Treatment of multiple sclerosis with cyclophosphamide: Critical review of clinical and immunologic effects

Multiple Sclerosis

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 142-154

  Weiner, H L ^a   Cohen, J A ^b  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cyclophosphamide; Immunotherapy; Multiple sclerosis; Review

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BETA INTERFERON; CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; CORTICOTROPIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; FOLIC ACID; GADOLINIUM; GLATIRAMER; HYDROCORTISONE; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 4; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MITOXANTRONE; PLACEBO; PREDNISONE; STEROID; T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODY; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ALOPECIA; B LYMPHOCYTE; BLADDER DISEASE; BRAIN DEGENERATION; CANCER RISK; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE COURSE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG PULSE THERAPY; DRUG SELECTIVITY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EOSINOPHIL; GONAD DYSFUNCTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFERTILITY; LEUKOPENIA; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS NEPHRITIS; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NAUSEA; NEUROPATHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTPATIENT CARE; RELAPSE; REMYELINIZATION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; TH3 CELL; VOMITING;

ADULT; ALKYLATING AGENTS; ANIMALS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CLINICAL TRIALS; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, AUTOIMMUNE, EXPERIMENTAL; FEMALE; FORECASTING; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INFERTILITY; INTERLEUKIN-12; MALE; MICE; MULTICENTER STUDIES; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NAUSEA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; RATS; TH1 CELLS;

EID: 0036197846     PISSN: 13524585     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1191/1352458502ms790oa     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Immunological aspects of demyelinating diseases
2. Immunologic mechanisms and therapy in multiple sclerosis
3. Multiple sclerosis: A coordinated immunological attack against myelin in the central nervous system
4. Use of cytotoxic agents and cyclosporine in the treatment of autoimmune disease: Part 1. Rheumatologic and renal diseases
5. Use of cytotoxic agents and cyclosporine in the treatment of autoimmune disease: Part 2. Inflammatory bowel disease, systemic vasculitis, and therapuetic toxicity
6. Cyclophosphamide: Effect on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats
7. Multiple sclerosis and the autoimmunization process. Treatment by antimitotics
8. Results of a questionnaire on immunosuppressive treatment in multiple sclerosis
9. Intense immunosuppression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: The Kaiser study
10. The Canadian cooperative trial of cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange in progressive multiple sclerosis. The Canadian Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Study Group
11. Intermittent cyclophosphamide and prednisone treatment of polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
12. Pulse cyclophosphamide therapy in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
13. Advances in the treatment of lupus nephritis
14. Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, alone or in combination, in patients with lupus nephritis. A randomized controlled trial
15. Trial of intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
16. Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in the treatment of interstitial lung disease due to collagen vascular diseases
17. Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis
18. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: Results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis
19. The role of magnetic resonance techniques in understanding and managing multiple sclerosis
20. Serial magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: Correlation with attacks, disability, and disease stage
21. Major differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
22. Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone combined with methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: A randomised multicenter study of active disease using MRI and clinical criteria
23. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: A placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blind phase III trial: Clinical results and three-year follow-up
24. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. European Study Group on interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS
25. The North American study of interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, San Diego, CA
26. Therapeutique immuno-depressive en neurologie
27. Cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis
28. Erfahrungen mit der immunosuppressive Behandlung der Multiplen Sklerose mit Cyclosphamid und Imuran
29. Immunosuppresive therapy of multiple sclerosis using cyclophosphamide and imuran. Report on 57 cases
30. Combined therapeutic trial in multiple sclerosis: Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate with cyclophosphamide or cytosine arabinoside
31. Cyclophosphamide in exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Therapeutic trial and a strategy for pilot drug studies
32. Treatment of the chronic progressive form of multiple sclerosis with a combination of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone
33. Effect of intensive immunosuppression on the course of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis
34. Short-term intensive cyclophosphamide treatment in multiple sclerosis. A retrospective controlled study
35. Intensive immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis: Follow-up of 110 patients for 2-6 years
36. Intensive immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide in remittent forms of multiple sclerosis. A follow up of 134 patients for 2-10 years
37. Intensive immunosuppression in progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomized, three-arm study of high dose intravenous cyclophosphamide, plasma exchange and ACTH
38. Immunosuppression with high-dose IV cyclophosphamide and ACTH in progressive multiple sclerosis: Cumulative 6-year experience in 164 patients
39. Intermittent cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in progressive multiple sclerosis: Final report of the Northeast Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Group
40. Cyclophosphamide in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: Maintenance vs. nonmaintenance therapy
41. Disease steps in multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study comparing disease steps and EDSS to evaluate disease progression
42. Cyclophosphamide and MS - Letter to the editor
43. Letters to the editor: Cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange in multiple sclerosis
44. Letters to the editor: Cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange in multiple sclerosis
45. An open-trial evaluation of mitoxantrone in the treatment of progressive MS
46. Effective treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis with low-dose cyclophosphamide with minor side-effects
47. Immunosuppression intensive dans la sclerose en plaques progressive etude ouverte comparant trois gropes: Cyclophosphamide, cyclophosphamide-plasmaphereses et temoins resultants a trois ans
48. Short-term intensive cyclophosphamide treatment in progressive multiple sclerosis
49. Clinico-laboratory study of methylprednisolone and cylophosphamide treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis relapse
50. Controlled pilot trial of monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis
51. Cyclophosphamide in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
52. 24-month follow-up of multiple sclerosis patients treated with cyclophosphamide
53. Cyclophosphamide in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: A comparative study
54. Treatment of fulminant multiple sclerosis with intravenous cyclophosphamide
55. Effect of open label pulse cyclophosphamide therapy on MRI measures of disease activity in five patients with refractory relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
56. Effect of monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide in rapidly deteriorating multiple sclerosis patients resistant to conventional therapy
57. Combination of cyclophosphamide and interferon-beta halts progression in patients with rapidly transitional multiple sclerosis
58. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation suppresses Gd-enhanced MRI activity in MS
59. Two years therapy of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) with pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide/methylprednisolone. Clinical and MRI data
60. Traitement des formes progressives de sclerose en plaques par le cyclophosphamide
61. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 26-1998. A 15-year-old girl with hemiparesis, slurred speech, an intracranial lesion
62. Risk for sustained amenorrhea in patients with systematic lupus erythematosus receiving intermittent pulse cyclophosphamide therapy
63. Preserving ovarian function in patients receiving cyclophosphamide
64. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide
65. Effects of cyclophosphamide on the development of malignancy and on long-term survival of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A 20-year followup study
66. Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis and bladder cancer in patients with Wegener granulomatosis
67. Cycloposphamide ‘pulses’ in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis
68. Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis with pulse cyclophosphamide/methylprednisolone: Response to therapy is linked to the duration of progressive disease
69. Cyclophosphamide levels in serum and spinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients treated with immunosuppression
70. Determination of cyclophosphamide in urine, serum and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients by field desorption mass spectrometry
71. Therapeutic trials of multiple sclerosis and intrathecal IgG production
72. The short-term effect of an immunosuppressive treatment on CSF myelin basic protein in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis
73. Evaluation of the immunosuppressive effects of cyclophosphamide in patients with multiple sclerosis
74. T-cell subpopulations in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients: Effects of cyclophosphamide
75. Administration of monthly-pulse cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis patients. Effects of long-term treatment on immunologic parameters
76. Correlation of clinical and immunologic states in multiple sclerosis
77. Long-lasting effects of cyclophosphamide on lymphocytes in peripheral blood and spinal fluid
78. Immunologic effects of cyclophosphamide/ACTH in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis
79. The immune profile of multiple sclerosis: T-lymphocyte effects predominate over all other factors in clyclophosphamide-treated patients
80. Immune deviation following pulse cyclophosphamide/methylprednisolone treatment of multiple sclerosis: Increased interleukin-4 production and associated eosinophilia
81. Increased IL-12 production in progressive multiple sclerosis: Induction by activated CD4+T-cells via CD40 ligand
82. Elevated interleukin-12 in progressive multiple sclerosis correlates with disease activity and is normalized by pulse cyclophosphamide therapy
83. Contrasting responses to interferon beta-1b treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Does baseline interleukin-12p35 messenger RNA predict the efficacy of treatment?
84. Pulse cyclophosphamide plus methylprednisolone induces myelin-antigen-specific IL-4-secreting T cells in multiple sclerosis patients
85. Effect of cyclophosphamide pulse therapy on chemokine receptor expression in patients with multiple sclerosis
86. Promotion of spontaneous diabetes in non-obese diabetes-prone mice by cyclophosphamide
87. Cyclophosphamide pretreatment induces eosinophilia to nonparasite antigens
88. Ccylophosphamide induced blood and tissue eosinophilia in contact hypertensivity: Mechanism of hapten induced eosinophil recruitment into the skin
89. Immunosuppression promotes CNS remyelination in chronic virus-induced demyelinating disease
90. Failure of immunosuppression with a ten- to 14-day course of high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide to alter the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
91. CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-1 alpha and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions
92. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination
93. Randomized trial of pulse cyclophosphamide in IFN-B resistant active MS