Bacterial endophthalmitis: Epidemiology, therapeutics, and bacterium-host interactions

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 111-124

  Callegan, Michelle C ^a   Engelbert, Michael ^a   Parke II, David W ^a   Jett, Bradley D ^a   Gilmore, Michael S ^a  

^a DMEI 418 ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BACTERIAL TOXIN; CEFTAZIDIME; VANCOMYCIN;

BACILLUS CEREUS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; CELL INFILTRATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG CHOICE; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS; VITRECTOMY;

ANIMALS; BACTERIA; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EYE; EYE INFECTIONS, BACTERIAL; HUMANS;

BACILLUS CEREUS; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ENTEROCOCCUS; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS;

EID: 0036142980     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.15.1.111-124.2002     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Nosocomial acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis survey: A 10-year review of incidence and outcomes
2. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis: Causative organisms and visual outcome
3. Microbial endophthalmitis resulting from ocular trauma
4. Comparative treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis
5. The complement system and host defense against Pseudomonas endophthalmitis
6. Treatment strategies for postoperative Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis
7. Production of hemolymphopoeietic cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, colony-stimulating factors) by normal human astrocytes in response to IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor α
8. Molecular mechanisms of vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy
9. Ultrastructural analysis of interleukin-1 beta-induced leukocyte recruitment to the rat retina
10. Intravitreal administration of antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. III. Consensus
11. Extracellular virulence factors in Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis: Methods and implication of involvement of hemolysin BL
12. Peroperative microbial contamination of anterior chamber aspirates during extracapsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification
13. Production of interleukin-6 by human retina pigment epithelium in vitro and its regulation by other cytokines
14. Stimulation of monokine production by lipoteichoic acids
15. Rural endophthalmitis
16. Accessory gene regulator controls Staphylococcus aureus virulence in endophthalmitis
17. Staphylococcal accessory regulator (sar) in conjunction with agr contributes to Staphylococcus aureus virulence in endophthalmitis
18. Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis in endophthalmitis
19. Endophthalmitis: Current approaches to diagnosis and therapy
20. Pathogenesis of gram-positive bacterial endophthalmitis
21. Corneal virulence of Staphylococcus aureus: Roles of alpha-toxin and protein A in pathogenesis
22. Role of hemolysin BL in the pathogenesis of extraintestinal Bacillus cereus infection assessed in an endophthalmitis model
23. Aminoglycoside toxicity in the treatment of endophthalmitis
24. Experimental uveitis induced by intravitreal or intravenous lipoteichoic acid in rabbits
25. Plasmid-associated hemolysin and aggregation substance production contribute to virulence in experimental enterococcal endocarditis
26. Treatment strategies and visual acuity outcomes in chronic postoperative Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis
27. Endogenous Bacillus cereus panophthalmitis
28. The blood-ocular barriers: Past, present, and future
29. Comparative toxicity of intravitreal aminoglycoside antibiotics
30. Intravitreal dexamethasone in exogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: Results of a prospective randomised study
31. Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis
32. The cell wall components peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus act in synergy to cause shock and multiple organ failure
33. Expression of multiple cytokines and IL-1RA in the uvea and retina during endotoxin-iduced uveitis in the rat
34. Pseudophakic endophthalmitis. Diagnosis and management
35. Microbiologic factors and visual outcome in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study
36. A randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis
37. Immune response to Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis in a rabbit model
38. Vancomycin concentration in the vitreous after intravenous and intravitreal administration for postoperative endophthalmitis
39. Postoperative contamination after using vancomycin and gentamicin during phacoemulsification
40. Aqueous and vitreous penetration of levofloxacin after oral administration
41. Synergistic uveitic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta
42. Experimental postoperative endophthalmitis
43. Useful visual outcomes after treatment of Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis
44. Experimental uveitis elicited by peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complexes, lipopolysaccharide, and muramyl dipeptide
