (antiadrenocorticotropin) peptides
    • Zhu Q, Solomon S. Isolation and mode of action of rabbit corticostatic (antiadrenocorticotropin) peptides. Endocrinology 1992; 130:1413-1423
    • (1992) Endocrinology , vol.130 , pp. 1413-1423
    • Zhu, Q.1    Solomon, S.2
  • 42
    • 0029965518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticostatins/defensins inhibit in vitro NK activity and cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    • Masera RG, Bateman A, Muscettola M, et al. Corticostatins/defensins inhibit in vitro NK activity and cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Regul Pept 1996; 62:13-21
    • (1996) Regul Pept , vol.62 , pp. 13-21
    • Masera, R.G.1    Bateman, A.2    Muscettola, M.3
  • 43
    • 0026504966 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and characterization of immunoreactive corticostatin in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
    • Tominaga T, Fukata J, Hayashi Y, et al. Distribution and characterization of immunoreactive corticostatin in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Endocrinology 1992; 130:1593-1598
    • (1992) Endocrinology , vol.130 , pp. 1593-1598
    • Tominaga, T.1    Fukata, J.2    Hayashi, Y.3
  • 44
    • 0024379009 scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 are potent inhibitors of angiotensin II induced aldosterone synthesis
    • Natarajan R, Ploszay S, Horton R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 are potent inhibitors of angiotensin II induced aldosterone synthesis. Endocrinology 1989; 125:3084-3089
    • (1989) Endocrinology , vol.125 , pp. 3084-3089
    • Natarajan, R.1    Ploszay, S.2    Horton, R.3
  • 45
    • 0025037559 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of ACTH-induced steroidogenesis in human fetal adrenals by rTNF-α
    • Jaattela M, Carpen O, Stenman UH, et al. Regulation of ACTH-induced steroidogenesis in human fetal adrenals by rTNF-α. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1990; 68:R31-R36
    • (1990) Mol Cell Endocrinol , vol.68 , pp. R31-R36
    • Jaattela, M.1    Carpen, O.2    Stenman, U.H.3
  • 46
    • 0033305459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1α, reduces glucocorticoid receptor translocation and function
    • Pariante CM, Pearce BD, Pisell TL, et al. The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1α, reduces glucocorticoid receptor translocation and function. Endocrinology 1999; 140:4359-4366
    • (1999) Endocrinology , vol.140 , pp. 4359-4366
    • Pariante, C.M.1    Pearce, B.D.2    Pisell, T.L.3
  • 47
    • 0000950760 scopus 로고
    • Comparative studies of adrenal cortisol function and cortisol metabolism in healthy adults and in patients with septic shock due to infection
    • Melby JC, Spink WW. Comparative studies of adrenal cortisol function and cortisol metabolism in healthy adults and in patients with septic shock due to infection. J Clin Invest 1958; 37:1791-1798
    • (1958) J Clin Invest , vol.37 , pp. 1791-1798
    • Melby, J.C.1    Spink, W.W.2
  • 48
    • 0019985510 scopus 로고
    • Endotoxin-induced inhibition of steroid binding by mouse liver cytosol
    • McCallum RE, Stith RD. Endotoxin-induced inhibition of steroid binding by mouse liver cytosol. Circ Shock 1982; 9:357-367
    • (1982) Circ Shock , vol.9 , pp. 357-367
    • McCallum, R.E.1    Stith, R.D.2
  • 49
    • 0017226343 scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid effect on hepatic carbohydrates metabolism in the endotoxin-shocked monkey
    • Schuler JJ, Erve PR, Schumer W. Glucocorticoid effect on hepatic carbohydrates metabolism in the endotoxin-shocked monkey. Ann Surg 1976; 183:345-354
    • (1976) Ann Surg , vol.183 , pp. 345-354
    • Schuler, J.J.1    Erve, P.R.2    Schumer, W.3
  • 50
    • 0033578228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What test for hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical insufficiency?
