The role of magnetic resonance techniques in understanding and managing multiple sclerosis

Brain

Volumn 121, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 3-24

  Miller, D H ^a   Grossman, R I ^b   Reingold, S C ^c   McFarland, H F ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c National Multiple Sclerosis Society   (United States)

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Magnetic resonance; Multiple sclerosis

Indexed keywords

GADOLINIUM; MYELIN; N ACETYLASPARTIC ACID;

ATROPHY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DEMYELINATION; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFUSION; DISABILITY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LOCOMOTION; METHODOLOGY; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NERVE FIBER DEGENERATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; SPINAL CORD; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WORKSHOP;

EID: 0031973909     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/121.1.3     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Armspach JP, Gounot D, Rumbach L, Chambron J. In vivo determination of multiexponential T2 relaxation in the brain of patients with multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Imaging 1991; 9: 107-13.
2. Arnett PA, Rao SM, Bernardin L, Grafman J, Yetkin FZ, Lobeck L. Relationship between frontal lobe lesions and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1994; 44: 420-5.
3. Arnold DL, Matthews PM, Francis G, Antel J. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human brain in vivo in the evaluation of multiple sclerosis: assessment of the load of disease. Magn Reson Med 1990; 14: 154-9.
4. Arnold DL, Matthews PM, Francis GS, O'Connor J, Antel JP. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging for metabolic characterization of demyelinating plaques. Ann Neurol 1992; 31: 235-41.
5. Barker GJ, MacManus DG, Bartlett P. 3D fast FLAIR - a CSF-nulled 3D fast spin echo pulse sequence. Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med 1997; 1: 284.
6. Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Frequin ST, Nauta JJ, Tas MW, Valk J, et al. Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: sequential enhanced MR imaging vs clinical findings in determining disease activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 159: 1041-7.
7. Barkhof F, Filippi M, Miller DH, Scheltens Ph, Campi A, Polman CH, et al. Comparison of MR imaging criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. Brain 1997. In press.
8. Barnes D, McDonald WI, Tofts PS, Johnson G, Landon DN. Magnetic resonance imaging of experimental cerebral oedema. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49: 1341-7.
9. Barnes D, McDonald WI, Landon DN, Johnson G. The characterization of experimental gliosis by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Brain 1988; 111: 83-94.
10. Bastianello S, Pozzilli C, Bernardi S, Bozzao L, Fantozzi LM, Buttinelli C, et al. Serial study of gadolinium-DTPA MRI enhancement in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1990; 40: 591-5.
11. Beck RW, Cleary PA, Trobe JD, Kaufman DI, Kupersmith MJ, Paty DW, et al. The effect of corticosteriods for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1764-9. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1808-10, Comment in: N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1238-9. Comment in: ACPJ Club 1994; 120 Suppl 3: 61.
12. Beck RW, Cleary PA, Trobe JD, Kaufman DI, Kupersmith MJ, Paty DW, et al. The effect of corticosteriods for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1764-9. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1808-10, Comment in: N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1238-9. Comment in: ACPJ Club 1994; 120 Suppl 3: 61.
13. Beck RW, Cleary PA, Trobe JD, Kaufman DI, Kupersmith MJ, Paty DW, et al. The effect of corticosteriods for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1764-9. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1808-10, Comment in: N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1238-9. Comment in: ACPJ Club 1994; 120 Suppl 3: 61.
14. Beck RW, Cleary PA, Trobe JD, Kaufman DI, Kupersmith MJ, Paty DW, et al. The effect of corticosteriods for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1764-9. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1808-10, Comment in: N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1238-9. Comment in: ACPJ Club 1994; 120 Suppl 3: 61.
15. Berry I, Barker G, Barkhof F, Campi A, Dousset V, Franconi JM, et al. A multicentre measurement of magnetisation transfer ratio in normal white matter. Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med 1996; 1: 536.