45. A comparison of the early inflammatory effects of an agr-/sarversus a wild type strain of Staphylococcus aureus in a rat model of endophthalmitis
46. Complement system and host defense against staphylococcal endophthalmitis
47. Cytokine expression in a rat model of Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis
48. Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin and Bacillus cereus bi- and tri-component toxins
49. A Bacillus cereus cytolytic determinant, cereolysin AB, which comprises the phospholipase C and sphingomyelinase genes: Nucleotide sequence and genetic linkage
50. Aqueous humor contains transforming growth factor-beta and a small (less than 3500 daltons) inhibitor of thymocyte proliferation
51. Metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis: A comtemporary reappraisal
52. Fas ligand-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of immune privilege
53. Peptidoglycan induces transcription and secretion of TNF-alpha and activation of lyn, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and rsk signal transduction proteins in mouse macrophages
54. Microbiologic yields and complication rates of vitreous needle aspiration versus mechanized vitreous biopsy in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study
55. Spectrum and susceptibilities of microbiologic isolates in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study
56. Gram-positive cell walls stimulate synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by human monocytes
57. Cellular and vascular responses in acute experimental ocular inflammation
58. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: Role as pathogens
59. Multiple-drug resistant enterococci: The nature of the problem and an agenda for the future
60. National outcomes of cataract extraction. Retinal detachment and endophthalmitis after outpatient cataract surgery
61. Enterococcus faecalis localization in experimental endophthalmitis: Role of plasmid-encoded aggregation substance
62. Evaluation of therapeutic measures for treating endophthalmitis caused by isogenic toxin-producing and toxin-nonproducing Enterococcus faecalis strains
63. Contribution of the pAD1-encoded cytolysin to the severity of experimental Enterococcus faecalis endophthalmitis
64. Immune privilege extended to allogeneic tumor cells in the vitreous cavity
65. The Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study: Relationship between clinical presentation and microbiologic spectrum
66. Early versus late removal of retained intraocular foreign bodies
67. Prognostic factors in ocular injuries caused by intraocular or retrobulbar foreign bodies
68. Nosocomial endophthalmitis survey: Current incidence of infection after intraocular surgery
69. Penicillin treatment accelerates middle ear inflammation in experimental pneumococcal otitis media
70. Efficacy of ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone in experimental Pseudomonas endophthalmitis
71. Toxicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in vitro
72. Neurotoxicity of glia activated by gram-positive bacterial products depends on nitric oxide production
73. Alterations in cytokine production following intraocular injection of soluble protein antigen: Impairment in IFN-gamma and induction of TGF-beta and IL-4 production
74. Endophthalmitis
75. Microbiologic spectrum and susceptibility of isolates: Part II. Posttraumatic endophthalmitis
76. Association of CD4+ T-cell dependent keratitis with genetic susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular infection
77. Visual outcome following penetrating globe injuries with retained intraocular foreign bodies
78. Reactive oxygen intermediates contribute to necrotic and apoptotic neuronal injury in an infant rat model of bacterial meningitis due to group B streptococci
79. Role of Th1 and Th2 cells in anterior chamber-associated immune deviation
80. Endophthalmitis associated with filtering blebs
81. Endogenous Klebsiella endophthalmitis: Report of two cases and review of the literature
82. Retinal microglia differentially express phenotypic markers of antigen-presenting cells in vitro
83. Roles of nuclear factor κB in neuronal survival and plasticity
84. Bacillary endophthalmitis. Four case reports
85. Effect of intravitreal dexamethasone on ocular histopathology in a rabbit model of endophthalmitis
86. Class II major histocompatibility complex (Ia) antigen-bearing dendritic cells within the iris and ciliary body of the rat eye: Distribution, phenotype and relation to retinal microglia
87. Posttraumatic endophthalmitis
88. Intraocular dexamethasone produces a harmful effect on treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis
89. Lipoteichoic acid as an inducer of acute uveitis in the rat
90. Measurement of blood-retinal barrier breakdown in endotoxin-induced endophthalmitis
91. Controversies in the management of open-globe injuries involving the posterior segment
92. Role and regulation of IL-8 and MCP-1 in LPS-induced uveitis in rabbits
93. Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the human eye: A clinical study and population pharmacokinetic analysis
94. Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation
95. Alloantigens placed into the anterior chamber of the eye induce specific suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity but normal cytotoxic T lymphocyte and helper T lymphocyte responses