    • Streeten DHP. What test for hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical insufficiency? Lancet 1999; 354:179-180
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 179-180
    • Streeten, D.H.P.1
  • 51
    • 0031752578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the normal cortisol response to the short Synacthen test: Implications for the investigation of hypothalamic-pituitary disorders
    • Clark PM, Neylon I, Raggatt PR, et al. Defining the normal cortisol response to the short Synacthen test: Implications for the investigation of hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. Clin Endocrinol 1998; 49:287-292
    • (1998) Clin Endocrinol , vol.49 , pp. 287-292
    • Clark, P.M.1    Neylon, I.2    Raggatt, P.R.3
  • 52
    • 0021442864 scopus 로고
    • Normal and abnormal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system in man
    • Streeten DHP, Anderson GH, Dalakos TG, et al. Normal and abnormal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system in man. Endocr Rev 1984; 5: 371-394
    • (1984) Endocr Rev , vol.5 , pp. 371-394
    • Streeten, D.H.P.1    Anderson, G.H.2    Dalakos, T.G.3
  • 54
    • 0025815542 scopus 로고
    • Biphasic changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function during the early recovery period after major abdominal surgery
    • Naito Y, Fukata J, Tamai S, et al. Biphasic changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function during the early recovery period after major abdominal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73:111-117
    • (1991) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.73 , pp. 111-117
    • Naito, Y.1    Fukata, J.2    Tamai, S.3
  • 55
    • 0026787573 scopus 로고
    • Responses of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and cytokines during and after upper abdominal surgery
    • Naito Y, Tamai S, Shingu K, et al. Responses of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and cytokines during and after upper abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:426-431
    • (1992) Anesthesiology , vol.77 , pp. 426-431
    • Naito, Y.1    Tamai, S.2    Shingu, K.3
  • 56
    • 0030901936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic stress response after laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy: A randomized trial
    • Karayiannakis AJ, Makri GG, Mantzioka A, et al. Systemic stress response after laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy: A randomized trial. Br J Surg 1997; 84:467-471
    • (1997) Br J Surg , vol.84 , pp. 467-471
    • Karayiannakis, A.J.1    Makri, G.G.2    Mantzioka, A.3
  • 57
    • 0033961072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propofol/sufentanil anesthesia suppresses the metabolic and endocrine response during, not after, lower abdominal surgery
    • Schricker T, Carli F, Schreiber M, et al. Propofol/sufentanil anesthesia suppresses the metabolic and endocrine response during, not after, lower abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 2000; 90:450-455
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.90 , pp. 450-455
    • Schricker, T.1    Carli, F.2    Schreiber, M.3
  • 58
    • 0031977915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic changes during recovery in normothermic vs hypothermic patients undergoing surgery and receiving general anesthesia and epidural local anesthetic agents
    • Motamed S, Klubien K, Edwardes M, et al. Metabolic changes during recovery in normothermic vs hypothermic patients undergoing surgery and receiving general anesthesia and epidural local anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:1211-1218
    • (1998) Anesthesiology , vol.88 , pp. 1211-1218
    • Motamed, S.1    Klubien, K.2    Edwardes, M.3
  • 59
    • 0030961983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urine and plasma catecholamine and cortisol concentrations after myocardial revascularization: Modulation by continuous sedation
    • Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Group, and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation (IREF)
    • Plunkett JJ, Reeves JD, Ngo L, et al. Urine and plasma catecholamine and cortisol concentrations after myocardial revascularization: Modulation by continuous sedation. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Group, and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation (IREF). Anesthesiology 1997; 86:785-796
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.86 , pp. 785-796
    • Plunkett, J.J.1    Reeves, J.D.2    Ngo, L.3
  • 60
    • 0028966732 scopus 로고
    • Dissociation of plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels in critically ill patients: Possible role of endothelin and atrial natriuretic hormone
    • Vermes I, Beishuizen A, Hampsink RM, et al. Dissociation of plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels in critically ill patients: Possible role of endothelin and atrial natriuretic hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:1238-1242
    • (1995) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.80 , pp. 1238-1242
    • Vermes, I.1    Beishuizen, A.2    Hampsink, R.M.3
  • 61
    • 0023695475 scopus 로고
    • Upon-admission adrenal steroidogenesis is adapted to the degree of illness in intensive care unit patients
    • Wade CE, Lindberg JS, Cockrell JL, et al. Upon-admission adrenal steroidogenesis is adapted to the degree of illness in intensive care unit patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67:223-227
    • (1988) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.67 , pp. 223-227
    • Wade, C.E.1    Lindberg, J.S.2    Cockrell, J.L.3
  • 62
    • 0028843168 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters
    • Rothwell PM, Lawler PG. Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:78-83
    • (1995) Crit Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 78-83
    • Rothwell, P.M.1    Lawler, P.G.2
  • 63
    • 0020148444 scopus 로고
    • Endogenous and exogenous catecholamines in critical care medicine
    • Chernow B, Rainey TR, Lake CR. Endogenous and exogenous catecholamines in critical care medicine. Crit Care Med 1982; 10:409-416
    • (1982) Crit Care Med , vol.10 , pp. 409-416
    • Chernow, B.1    Rainey, T.R.2    Lake, C.R.3
  • 64
    • 0024426996 scopus 로고
    • Catecholamines: Study of interspecies variation
    • Hart BB, Stanford GG, Ziegler MG, et al. Catecholamines: Study of interspecies variation. Crit Care Med 1989; 17: 1203-1218
    • (1989) Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 1203-1218
    • Hart, B.B.1    Stanford, G.G.2    Ziegler, M.G.3
  • 65
    • 0035116763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal insufficiency
    • Zaloga GP, Marik P. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal insufficiency. Crit Care Clin 2001; 17:25-42
    • (2001) Crit Care Clin , vol.17 , pp. 25-42
    • Zaloga, G.P.1    Marik, P.2
  • 66
    • 0025250064 scopus 로고
    • Plasma cortisol levels in patients with septic shock
    • Schein RMH, Sprung CL, Marcial E. Plasma cortisol levels in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:259-263
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 259-263
    • Schein, R.M.H.1    Sprung, C.L.2    Marcial, E.3
  • 67
    • 0021875976 scopus 로고
    • Variable adrenocortical function in acute medical illness
    • Drucker D, Shandling M. Variable adrenocortical function in acute medical illness. Crit Care Med 1985; 13:477-479
    • (1985) Crit Care Med , vol.13 , pp. 477-479
    • Drucker, D.1    Shandling, M.2
  • 69
    • 0027298776 scopus 로고
    • The plasma ACTH, AVP, CRH, and catecholamine responses to conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy
    • Donald RA, Perry EG, Wittert GA, et al. The plasma ACTH, AVP, CRH, and catecholamine responses to conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Clin Endocrinol 1993; 38:609-615
    • (1993) Clin Endocrinol , vol.38 , pp. 609-615
    • Donald, R.A.1    Perry, E.G.2    Wittert, G.A.3
  • 70
    • 0035097604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency in high-risk surgical ICU patients
    • Rivers EP, Gaspari M, Abi Saad G, et al. Adrenal insufficiency in high-risk surgical ICU patients. Chest 2001; 119:889-896
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 889-896
    • Rivers, E.P.1    Gaspari, M.2    Abi Saad, G.3
  • 71
    • 0342980285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin
    • Annane D, Sebille V, Troche G, et al. A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin. JAMA 2000; 283:1038-1045
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 1038-1045
    • Annane, D.1    Sebille, V.2    Troche, G.3
  • 72
    • 0034686654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of cortisol response in septic shock
    • Annane D, Bellissant E. Prognostic value of cortisol response in septic shock. JAMA 2000; 284:308-309
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.284 , pp. 308-309
    • Annane, D.1    Bellissant, E.2
  • 73
    • 0030069378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential for serious consequences from misinterpreting normal responses to the rapid adrenocorticotropin test
    • Streeten DH, Anderson GH Jr, Bonaventura MM. The potential for serious consequences from misinterpreting normal responses to the rapid adrenocorticotropin test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:285-290