16. Boorstein JM, Wong KT, Grossman RI, Bolinger L, McGowan JC. Metastatic lesions of the brain: imaging with magnetization transfer. Radiology 1994; 191: 799-803.
17. Brenner RE, Munro PM, Williams SC, Bell JD, Barker GJ, Hawkins CP, et al. The proton NMR spectrum in acute EAE: the significance of the change in the Cho:Cr ratio. Magn Reson Med 1993; 29: 737-45.
18. Calabresi PA, Tranquill LR, Dambrosia JM, Stone LA, Maloni H, Bash CN, et al. Increases in soluble VCAM-1 correlate with a decrease in MRI lesions in multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta-1b. Ann Neurol 1997; 41: 669-74.
19. Charcot JM. Histologie de la sclérose en plaques. Gaz Hôp Paris 1868; 41: 554-5, 557-8, 566.
20. Davie CA, Hawkins CP, Barker GJ, Brennan A, Tofts PS, Miller DH, et al. Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 1994; 117: 49-58.
21. Davie CA, Barker GJ, Webb S, Tofts PS, Thompson AJ, Harding AE, et al. Persistent functional deficit in multiple sclerosis and autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia is associated with axon loss [published erratum appears in Brain 1996; 119: 1415]. Brain 1995; 118: 1583-1592.
22. De Coene B, Hajnal JV, Gatehouse P, Longmore DB, White SJ, Oatridge A, et al. MR of the brain using fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992; 13: 1555-64.
23. De Coene B, Hajnal JV, Pennock JM, Bydder GM. MRI of the brain stem using fluid attenuated inversion recovery pulse sequences. Neuroradiology 1993; 35: 327-31.
24. De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Antel JP, Preul M, Francis G, Arnold DL. Chemical pathology of acute demyelinating lesions and its correlation with disability. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 901-9.
25. Dousset V, Grossman RI, Ramer KN, Schnall MD, Young LH, Gonzales-Scarano F, et al. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging [published erratum appears in Radiology 1992; 183: 878]. Radiology 1992; 182: 483-491.
26. Evans AC, Frank JA, Antel J, Miller DH. The role of MRI in clinical trials of multiple sclerosis: comparison of image processing techniques. Ann Neurol 1997; 41: 125-32.
27. Fazekas F, Offenbacher H, Fuchs S, Schmidt R, Niederkorn K, Horner S, et al. Criteria for an increased specificity of MRI interpretation in elderly subjects with suspected multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1988; 38: 1822-5.
28. Feinstein A, Kartsounis LD, Miller DH, Youl BD, Ron MA. Clinically isolated lesions of the type seen in multiple sclerosis: a cognitive, psychiatric, and MRI follow up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 869-76.
29. Filippi M, Horsfield MA, Morrissey SP, MacManus DG, Rudge P, McDonald WI, et al. Quantitative brain MRI lesion load predicts the course of clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1994; 44: 635-41.
30. Filippi M, Campi A, Martinelli V, Colombo B, Yousry T, Canal N, et al. Comparison of triple dose versus standard dose gadolinium-DTPA for detection of MRI enhancing lesions in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995a; 59: 540-4.
31. 2-weighted brain MRI activity in multiple sclerosis. A follow-up study. Neurology 1995b; 45: 255-60.
32. Filippi M, Yousry T, Baratti C, Horsfield MA, Mammi S, Becker C, et al. Quantitative assessment of MRI lesion load in multiple sclerosis: a comparison of conventional spin-echo with fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. Brain 1996a; 119: 1349-55.
33. Filippi M, Yousry T, Campi A, Kandziora C, Colombo B, Voltz R, et al. Comparison of triple dose versus standard dose gadolinium-DTPA for detection of MRI enhancing lesions in patients with MS. Neurology 1996b; 46: 379-84.
34. Filippi M, Yousry T, Rocca MA, Fesl G, Comi G. Sensitivity of delayed enhanced MRI in multiple sclerosis. Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med 1996c; 1: 543.
