Immunohistochemical markers of melanocytic lesions: A review of their diagnostic usefulness

American Journal of Dermatopathology

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 270-281

  Mangini, Janine ^a   Li, Ning ^a,b   Bhawan, Jag ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunoperoxidase; Markers; Melanoma; Nevus

Indexed keywords

BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; CADHERIN; CD40 ANTIGEN; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CYCLIN D1; CYCLINE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV; FAS ANTIGEN; HERMES ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INTEGRIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; KI 67 ANTIGEN; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN 1; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MELANOMA ANTIGEN; NERVE CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; NUCLEAR PROTEIN; PLASMIN; PLASMINOGEN; PROTEIN P16; PROTEIN P21; PROTEIN P53; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VASCULOTROPIN; VITRONECTIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; CELL CYCLE; CELL PROLIFERATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOREGULATION; INCIDENCE; MELANOCYTIC NEVUS; MELANOMA; ONCOGENE; PLOIDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

HUMANS; IMMUNOENZYME TECHNIQUES; MELANOMA; NEVUS; SKIN NEOPLASMS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 0036260537     PISSN: 01931091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200206000-00016     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Cancer statistics, 2000
2. What criteria reliably distinguish melanoma from benign melanocytic lesions?
3. Critical analysis of histologic criteria for grading atypical (dysplastic) melanocytic nevi
4. Atypical Spitz nevi/tumors: Lack of consensus for diagnosis, discrimination from melanoma, and prediction of outcome
5. The evaluation of diagnostic and prognostic criteria and the terminology of thin cutaneous malignant melanoma by the CRC Melanoma Pathology Panel
6. Discordance in the histopathologic diagnosis of melanoma and melanocytic nevi between expert pathologists
7. A multiobserver, population-based analysis of histologic dysplasia in melanocytic nevi
8. Histopathologic recognition and grading of dysplastic melanocytic nevi: An interobserver agreement study
9. Nucleolar organizer regions and image analysis nuclear morphometry of small cell (nevoid) melanoma
10. Primary malignant melanoma of the skin, Relationships of nuclear DNA content, nuclear morphometric variables, Clark level and tumor thickness
11. DNA ploidy and nuclear morphometry for the classification of dysplastic nevi
12. Nuclear morphometry of MIB-1 positive and negative tumor cells in primary and metastatic malignant melanoma of the skin
13. Morphometric diagnosis of melanocytic skin tumors
14. Interphase cytogenetic analysis of 1q12 satellite III DNA in melanocytic lesions: Increased aneuploidy with malignant histology
15. Detection of three novel translocations and specific common chromosomal break sites in malignant melanoma by spectral karyotyping
16. Chromosome 7 aneusomy. A marker for metastatic melanoma? Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene and chromosome 7 aneusomy in nevi, primary malignant melanomas and metastases
17. Chromosomal imbalances in primary and metastatic melanomas revealed by comparative genomic hybridization
18. AgNOR area measurements differentiate benign and malignant melanocytic lesions more accurately than simple counting
19. Nucleolar organizer region count and subjective AgNOR pattern assessment (SAPA) score in skin tumors
20. PCNA expression and nucleolar organizer regions in malignant melanoma and nevus cell nevus
21. Update of diagnostic and prognostic markers in cutaneous malignant melanoma
22. A new Mel-CAM (CD146)-specific monoclonal antibody, MN-4, on paraffin-embedded tissue
23. Microphthalmia transcription factor and melanoma cell adhesion molecule expression distinguish desmoplastic/spindle cell melanoma from morphologic mimics
24. The role of CD146 (Mel-CAM) in biology and pathology
25. A study of adhesion molecules as markers of progression in malignant melanoma
26. Progression-related expression of beta3 integrin in melanomas and nevi
27. Role of integrins as signal transducing cell adhesion molecules in human cutaneous melanoma
28. The alpha v beta 3 integrin "vitronectin receptor"
29. Pathology of malignant melanoma, including new markers and techniques in diagnosis and prognosis
30. Beta3 integrin expression in melanoma predicts subsequent metastasis
31. Molecular prognostic markers in intermediate-thickness cutaneous malignant melanoma
32. Expression of the cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and NCAM in uveal melanoma: A clinicopathologic study
33. A human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) distinct from LFA-1
34. Adhesion receptors of the immune system
35. Investigation of oestrogen receptors, sex steroids and soluble adhesion molecules in the progression of malignant melanoma
36. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in benign naevi and malignant melanomas
37. Analysis of the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and MUC18 on benign and malignant melanocytic lesions using monoclonal antibodies directed against distinct epitopes and recognizing denatured, non-glycosylated antigen
38. Immunohistologic examination of the relationship between metastatic potential and expression of adhesion molecules and 'selectins' on melanoma cells
39. The distribution of cellular adhesion molecules in pigmented skin lesions
40. Involvement of the very late antigen 4 integrin on melanoma in interleukin 1-augmented experimental metastases
41. Regulated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human malignant melanoma
42. Neural cell adhesion molecule: Structure, immunoglobulin-like domains, cell surface modulation, and alternative RNA splicing
43. Cadherin cell adhesion receptors as a morphogenetic regulator
44. Catenins as mediators of the cytoplasmic functions of cadherins
45. E-cadherin is the major mediator of human melanocyte adhesion to keratinocytes in vitro
46. E-cadherin/catenin complex in benign and malignant melanocytic lesions
47. The value of Nm23 expression as an independent prognostic indicator in primary thick melanoma
48. Somatic allelic deletion of nm23 in human cancer
49. An immunohistochemical analysis of nm23 gene product expression in uveal melanoma
50. Association of low nm23 RNA levels in human primary infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas with lymph node involvement and other histopathologic indicators of high metastatic potential
51. Expression of the anti-metastatic gene nm23 in human breast cancer: An association with good prognosis
52. Expression of NM23 protein in acquired melanocytic nevi, malignant melanoma and metastases of malignant melanoma: An immunohistologic assessment in human skin
53. Immunohistochemical demonstration of the nm23-H1 gene product in human malignant melanoma and Spitz nevi
54. CD44: Structure, function, and association with the malignant process
55. The transmembrane hyaluronate receptor (CD44): Multiple functions, multiple forms
56. Hyaluronic acid, cell adhesion and metastasis
57. Overproduction of hyaluronan by expression of the hyaluronan synthase Has2 enhances anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity
58. CD44 and variants in melanocytic skin neoplasms
59. CD44 expression in melanocytic lesions: A marker of malignant progression?
60. CD44 expression in benign and malignant nevomelanocytic lesions
61. Expression of CD44 isoforms in human skin cancer
62. Production of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with a human nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation
63. Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67
64. Nuclear morphometry, immunohistochemical staining with Ki-67 antibody and mitotic index in the assessment of proliferative activity and prognosis of primary malignant melanomas of the skin
65. Ki-67 immunostaining and serologic estimation of nuclear volume in melanocytic skin tumors
66. Utility of a proliferation marker in distinguishing between benign naevocellular naevi and naevocellular naevus-like lesions with malignant properties
67. A zonal comparison of MIB1-Ki67 immunoreactivity in benign and malignant melanocytic lesions
68. Proliferative activity of cutaneous melanocytic tumors defined by Ki-67 monoclonal antibody. A quantitative immunohistochemical study
69. MIB-1 proliferative activity in primary and metastatic melanomas
70. Ki 67 immunostaining in melanocytic skin tumors. Correlation with histologic parameters
71. Prognostic significance of MIB-1 proliferative activity in thin melanomas and immunohistochemical analysis of MIB-1 proliferative activity in melanocytic tumors
72. MIB-1 monoclonal antibody to determine proliferative activity of Ki-67 antigen as an adjunct to the histopathologic differential diagnosis of Spitz nevi
73. Immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing Spitz nevi from malignant melanomas
74. Proliferative activities in Spitz nevus compared with melanocytic nevus and malignant melanoma using expression of PCNA/cyclin and mitotic rate
75. Immunohistochemical study of Spitz nevi and malignant melanoma with use of antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen
76. Proliferative activity in Spitz's naevi compared with other melanocytic skin lesions
77. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in Spitz nevus
78. Cloning of MITF, the human homolog of the mouse microphthalmia gene and assignment to chromosome 3p14.1-p12.3
79. Microphthalmia, a critical factor in melanocyte development, defines a discrete transcription factor family
80. Melanocyte-specific expression of the human tyrosinase promoter: Activation by the microphthalmia gene product and role of the initiator
81. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor as a regulator for melanocyte-specific transcription of the human tyrosinase gene
82. Microphthalmia transcription factor. A sensitive and specific melanocyte marker for melanoma diagnosis
83. Microphthalmia transcription factor expression in cutaneous benign, malignant melanocytic, and nonmelanocytic tumors
84. Microphthalmia transcription factor: A new prognostic marker in intermediate-thickness cutaneous malignant melanoma
85. Analysis of microphthalmia transcription factor expression in normal tissues and tumors, and comparison of its expression with S-100 protein, gp100, and tyrosinase in desmoplastic malignant melanoma
86. Microphthalmia transcription factor: A sensitive and specific marker for malignant melanoma in cytologic specimens
87. Microphthalmia transcription factor: Not a sensitive or specific marker for the diagnosis of desmoplastic melanoma and spindle cell (non-desmoplastic) melanoma
88. The E2F transcription factors: Key regulators of cell proliferation
89. Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins
90. Physical interaction of the retinoblastoma protein with human D cyclins
91. Expression of cyclin D1 and p53 protein in various malignant skin tumors
92. Cyclin D1 overexpression in Spitz nevi: An immunohistochemical study
93. Cyclin D1 expression in dysplastic nevi: An immunohistochemical study
94. Expression of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases in human benign and malignant melanocytic lesions
95. Homozygous deletions within human chromosome band 9p21 in melanoma
96. Assignment of a locus for familial melanoma, MLM, to chromosome 9p13-p22
97. Confirmation of chromosome 9p linkage in familial melanoma
98. Deletions of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4 inhibitor gene in multiple human cancers
99. A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4
100. The p16-cyclin D/Cdk4-pRb pathway as a functional unit frequently altered in melanoma pathogenesis
101. Loss of nuclear p16 protein expression correlates with increased tumor cell proliferation (Ki-67) and poor prognosis in patients with vertical growth phase melanoma
102. Loss of expression of the p16/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 tumor suppressor gene in melanocytic lesions correlates with invasive stage of tumor progression
103. Alterations and prognostic significance of p16 and p53 protein expression in subgroups of cutaneous melanoma
104. The p53 network
105. The 1993 Walter Hubert Lecture: The role of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene in tumorigenesis
106. The p53 tumor suppressor gene
107. Tumor suppressor genes: The p53 and retinoblastoma sensitivity genes and gene products
108. Significance of P-53 antigen in malignant melanomas and naevi of the head and neck area
109. p53 and mdm-2 expression in malignant melanoma: An immunocytochemical study of expression of p53, mdm-2, and markers of cell proliferation in primary versus metastatic tumors
110. The prognostic value of cyclin D1, p53, and MDM2 protein expression in uveal melanoma
111. MDM-2 oncoprotein overexpression, p53 gene mutation, and VEGF up-regulation in angiosarcomas
112. Overexpression of MDM2 in acute childhood lymphoblastic leukemia
113. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression
114. The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases
115. p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases
116. Mutations and defective expression of the WAF1 p21 tumor-suppressor gene in malignant melanomas
117. Overexpression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (WAF1/CIP1) in human cutaneous malignant melanoma
118. Immunoreactivity for A103, an antibody to melan-A (Mart-1), in adrenocortical and other steroid tumors
119. Differential expression of MART-1 in primary and metastatic melanoma lesions
120. Production of recombinant MART-1 proteins and specific antiMART-1 polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies: Use in the characterization of the human melanoma antigen MART-1
121. A comparative immunohistochemical study of MART-1 expression in Spitz nevi, ordinary melanocytic nevi, and malignant melanomas
122. Expression of melan-A (MART1) in benign melanocytic nevi and primary cutaneous malignant melanoma
123. A103: An anti-melan - A monoclonal antibody for the detection of malignant melanoma in paraffin-embedded tissues
124. Expression of gp100, MART-1, tyrosinase, and S100 in paraffin-embedded primary melanomas and locoregional, lymph node, and visceral metastases: Implications for diagnosis and immunotherapy. A study conducted by the EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group
125. The new melanoma markers: MART-1 and Melan-A (the NIH experience)
126. Immunoregulatory role of CD40 in human B cell differentiation
127. CD40 and CD154 in cell-mediated immunity
128. CD40 is a prognostic marker in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma
129. The Fas death factor
130. Fas and Fas ligand in embryos and adult mice: Ligand expression in several immune-privileged tissues and coexpression in adult tissues characterized by apoptotic cell turnover
131. A comparative study of Fas and Fas-ligand expression during melanoma progression
132. Human melanoma-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ CTL clones resist Fas ligand-induced apoptosis and use Fas/Fas ligand-independent mechanisms for tumor killing
133. Fas ligand-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of immune privilege
134. Apoptosis, Fas and Fas-ligand expression in melanocytic tumors
135. Constitutive and induced expression of APO-1, a new member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic cells
136. In situ analysis of transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, TGF-beta 3), and TGF-beta type II receptor expression in malignant melanoma
137. Melanoma-associated expression of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms
138. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 2 in malignant melanoma correlates with the depth of tumor invasion. Implications for tumor progression
139. Multifunctional potential of the plasminogen activation system in tumor invasion and metastasis
140. High tPA-expression in primary melanoma of the limb correlates with good prognosis
141. Differential biologic significance of tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activator in human breast cancer
142. Plasminogen activation in melanocytic neoplasia
143. Plasminogen activators, their inhibitors, and urokinase receptor emerge in late stages of melanocytic tumor progression
144. Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: An imbalance of positive and negative regulation
145. Biology and biochemistry of proteinases in tumor invasion
146. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (72 kD type IV collagenase) expression occurs in the early stage of human melanocytic tumor progression and may have prognostic value
147. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) immunoreactive protein - A new prognostic marker in uveal melanoma?
148. Prognostic value of MMP-2 immunoreactive protein (72 kD type IV collagenase) in primary skin melanoma
149. CD26: A surface protease involved in T-cell activation
150. Expression of CD26/dipeptidyl-peptidase IV in benign and malignant pigment-cell lesions of the skin
151. A collagen-binding glycoprotein on the surface of mouse fibroblasts is identified as dipeptidyl peptidase IV
152. Evidence for a role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in fibronectin-mediated interactions of hepatocytes with extracellular matrix
153. Membrane proteases: Roles in tissue remodeling and tumor invasion
154. Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in metastatic melanoma
155. Distribution of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) in tumors: Concentration in tumor blood vessels
156. Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor by melanoma cells increases tumor growth, angiogenesis, and experimental metastasis
157. Human melanoma cells but not normal melanocytes express vascular endothelial growth factor receptors
158. Vascular permeability factor expression influences tumor angiogenesis in human melanoma lines xenografted to nude mice
159. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in malignant melanoma: Prognostic versus diagnostic usefulness
160. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor: An important mediator of angiogenesis in malignancy and inflammation
161. Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in primary and metastatic melanoma from the same patients
162. Structural characterization and biologic functions of fibroblast growth factor
163. Fibroblast growth factors
164. New prognostic factors of cutaneous melanoma: A review of the literature