    • (1996) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.81 , pp. 285-290
    • Streeten, D.H.1    Anderson, G.H.2    Bonaventura, M.M.3
  • 74
    • 0033561805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative eosinophilia and functional adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients
    • Beishuizen A, Vermes I, Hylkema BS, et al. Relative eosinophilia and functional adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients [letter]. Lancet 1999; 353:1675-1676
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 1675-1676
    • Beishuizen, A.1    Vermes, I.2    Hylkema, B.S.3
  • 75
    • 0022467065 scopus 로고
    • Adrenocortical dysfunction in acute medical illness
    • Drucker D, McLaughlin J. Adrenocortical dysfunction in acute medical illness. Crit Care Med 1986; 14:789-791
    • (1986) Crit Care Med , vol.14 , pp. 789-791
    • Drucker, D.1    McLaughlin, J.2
  • 76
    • 0017756593 scopus 로고
    • Variations in adrenocortical responsiveness during severe bacterial infections: Unrecognized adrenocortical insufficiency in severe bacterial infections
    • Sibbald WJ, Short A, Cohen MP, et al. Variations in adrenocortical responsiveness during severe bacterial infections: unrecognized adrenocortical insufficiency in severe bacterial infections. Ann Surg 1977; 186:29-33
    • (1977) Ann Surg , vol.186 , pp. 29-33
    • Sibbald, W.J.1    Short, A.2    Cohen, M.P.3
  • 77
    • 84919222042 scopus 로고
    • Carbon monoxide poisoning in children riding in the back of pickup trucks
    • Hampson N, Norkool D. Carbon monoxide poisoning in children riding in the back of pickup trucks. JAMA 1992; 267:538-540
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.267 , pp. 538-540
    • Hampson, N.1    Norkool, D.2
  • 79
    • 0020659555 scopus 로고
    • Cortisol replacement in severely stressed patients
    • McKee JI, Finlay WE. Cortisol replacement in severely stressed patients [letter]. Lancet 1983; 1:484
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 484
    • McKee, J.I.1    Finlay, W.E.2
  • 80
    • 0011058835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock
    • in press
    • Marik PE, Zaloga GP. Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock. Crit Care Med (in press)
    • Crit Care Med
    • Marik, P.E.1    Zaloga, G.P.2
  • 81
    • 0020064016 scopus 로고
    • Discordant cortisol response to exogenous ACTH and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in patients with pituitary disease
    • Borst GC, Michenfelder HJ, O'Brian JT. Discordant cortisol response to exogenous ACTH and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in patients with pituitary disease. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:1462-1464
    • (1982) N Engl J Med , vol.306 , pp. 1462-1464
    • Borst, G.C.1    Michenfelder, H.J.2    O'Brian, J.T.3
  • 82
    • 0023109962 scopus 로고
    • Re-evaluation of the clinical value of the 30 minute ACTH test in assessing he hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function
    • Lindholm J, Kehlet H. Re-evaluation of the clinical value of the 30 minute ACTH test in assessing he hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function. Clin Endocrinol 1987; 26:53-59
    • (1987) Clin Endocrinol , vol.26 , pp. 53-59
    • Lindholm, J.1    Kehlet, H.2
  • 83
    • 0028923108 scopus 로고
    • Low-dose adrenocorticotropin test reveals impaired adrenal function in patients taking inhaled corticosteroids
    • Broide J, Soferman R, Kivity S, et al. Low-dose adrenocorticotropin test reveals impaired adrenal function in patients taking inhaled corticosteroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:1243-1246
    • (1995) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.80 , pp. 1243-1246
    • Broide, J.1    Soferman, R.2    Kivity, S.3
  • 84
    • 0031785432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of low and high dose corticotropin stimulation tests in patients with pituitary disease
    • Mayenknecht J, Diederich S, Bahr V, et al. Comparison of low and high dose corticotropin stimulation tests in patients with pituitary disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1558-1562
    • (1998) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.83 , pp. 1558-1562
    • Mayenknecht, J.1    Diederich, S.2    Bahr, V.3
  • 85
    • 0030071941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A low dose ACTH test to assess the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
    • Rasmuson S, Olsson T, Hagg E. A low dose ACTH test to assess the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Endocrinol 1996; 44:151-156
    • (1996) Clin Endocrinol , vol.44 , pp. 151-156
    • Rasmuson, S.1    Olsson, T.2    Hagg, E.3
  • 86
    • 0028910845 scopus 로고
    • The role of the low dose (1 microgram) adrenocorticotropin test in the evaluation of patients with pituitary diseases
    • Tordjman K, Jaffe A, Grazas N, et al. The role of the low dose (1 microgram) adrenocorticotropin test in the evaluation of patients with pituitary diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:1301-1305
    • (1995) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.80 , pp. 1301-1305
    • Tordjman, K.1    Jaffe, A.2    Grazas, N.3
  • 87
    • 0033062851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the low dose short synacthen test (1 microg), the conventional dose short synacthen test (250 microg), and the insulin tolerance test for assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with pituitary disease
    • Abdu TA, Elhadd TA, Neary R, et al. Comparison of the low dose short synacthen test (1 microg), the conventional dose short synacthen test (250 microg), and the insulin tolerance test for assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with pituitary disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:838-843
    • (1999) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.84 , pp. 838-843
    • Abdu, T.A.1    Elhadd, T.A.2    Neary, R.3
  • 88
    • 0036275133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency in critically ill HIV infected patients
    • Marik PE, Kiminyo K, Zaloga GP. Adrenal insufficiency in critically ill HIV infected patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:1267-1273
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 1267-1273
    • Marik, P.E.1    Kiminyo, K.2    Zaloga, G.P.3
  • 90
    • 0029823003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the adrenocortical response during septic shock and after complete recovery
    • Briegel J, Scheelling G, Haller M, et al. A comparison of the adrenocortical response during septic shock and after complete recovery. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22:894-899
    • (1996) Intensive Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 894-899
    • Briegel, J.1    Scheelling, G.2    Haller, M.3
  • 91
    • 0031030982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency in the surgical intensive care unit patient
    • Barquist E, Kirton O. Adrenal insufficiency in the surgical intensive care unit patient. J Trauma 1997; 42:27-31
    • (1997) J Trauma , vol.42 , pp. 27-31
    • Barquist, E.1    Kirton, O.2
  • 92
    • 0034085077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma cortisol is often decreased in patients in an intensive care unit
    • Rydvall A, Brandstrom AK, Banga R, et al. Plasma cortisol is often decreased in patients in an intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26:545-551
    • (2000) Intensive Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 545-551
    • Rydvall, A.1    Brandstrom, A.K.2    Banga, R.3
  • 93
    • 0028107055 scopus 로고
    • Hypocortisolaemia and adrenocortical responsiveness at onset of septic shock
    • Moran JL, Chapman MJ, O'Fathartaigh MS, et al. Hypocortisolaemia and adrenocortical responsiveness at onset of septic shock. Intensive Care Med 1994; 20:489-495
    • (1994) Intensive Care Med , vol.20 , pp. 489-495
    • Moran, J.L.1    Chapman, M.J.2    O'Fathartaigh, M.S.3
  • 94
    • 0030591713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency
    • Oelkers W. Adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1206-1212
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1206-1212
    • Oelkers, W.1
  • 95
    • 0025349602 scopus 로고
    • Cytomegaloviral adrenalitis and adrenal insufficiency in AIDS
    • Pulakhandam U, Dincsoy HP. Cytomegaloviral adrenalitis and adrenal insufficiency in AIDS. Am J Clin Pathol 1990; 93:651-656
    • (1990) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.93 , pp. 651-656
    • Pulakhandam, U.1    Dincsoy, H.P.2
  • 96
    • 0022377907 scopus 로고
    • Adrenal pathology in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome
    • Glasgow BJ, Steinsapir KD, Anders K, et al. Adrenal pathology in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 84:594-597
    • (1985) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.84 , pp. 594-597
    • Glasgow, B.J.1    Steinsapir, K.D.2    Anders, K.3
  • 97
    • 84944359140 scopus 로고
    • Autopsy findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome
    • Welch K, Finkbeiner W, Alpers CE, et al. Autopsy findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984; 252:1152-1159
    • (1984) JAMA , vol.252 , pp. 1152-1159
    • Welch, K.1    Finkbeiner, W.2    Alpers, C.E.3
  • 98
    • 0026640736 scopus 로고
    • HIV disease and the endocrine system
    • Grinspoon SK, Bilezikian JP. HIV disease and the endocrine system. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1360-1365
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 1360-1365
    • Grinspoon, S.K.1    Bilezikian, J.P.2
  • 99
    • 0024537307 scopus 로고
    • Endocrine complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Aron DC. Endocrine complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:330-333
    • (1989) Arch Intern Med , vol.149 , pp. 330-333
    • Aron, D.C.1
  • 100
    • 0023273646 scopus 로고
    • The use of ketoconazole as an inhibitor of steroid production
    • Sonino N. The use of ketoconazole as an inhibitor of steroid production. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:812-818
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 812-818
    • Sonino, N.1
  • 101
    • 0028207266 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of infections in the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Smith GH. Treatment of infections in the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:949-973
    • (1994) Arch Intern Med , vol.154 , pp. 949-973
    • Smith, G.H.1
  • 102
    • 0029815082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocrine implications of human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Hofbauer LC, Heufelder AE. Endocrine implications of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Medicine 1996; 75:262-278
    • (1996) Medicine , vol.75 , pp. 262-278
    • Hofbauer, L.C.1    Heufelder, A.E.2
  • 103
    • 0026337670 scopus 로고
    • The effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy on pituitary-adrenal responses to exogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone
    • Schlaghecke R, Kornely E, Santen RT, et al. The effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy on pituitary-adrenal responses to exogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:226-230
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 226-230
    • Schlaghecke, R.1    Kornely, E.2    Santen, R.T.3
  • 104
    • 0034453962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal suppression, evaluated by a low dose adrenocorticotropin test, and growth in asthmatic children treated with inhaled steroids
    • Kannisto S, Korpi M, Remes K, et al. Adrenal suppression, evaluated by a low dose adrenocorticotropin test, and growth in asthmatic children treated with inhaled steroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:652-657
    • (2000) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.85 , pp. 652-657
    • Kannisto, S.1    Korpi, M.2    Remes, K.3
  • 105
    • 0034639691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression and recovery of adrenal response after short-term high-dose glucocorticoid treatment
    • Henzen C, Suter A, Lerch E, et al. Suppression and recovery of adrenal response after short-term high-dose glucocorticoid treatment. Lancet 2000; 355:542-545
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 542-545
    • Henzen, C.1    Suter, A.2    Lerch, E.3
  • 106
    • 0014108571 scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid-induced suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: Observations on patients given oral corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis
    • Jasani MK, Boyle JA, Greig WR, et al. Corticosteroid-induced suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: Observations on patients given oral corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis. Q J Med 1967; 36:261-276
    • (1967) Q J Med , vol.36 , pp. 261-276
    • Jasani, M.K.1    Boyle, J.A.2    Greig, W.R.3
  • 107
    • 0033581220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency
    • Krasner AS. Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. JAMA 1999; 282:671-676
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 671-676
    • Krasner, A.S.1
  • 108
    • 0035100186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sepsis-induced adrenal deficiency syndrome
    • Zaloga GP. Sepsis-induced adrenal deficiency syndrome. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:688-690
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 688-690
    • Zaloga, G.P.1
  • 109
    • 0035100693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency during the late stage of polymicrobial sepsis
    • Koo DJ, Jackman D, Chaundry IH, et al. Adrenal insufficiency during the late stage of polymicrobial sepsis. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:618-622
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 618-622
    • Koo, D.J.1    Jackman, D.2    Chaundry, I.H.3
  • 111
    • 0026057756 scopus 로고
    • Depletion of rat liver glucocorticoid receptor hormone-binding and its mRNA in sepsis
    • Ali M, Allen HR, Vedeckis WV, et al. Depletion of rat liver glucocorticoid receptor hormone-binding and its mRNA in sepsis. Life Sci 1991; 48:603-611
    • (1991) Life Sci , vol.48 , pp. 603-611
    • Ali, M.1    Allen, H.R.2    Vedeckis, W.V.3
  • 112
    • 0029166231 scopus 로고
    • Temperature-induced down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes in patients with sepsis and septic shock
    • Molijn GJ, Koper JW, van Uffelen CJ, et al. Temperature-induced down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Clin Endocrinol 1995; 43:197-203
    • (1995) Clin Endocrinol , vol.43 , pp. 197-203
    • Molijn, G.J.1    Koper, J.W.2    Van Uffelen, C.J.3
  • 113
    • 0026586578 scopus 로고
    • Cortisol resistance in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Norbiato G, Bevilacqua M, Vago T, et al. Cortisol resistance in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74:608-613
    • (1992) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.74 , pp. 608-613
    • Norbiato, G.1    Bevilacqua, M.2    Vago, T.3
  • 114
    • 0031942028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone
    • Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Levy B, et al. Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:645-650
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 645-650
    • Bollaert, P.E.1    Charpentier, C.2    Levy, B.3
  • 115
    • 0032946372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study
    • Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M, et al. Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:723-732
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 723-732
    • Briegel, J.1    Forst, H.2    Haller, M.3
  • 116
    • 0002854413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the combination of hydrocortisone-fludro-cortisone on mortality in septic shock
    • Annane D. Effects of the combination of hydrocortisone-fludro-cortisone on mortality in septic shock [abstract]. Crit Care Med 2000; 28(suppl):A46
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , pp. A46
    • Annane, D.1
  • 117
    • 0034530751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma cortisol levels before and during "low-dose" hydrocortisone therapy and their relationship to hemodynamic improvement in patients with septic shock
    • Oppert M, Reinicke A, Graf KJ, et al. Plasma cortisol levels before and during "low-dose" hydrocortisone therapy and their relationship to hemodynamic improvement in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26:1747-1755
    • (2000) Intensive Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 1747-1755
    • Oppert, M.1    Reinicke, A.2    Graf, K.J.3
  • 118
    • 0023239471 scopus 로고
    • Effect of high dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical signs of systemic sepsis
    • The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group. Effect of high dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical signs of systemic sepsis. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:659-665
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 659-665
  • 119
    • 0023252009 scopus 로고
    • A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Bone RC, Fisher CJ, Clemmer TP, et al. A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:653-658
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 653-658
    • Bone, R.C.1    Fisher, C.J.2    Clemmer, T.P.3
  • 120
    • 0033375645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during septic shock on post-traumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in survivors
    • Schelling G, Stoll C, Kapfhammer HP, et al. The effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during septic shock on post-traumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in survivors. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2678-2683
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 2678-2683
    • Schelling, G.1    Stoll, C.2    Kapfhammer, H.P.3
  • 121
    • 0028288388 scopus 로고
    • Perioperative glucocorticoid coverage: A reassessment 42 years after emergence of a problem
    • Salem M, Trainsh RE, Bromberg J, et al. Perioperative glucocorticoid coverage: A reassessment 42 years after emergence of a problem. Ann Surg 1994; 219:416-425
    • (1994) Ann Surg , vol.219 , pp. 416-425
    • Salem, M.1    Trainsh, R.E.2    Bromberg, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.