35. Filippi M, Rovaris M, Campi A, Pereira C, Comi G. Semi-automated thresholding technique for measuring lesion volumes in multiple sclerosis: effects of the change of the threshold on the computed lesion loads. Acta Neurol Scand 1996d; 93: 30-4.
36. Filippi M, Yousry TA, Alkadhi H, Stehling M, Horsfield MA, Voltz R. Spinal cord MRI in multiple sclerosis with multicoil arrays: a comparison between fast spin echo and fast FLAIR. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996e; 61: 632-5.
37. Filippi M, Rovaris M, Sormani MP, Gasperini C, Capra R, Colombo B, et al. A multicentre, longitudinal study comparing the sensitivity of monthly enhanced MRI after single and triple dose Gd-DTPA injection for monitoring disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med 1997a; 1: 71.
38. Filippi M, Yousry T, Fesl G, Voltz R, Rovaris M, Rocca MA. Triple dose of Gd-DTPA markedly increases the sensitivity of spinal cord MRI for detecting enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis. Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med 1997b; 1: 430.
39. Fox NC, Freeborough PA, Rossor MN. Visualisation and quantification of rates of atrophy in Alzheimer's disease [see comments]. Lancet 1996; 348: 94-7. Comment in: Lancet 1996; 348: 829-8.
40. Fox NC, Freeborough PA, Rossor MN. Visualisation and quantification of rates of atrophy in Alzheimer's disease [see comments]. Lancet 1996; 348: 94-7. Comment in: Lancet 1996; 348: 829-8.
41. Fralix TA, Ceckler TL, Wolff SD, Simon SA, Balaban RS. Lipid bilayer and water proton magnetization transfer:effect of cholesterol. Magn Reson Med 1991; 18: 214-23.
42. Frison L, Pocock SJ. Repeated measures in clinical trials: analysis using mean summary statistics and its implications for design [see comments]. Stat Med 1992; 11: 1685-704. Comment in: Stat Med 1994; 13: 197-8.
43. Frison L, Pocock SJ. Repeated measures in clinical trials: analysis using mean summary statistics and its implications for design [see comments]. Stat Med 1992; 11: 1685-704. Comment in: Stat Med 1994; 13: 197-8.
44. Gasperini C, Horsfield MA, Thorpe JW, Kidd D, Barker GJ, Tofts PS, et al. Macroscopic and microscopic assessments of disease burden by MRI in multiple sclerosis: relationship to clinical parameters. J Magn Reson Imaging 1996; 6: 580-4.
45. Gass A, Barker GJ, Kidd D, Thorpe JW, MacManus D, Brennan A, et al. Correlation of magnetization transfer ratio with clinical disability in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1994; 36: 62-7.
46. Gawne-Cain ML, O'Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, Moseley IF, Miller DH. Multiple sclerosis lesion detection in the brain: a comparison of fast fluid attenuated inversion recovery and conventional T2 weighted dual spin echo. Neurology 1997; 49: 364-70
47. Gersonde K, Tolxdorff T, Felsberg L. Identification and characterization of tissues by T2-selective whole-body proton NMR imaging. Magn Reson Med 1985; 2: 390-401.
48. Giovannoni G, Thorpe JW, Kidd D, Kendall BE, Moseley IF, Thompson AJ, et al. Soluble E-selectin in multiple sclerosis: raised concentrations in patients with primary progressive disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60: 20-6.
49. Gonzalez CF, Swirsky-Sacchetti T, Mitchell D, Lublin FD, Knobler RL, Ehrlich SM. Distributional patterns of multiple sclerosis brain lesions. J Neuroimaging 1994; 4: 188-95.
50. Grimaud J, Lai M, Thorpe J, Adeleine P, Wang L, Barker GJ, et al. Quantification of MRI lesion load in multiple sclerosis: a comparison of three computer-assisted techniques. Magn Reson Imaging 1996; 14: 495-505.
51. Grossman RI, Gonzalez-Scarano F, Atlas SW, Galetta S, Silberberg DH. Multiple sclerosis: gadolinium enhancement in MR imaging. Radiology 1986; 161: 721-5.
52. Grossman RI, Lenkinski RE, Ramer KN, Gonzales-Scarano F, Cohen JA. MR proton spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992; 13: 1535-43.
53. Harris JO, Frank JA, Patronas N, McFarlin DE, McFarland HF. Serial gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scans in patients with early, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: implications for clinical trials and natural history. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 548-55.
54. Hartung H-P, Reiners K, Archelos JJ, Michels M, Seeldrayers P. Heidenreich F, et al. Circulating adhesion molecules and tumor necrosis factor receptor in multiple sclerosis: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 186-93.
55. Hiehle JF Jr, Lenkinski RE, Grossman RI, Dousset V, Ramer KN, Schnall MD, et al. Correlation of spectroscopy and magnetization transfer imaging in the evaluation of demyelinating lesions and normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32: 285-93.
56. Hiehle JF Jr, Grossman RI, Ramer KN, Gonzales-Scarano F, Cohen JA. Magnetization transfer effects in MR-detected multiple sclerosis lesions: comparison with gadolinium-enhanced spin-echo images and nonenhanced T1-weighted images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 69-77.
57. Hirsch JA, Lenkinski RE, Grossman, RI. MR spectroscopy in the evaluation of enhancing lesions in the brain in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 1829-36.
58. Horsfield MA, Lai M, Webb SL, Barker GJ, Tofts PS, Turner R, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficients in benign and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis by nuclear magnetic resonance. Magn Reson Med 1996; 36: 393-400.
59. IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial [see comments]. Neurology 1995; 45: 1277-85. Comment in: ACPJ Club 1996; 124: 3, Comment in: Neurology 1996; 47: 1110-2.
60. IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial [see comments]. Neurology 1995; 45: 1277-85. Comment in: ACPJ Club 1996; 124: 3, Comment in: Neurology 1996; 47: 1110-2.
61. IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial [see comments]. Neurology 1995; 45: 1277-85. Comment in: ACPJ Club 1996; 124: 3, Comment in: Neurology 1996; 47: 1110-2.
62. Isaacs C, Li DK, Genton M, Jardine C, Grochowski E, Palmer M, et al. Multiple sclerosis: a serial study using MRI in relapsing patients. Neurology 1988; 38: 1511-5.
63. Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, Herndon RM, Richert JR, Salazar AM, et al. Intramuscular Interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis [see comments]. Ann Neurol 1996; 39: 285-294. Comment in:
64. ACPJ Club 1996; 125: 35,
65. Comment in: Ann Neurol 1996; 40: 951-3,
66. Comment in: Ann Neurol 1997; 41: 560.
67. Jacobson JT, Deppe U, Murray TJ. Dichotic paradigms in multiple sclerosis. Ear Hear 1983; 4: 311-7.
68. Jones SJ. Visual evoked potentials after optic neuritis. Effect of time interval, age and disease dissemination. J Neurol 1993; 240: 489-94.
69. Kapoor R, Miller DH, Jones SJ, Plant GT, Brusa A, Gass A, et al. Effects of methylprednisolone on outcome in MRI-based prognostic subgroups in acute optic neuritis. Neurology 1997. In press.
70. Kidd D, Thorpe JW, Thompson AJ, Kendall BE, Moseley IF, MacManus DG, et al. Spinal cord MRI using multi-array coils and fast spin echo. II. Findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1993; 43: 2632-7.
71. Kidd D, Thorpe JW, Kendall BE, Barker GJ, Miller DH, McDonald WI, et al. MRI dynamics of brain and spinal cord in progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60: 15-9.
72. Kidd D, Barker GJ, Tofts PS, Gass A, Thompson AJ, McDonald WI, et al. The transverse magnetisation decay characteristics of long standing lesions and normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 1997; 244: 125-30.
73. Kieper MA, Grossman RI, Schnall MD. The low sensitivity of fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging in the detection of multiple sclerosis of the spinal cord. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997; 18: 1035-39.
74. Kimura H, Grossman RI, Lenkinski RE, Gonzales-Scarano F. Proton MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer ratio in multiple sclerosis: correlative findings in active versus irreversible plaque disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 1539-47.
75. Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983; 33: 1444-52.
76. Lai M, Hodgson T, Gawne-Cain M, Webb S, MacManus D, McDonald WI, et al. A preliminary study into the sensitivity of disease activity detection by serial weekly magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60: 339-41.
77. Larsson HB, Frederiksen J, Kjaer L, Henriksen O, Olesen J. In vivo determination of T1 and T2 in the brain of patients with severe but stable multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Med 1988; 7: 43-55.
78. Le Bihan D, Turner R, Douek P, Patronas N. Diffusion MR imaging: clinical applications. [Review]. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 159: 591-9.
79. Lexa FJ, Grossman RI, Rosenquist AC. MR of wallerian degeneration in the feline visual system: characterization by magnetization transfer rate with histopathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994; 15: 201-12.
80. Loevner LA, Grossman RI, McGowan JC, Ramer KN, Cohen JA. Characterization of multiple sclerosis plaques with T1-weighted MR and quantitative magnetization transfer. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995a; 16: 1473-9.
81. Loevner LA, Grossman RI, Cohen JA, Lexa FJ, Kessler D, Kolson DL. Microscopic disease in normal-appearing white matter on conventional MR images in patients with multiple sclerosis: assessment with magnetization-transfer measurements. Radiology 1995b; 196: 511-5.
82. Losseff NA, Webb SL, O'Riordan JI, Page R, Wang L, Barker GJ, et al. Spinal cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis: a new reproducible and sensitive MRI method with potential to monitor disease progression. Brain 1996a; 119: 701-8.
83. Losseff NA, Wang L, Lai HM, Yoo DS, Gawne-Cain ML, McDonald WI, et al. Progressive cerebral atrophy in multiple sclerosis. A serial MRI study. Brain 1996b; 119: 2009-19.
84. MacKay A, Whittall KP, Adler J, Li D, Paty D, Graeb D. In vivo visualization of myelin water in brain by magnetic resonance. Magn Reson Med 1994; 31: 673-7.
85. McDonald WI. The effects of experimental demyelination on conduction in peripheral nerve: a histological and electrophysiological study. II. Electrophysiological observations. Brain 1963; 86: 501-24.
86. McDonald WI. The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. In: Compston A, Ebers G, Lassmann H, McDonald I, Matthews B, Wekerle H, editors. McAlpine's multiple sclerosis. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1997. In press.
87. McDonald WI, Sears TA. Focal experimental demyelination in the central nervous system. Brain 1970; 93: 575-82.
88. McFarland HF, Frank JA, Albert PS, Smith ME, Martin R, Harris JO, et al. Using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging lesions to monitor disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 758-66.
89. Menon RS, Allen PS. Application of continuous relaxation time distributions to the fitting of data from model systems and excised tissue. Magn Reson Med 1991; 20: 214-27.
90. Miller DH, Newton MR, van der Poel JC, du Boulay EP, Halliday AM, Kendall BE, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve in optic neuritis. Neurology 1988a; 38: 175-9.
91. Miller DH, Rudge P, Johnson G, Kendall BE, MacManus DG, Moseley IF, et al. Serial gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1988b; 111: 927-39.
92. Miller DH, Barkhof F, Nauta JJ. Gadolinium enhancement increases the sensitivity of MRI in detecting disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1993; 116: 1077-94.
93. Miller DH, Albert PS, Barkhof F, Francis G, Frank JA, Hodgkinson S, et al. Guidelines for the use of magnetic resonance techniques in monitoring the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996; 39: 6-16.
94. Moll C, Mourre C, Lazdunski M, Ulrich J. Increase of sodium channels in demyelinated lesions of multiple sclerosis. Brain Res 1991; 556: 311-6.
95. Morrissey SP, Miller DH, Kendall BE, Kingsley DP, Kelly MA, Francis DA, et al. The significance of brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. A 5-year follow-up study. Brain 1993; 116: 135-46.
96. Mulkern RV, Bleier AR, Adzamli IK, Spencer RG, Sandor T, Jolesz FA. Two-site exchange revisited: a new method for extracting exchange parameters in biological systems. Biophys J 1989; 55: 221-32.
97. Nauta JJ, Thompson AJ, Barkhof F, Miller DH. Magnetic resonance imaging in monitoring the treatment of multiple sclerosis patients: statistical power of parallel-groups and crossover designs. J Neurol Sci 1994; 122: 6-14.
98. Norbash AM, Glover GH, Enzmann DR. Intracerebral lesion contrast with spin-echo and fast spin-echo pulse sequences. Radiology 1992; 185: 661-5.
99. O'Riordan JI, Losseff N, Thompson AJ, Miller DH. Asymptomatic spinal cord lesions in clinically isolated optic neuritis or brain stem syndromes [abstract]. J Neurol 1996a; 243 Suppl 2: S18.
100. O'Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, Rudge P, McDonald WI, Miller DH. The long term risk of multiple sclerosis following clinically isolated syndromes of the central nervous system [abstract]. J Neurol 1996b; 243 Suppl 2: S33.
101. Ormerod IE, Miller DH, McDonald WI, du Boulay EP, Rudge P, Kendall BE, et al. The role of NMR imaging in the assessment of multiple sclerosis and isolated neurological lesions: a quantitative study. Brain 1987; 110: 1579-616.
102. Pannizzo F, Stallmeyer MJ, Friedman J, Jennis RJ, ZabriskieJ, Plank C, et al. Quantitative MRI studies for assessment of multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Med 1992; 24: 90-9.
103. Paty DW, Oger JJ, Kastrukoff LF, Hashimoto SA, Hooge JP, Eisen AA, et al. MRI in the diagnosis of MS: a prospective study with comparison of clinical evaluation, evoked potentials, oligoclonal banding, and CT. Neurology 1988; 38: 180-5.
104. Paty DW, Li DK, UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [see comments]. Neurology 1993; 43: 662-667. Comment in: Neurology 1993; 43: 641-3.
105. Paty DW, Li DK, UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [see comments]. Neurology 1993; 43: 662-667. Comment in: Neurology 1993; 43: 641-3.
106. Paty DW, Li DK, Oger JJ, Kastrukoff L, Koopmans R, Tanton E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of clinical trials in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1994; 36 Suppl: S95-6.
107. Petkau AJ. Statistical and design considerations for multiple sclerosis clinical trials. In: Goodkin DE, Rudick RA, editors. Treatment of Multiple sclerosis: trial design, results, and future strategies. London: Springer-Verlag, 1996, 63-103.
108. Plummer DL. Dispimage: a display and analysis tool for medical images. Riv Neuroradiol 1992; 5: 489-95.
109. Poon CS, Henkelman RM. Practical T2 quantitation for clinical applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 1992; 2: 541-53.
110. Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, McDonald WI, Davis FA, Ebers GC, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 1983; 13: 227-31.
111. Prineas JW, Connell F. Remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1979; 5: 22-31.
112. Prineas JW, Barnard RO, Kwon EE, Sharer LR, Cho E-S. Multiple sclerosis: remyelination of nascent lesions. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 137-51.
113. Rao SM, Bernardin L, Leo GJ, Ellington L, Ryan SB, Burg LS. Cerebral disconnection in multiple sclerosis: relationship to atrophy of the corpus callosum. Arch Neurol 1989; 46: 918-920.
114. Richards TL. Proton MR spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis: value in establishing diagnosis, monitoring progression, and evaluating therapy. [Review]. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1991; 157: 1073-1078.
115. Rovaris M, Yousry T, Calori G, Fesl G, Volz R, Filippi M. Fast-FLAIR, FSE and TGSE sequences in the assessment of brain MRI lesion load in multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study. J Neuroimaging 1997a. In press.
116. Rovaris M, Gawne-Cain ML, Wang L, Miller DH. A comparison of conventional and fast spin-echo sequences for the measurement of lesion load in multiple sclerosis using a semi-automated contour technique. Neuroradiology 1997b; 39: 161-5.
117. Rubens AB, Froehling B, Slater G, Anderson D. Left ear suppression on verbal dichotic tests in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1985; 18: 459-63.
118. Rudick R, Antel J, Confavreux C, Cutter G, Ellison G, Fischer J, et al. Clinical outcomes assessment in multiple sclerosis. [Review]. Ann Neurol 1996; 40: 469-79.
119. Rumbach L, Armspach JP, Gounot D, Namer IJ, Chambron J, Warter J-M, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance T2 relaxation times in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1991; 104: 176-81.
120. Rydberg JN, Hammond CA, Grimm RC, Erickson BJ, Jack CR Jr, Huston J 3rd, et al. Initial clinical experience in MR imaging of the brain with a fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequence. Radiology 1994; 193: 173-80.
121. Silver NC, Good CD, Barker GJ, MacManus DG, Thompson AJ, Moseley IF, et al. Sensitivity of contrast enhanced MRI in multiple sclerosis. Effects of gadolinium dose, magnetisation transfer contrast and delayed imaging. Brain 1997a; 120: 1749-61.
122. Silver NC, Barker GJ, Losseff NA, Gawne-Cain, MacManus DG, Thompson AJ, et al. Magnetization transfer ratio measurement in the cervical spinal cord. A preliminary study in multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology 1997b; 39: 441-5.
123. Simmons ML, Frondoza CG, Coyle JT. Immunocytochemical localization of N-acetyl-aspartate with monoclonal antibodies. Neuroscience 1991; 45: 37-45.
124. Simon JH, Scherzinger A, Raff U, Li X. Computerized method of serial lesion volume quantitation in multiple sclerosis: error of serial studies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997; 18: 580-2.
125. Smith ME, Stone LA, Albert PS, Frank JA, Martin R, Armstrong M, et al. Clinical worsening in multiple sclerosis is associated with increased frequency and area of gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 480-9.
126. Stevenson VL, Gawne-Cain ML, Barker GJ, Thompson AJ, Miller DH. Imaging of the spinal cord and brain in multiple sclerosis: a comparative study between fast FLAIR and fast spin echo. J Neurol 1997; 244: 119-24.
127. Stewart WA, Hall LD, Berry K, Paty DW. Correlation between NMR scan and brain slice data in multiple sclerosis [letter]. Lancet 1984; 2: 412.
128. Stone LA, Frank JA, Albert PS, Bash C, Smith ME, Maloni H, et al. The effect of interferon-beta on blood-brain barrier disruptions demonstrated by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1995; 37: 611-9.
129. Stuber A, Martin R, Stone LA, Maloni H, McFarland HF. Expression pattern of activation and adhesion molecules on peripheral blood CD4+ T-lymphocytes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients: a serial analysis. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 66: 147-51.
130. Swirsky-Sacchetti T, Mitchell DR, Seward J, Gonzales C, Lublin F, Knobler R, et al. Neuropsychological and structural brain lesions in multiple sclerosis: a regional analysis. Neurology 1992; 42: 1291-5.
131. Thompson AJ, Kermode AG, Wicks D, MacManus DG, Kendall BE, Kingsley DP, et al. Major differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 53-62.
132. Thompson AJ, Miller D, Youl B, MacManus D, Moore S, Kingsley D, et al. Serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI in relapsing/ remitting multiple sclerosis of varying disease duration. Neurology 1992; 42: 60-3.
133. Thompson AJ, Polamn C, Miller DH, Brochet B, Filippi M, Montalban X, et al. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a review. Brain 1997; 120: 1085-96.
134. Thorpe JW, Halpin SF, MacManus DG, Barker GJ, Kendall BE, Miller DH. A comparison between fast and conventional spinecho in the detection of multiple sclerosis lesions. Neuroradiology 1994; 36: 388-92.
135. Thorpe JW, Kidd D, Moseley IF, Thompson AJ, MacManus DG, Compston DA, et al. Spinal MRI in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis and negative brain MRI. Brain 1996a; 119: 709-14.
136. Thorpe JW, Kidd D, Moseley IF, Kendall BE, Thompson AJ, MacManus DG, et al. Serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and spinal cord in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1996b; 46: 373-8.
137. 1 spin-echo MRI correlates with disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1996; 47: 1469-76.
138. Tubridy N, Ader H, Barkhof F, Thompson AJ, Miller DH. Sample size calculations for MRI outcome pilot trials in multiple sclerosis: relapsing-remitting versus secondary progressive subgroups [abstract]. Neurology 1997; 48 (3 Suppl 2): A175.
139. Udupa JK, Wei L, Samarasekera S, Miki Y, van Buchem MA, Grossman RI. Multiple sclerosis lesion quantification using fuzzy connectedness principles. IEEE Trans Med Imag 1997. In press.
140. Uhlenbrock D, Schlen S. The value of T1-weighted images in the differentiation between MS, white matter lesions, and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (SAE). [Review]. Neuroradiology 1989; 31: 203-12.
141. van Buchem MA, McGowan JC, Kolson DL, Polansky M, Grossman RI. Quantitative volumetric magnetization transfer analysis in multiple sclerosis: estimation of macroscopic and microscopic disease burden. Magn Reson Med 1996a; 36: 632-6.
142. van Buchem MA, Grossman RI, Miki Y, Udupa JK, Polansky M, McGowan JC. Correlation of quantitative volumetric magnetization transfer ratio measurements with clinical and neuropsychological data in multiple sclerosis [abstract]. Radiology 1996b; 201(P) Suppl: 174-5.
143. van Walderveen MA, Barkhof F, Hommes OR, Polman CH, Tobi H, Frequin ST, et al. Correlating MRI and clinical disease activity in multiple sclerosis: relevance of hypointense lesions on short-TR/short-TE (T1-weighted) spin-echo images. Neurology 1995; 45: 1684-90.
144. van Walderveen MA, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Ravid R, Polman CH, Valk J, et al. Histopatholgic correlates of hypointense lesions on T1-weighted SE MR images in multiple sclerosis [abstract]. J Neurol 1996; 243 Suppl 2: S18.
145. Whitaker JN, McFarland HF, Rudge P, Reingold SC. Outcomes assessment in multiple sclerosis clinical trials: a critical analysis. Multiple Sclerosis 1995; 1: 37-47.
146. White SJ, Hajnal JV, Young IA, Bydder GM. Use of fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequences for imaging the spinal cord. Magn Reson Med 1992; 28: 153-62.
147. Wicks DA, Tofts PS, Miller DH, du Boulay GH, Feinstein A, Sacares RP, et al. Volume measurement of multiple sclerosis lesions with magnetic resonance images: a preliminary study. Neuroradiology 1992; 34: 475-9.
148. Willoughby EW, Grochowski E, Li DK, Oger J, Kastrukoff LF, Paty DW. Serial magnetic resonance scanning in multiple sclerosis: a second prospective study in relapsing patients. Ann Neurol 1989; 25: 43-9.
149. Wolff SD, Balaban RS. Magnetization transfer imaging: practical aspects and clinical applications. [Review]. Radiology 1994; 192: 593-9.
150. Wolinsky JS, Narayana PA, Fenstermacher MJ. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1990; 40: 1764-9.
151. Youl BD, Turano G, Miller DH, Towell AD, MacManus DG, Moore SG, et al. The pathophysiology of acute optic neuritis. Brain 1991; 114: 2437-50.