96. Trauma-related ocular infections
97. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: Report of a ten-year retrospective study
98. Assessment of a standard treatment protocol on visual outcome following presumed bacterial endophthalmitis
99. Results in the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis
100. Effect of propolis on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rabbits
101. Effect of intravitreal dexamethasone in treatment of pneumococcal endophthalmitis in rabbits
102. Intravitreal dexamethasone effect on intravitreal vancomycin elimination in endophthalmitis
103. Late onset endophthalmitis associated with filtering blebs
104. Immune response to Staphylococcus epidermidis-induced endophthalmitis in a rabbit model
105. The molecular basis of pathogenicity
106. Peptidoglycan
107. Endogenous endophthalmitis: Case report and brief review
108. Dexamethasone treatment of lipopolysaccharide-induced meningitis in rabbits that mimics magnification of inflammation following antibiotic therapy
109. Endothelial cell binding of NAP-1/IL-8: Role in neutrophil emigration
110. Endophthalmitis: Current aproaches
111. Epidemic Bacillus endophthalmitis after cataract surgery I: Acute presentation and outcome
112. Chronic postoperative endophthalmitis
113. Timing of penicillin treatment influences the course of Streptococcus pneumoniaeinduced middle ear inflammation
114. Post-traumatic Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis
115. Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF
116. Endophthalmitis in cataract surgery: Results of a German survey
117. Endophthalmitis associated with microbial keratitis
118. Visual outcomes following the use of intravitreal steroids in the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis
119. Bacillus cereus panophthalmitis: Source of the organism
120. Evidence for membrane cholesterol as the common binding site for cereolysin, streptolysin O, and saponin
121. The clinical spectrum of endophthalmitis: Incidence, predisposing factors, and features influencing outcome
122. Channel-forming leucotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus cause severe inflammatory reactions in a rabbit eye model
123. Treatment of experimental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis with intravitreal vancomycin and intravitreal dexamethasone
124. Conditions of production and properties of the collagenolytic enzymes by two Bacillus strains from dental plaque
125. Risk factors for glaucoma filtering bleb infections
126. Role of external bacterial flora in the pathogenesis of acute postoperative endophthalmitis
127. The pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis
128. Functional studies of major histocompatibility class II-positive dendritic cells and resident tissue macrophages isolated from the rat iris
129. Intraocular safety of ciprofloxacin
130. Arthropathic properties of cell wall polymers from normal flora bacteria
131. Immunoregulatory mechanisms of the eye
132. Regional immunity and ocular immune privilege
133. Regulation of ocular immune responses
134. Immune deviation in relation to ocular immune privilege
135. Induction of anterior chamberassociated immune deviation requires an intact, functional spleen
136. Assessment of the role of gamma-toxin in experimental endophthalmitis using a hlg-deficient mutant of Staphylococcus aureus
137. Identification of transforming growth factor-β expressed in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium
138. Identification of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone as a potential immunosuppressive factor in aqueous humor
139. Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide contributes to the immunosuppressive activity of normal aqueous humor
140. Infectious endophthalmitis after penetrating injuries with retained intraocular foreign bodies
141. The use of corticosteroids in the management of bacterial meningitis in adults
142. Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Escherichia coli: Case report and review
143. The induction of meningeal inflammation by components of the pneumococcal cell wall
144. The relative role of bacterial cell wall and capsule in the induction of inflammation in pneumococcal meningitis
145. Results in the management of Bacillus endophthalmitis
146. Cytokines and the response to infection
147. Interleukin-6: An overview
148. Endotoxin-induced uveitis is partially inhibited by anti-IL-8 antibody treatment
149. Local production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, and interleukin 6 in meningococcal meningitis. Relation to the inflammatory response
150. New patterns of infecting organisms in late bleb-related endophthalmitis: A ten year review
151. Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes to killing and degradation by human neutrophils and monocytes in vitro
152. Retinal toxicity of liposome-incorporated and free ofloxacin after intravitreal injection in rabbit eyes
153. Interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor gene expression in endotoxin-induced uveitis
154. Timing of dexamethasone treatment in experimental Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis