메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 166, Issue 10, 2001, Pages 6332-6340

Antioxidants inhibit indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in IFN-γ-activated human macrophages: Posttranslational regulation by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; CARBON 14; EBSELEN; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE; HEME; HEMIN; INDOLEAMINE 2,3 DIOXYGENASE; MESSENGER RNA; PORPHOBILINOGEN SYNTHASE; PYRIDOXAL ISONICOTINOYLHYDRAZONE; PYRROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE; SUCCINYLACETONE; TERT BUTYLHYDROQUINONE;

EID: 0035873436     PISSN: 00221767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6332     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (109)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0002672722 scopus 로고
    • Cytokines: Interferon-γ
    • J. I. Gallin, I. M. Goldstein, and R. Snyderman, eds. Raven Press, New York
    • Nathan, C. F., and R. Yoshida. 1988. Cytokines: Interferon-γ. In Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates, J. I. Gallin, I. M. Goldstein, and R. Snyderman, eds. Raven Press, New York, p.229.
    • (1988) Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates , pp. 229
    • Nathan, C.F.1    Yoshida, R.2
  • 2
    • 0026034432 scopus 로고
    • Role of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophage antimicrobial activity
    • Nathan, C. F., and J. B. Hibbs, Jr. 1991. Role of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophage antimicrobial activity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 3:65.
    • (1991) Curr. Opin. Immunol. , vol.3 , pp. 65
    • Nathan, C.F.1    Hibbs J.B., Jr.2
  • 3
    • 0025944659 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between interferon-γ, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism
    • Taylor, M. W., and G. S. Feng. 1991. Relationship between interferon-γ, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism. FASEB J. 5:2516.
    • (1991) FASEB J. , vol.5 , pp. 2516
    • Taylor, M.W.1    Feng, G.S.2
  • 5
    • 0028287976 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide inhibits indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in interferon-γ-primed mononuclear phagocytes
    • Thomas, S. R., D. Mohr, and R. Stocker. 1994. Nitric oxide inhibits indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in interferon-γ-primed mononuclear phagocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 269:14457.
    • (1994) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.269 , pp. 14457
    • Thomas, S.R.1    Mohr, D.2    Stocker, R.3
  • 6
    • 0031179511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression by nitric oxide and inflammatory mediators in IFN-γ-activated murine macrophages and microglial cells
    • Alberati-Giani, D., P. Malherbe, P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli, C. Kohler, S. Denis-Donini, and A. M. Cesura. 1997. Differential regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression by nitric oxide and inflammatory mediators in IFN-γ-activated murine macrophages and microglial cells. J. Immunol. 159:419.
    • (1997) J. Immunol. , vol.159 , pp. 419
    • Alberati-Giani, D.1    Malherbe, P.2    Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P.3    Kohler, C.4    Denis-Donini, S.5    Cesura, A.M.6
  • 7
    • 0026781857 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of nitrite production by human monocyte-derived macrophages
    • Padgett, E. L., and S. B. Pruett. 1992. Evaluation of nitrite production by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186:775.
    • (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.186 , pp. 775
    • Padgett, E.L.1    Pruett, S.B.2
  • 9
    • 0024390957 scopus 로고
    • Interferons and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: Role in antimicrobial and antitumor effects
    • Carlin, J. M., Y. Ozaki, G. I. Byrne, R. R. Brown, and E. C. Borden. 1989. Interferons and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: role in antimicrobial and antitumor effects. Experientia 45:535.
    • (1989) Experientia , vol.45 , pp. 535
    • Carlin, J.M.1    Ozaki, Y.2    Byrne, G.I.3    Brown, R.R.4    Borden, E.C.5
  • 12
    • 0020702374 scopus 로고
    • Quinolinic acid: An endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain
    • Schwarcz, R., W. O. Whetsell, Jr., and R. M. Mangano. 1983. Quinolinic acid: an endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain. Science 219:316.
    • (1983) Science , vol.219 , pp. 316
    • Schwarcz, R.1    Whetsell W.O., Jr.2    Mangano, R.M.3
  • 14
    • 0031908326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dramatic changes in oxidative tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway in experimental cerebral and noncerebral malaria
    • Sanni, L. A., S. R. Thomas, B. N. Tattam, D. E. Moore, G. Chaudhri, R. Stocker, and N. H. Hunt. 1998. Dramatic changes in oxidative tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway in experimental cerebral and noncerebral malaria. Am. J. Pathol. 152:611.
    • (1998) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.152 , pp. 611
    • Sanni, L.A.1    Thomas, S.R.2    Tattam, B.N.3    Moore, D.E.4    Chaudhri, G.5    Stocker, R.6    Hunt, N.H.7
  • 15
    • 0031748985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques
    • Heyes, M. P., K. Saito, A. Lackner, C. A. Wiley, C. L. Achim, and S. P. Markey. 1998. Sources of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid in the brain of HIV-1-infected patients and retrovirus-infected macaques. FASEB J. 12:881.
    • (1998) FASEB J. , vol.12 , pp. 881
    • Heyes, M.P.1    Saito, K.2    Lackner, A.3    Wiley, C.A.4    Achim, C.L.5    Markey, S.P.6
  • 16
    • 0025317656 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant activities of some tryptophan metabolites: Possible implication for inflammatory diseases
    • Christen, S., E. Peterhans, and R. Stocker. 1990. Antioxidant activities of some tryptophan metabolites: possible implication for inflammatory diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2506.
    • (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.87 , pp. 2506
    • Christen, S.1    Peterhans, E.2    Stocker, R.3
  • 17
    • 0028180140 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition by interferon-γ of human mononuclear cell-mediated low density lipoprotein oxidation: Participation of tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway
    • Christen, S., S. R. Thomas, B. Garner, and R. Stocker. 1994. Inhibition by interferon-γ of human mononuclear cell-mediated low density lipoprotein oxidation: participation of tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway. J. Clin. Invest. 93:2149.
    • (1994) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.93 , pp. 2149
    • Christen, S.1    Thomas, S.R.2    Garner, B.3    Stocker, R.4
  • 18
    • 0033376234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redox reactions related to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway
    • Thomas, S. R., and R. Stocker. 1999. Redox reactions related to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway. Redox Rep. 4:199.
    • (1999) Redox Rep. , vol.4 , pp. 199
    • Thomas, S.R.1    Stocker, R.2
  • 19
    • 0026970404 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear factor κB: An oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells
    • Schreck, R., K. Albermann, and P. A. Baeuerle. 1992. Nuclear factor κB: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free Radic. Res. Commun. 17:221.
    • (1992) Free Radic. Res. Commun. , vol.17 , pp. 221
    • Schreck, R.1    Albermann, K.2    Baeuerle, P.A.3
  • 20
    • 0033963704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and gene regulation
    • Allen, R. G., and M. Tresini. 2000. Oxidative stress and gene regulation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28:463.
    • (2000) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.28 , pp. 463
    • Allen, R.G.1    Tresini, M.2
  • 21
    • 0031036917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An essential role for free radicals and derived species in signal transduction
    • Lander, H. M. 1997. An essential role for free radicals and derived species in signal transduction. FASEB J. 11:118.
    • (1997) FASEB J. , vol.11 , pp. 118
    • Lander, H.M.1
  • 22
    • 0027269781 scopus 로고
    • 2 and antioxidants have opposite effects on activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in intact cells: AP-1 as secondary antioxidant-responsive factor
    • 2 and antioxidants have opposite effects on activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in intact cells: AP-1 as secondary antioxidant-responsive factor. EMBO J. 12:2005.
    • (1993) EMBO J. , vol.12 , pp. 2005
    • Meyer, M.1    Schreck, R.2    Baeuerle, P.A.3
  • 23
    • 0028344541 scopus 로고
    • Distinct effects of thioredoxin and antioxidants on the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1
    • Schenk, H., M. Klein, W. Erdbrugger, W. Droge, and K. Schulze-Osthoff. 1994. Distinct effects of thioredoxin and antioxidants on the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1672.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 1672
    • Schenk, H.1    Klein, M.2    Erdbrugger, W.3    Droge, W.4    Schulze-Osthoff, K.5
  • 24
    • 0032563191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevents p53 activation and promotes p53 cysteine residue oxidation
    • Wu, H. H., and J. Momand. 1998. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevents p53 activation and promotes p53 cysteine residue oxidation. J. Biol. Chem. 273:18898.
    • (1998) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.273 , pp. 18898
    • Wu, H.H.1    Momand, J.2
  • 25
    • 0027939931 scopus 로고
    • Role of transcription factor NF-κB/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase
    • Xie, Q. W., Y. Kashiwabara, and C. Nathan. 1994. Role of transcription factor NF-κB/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 269:4705.
    • (1994) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.269 , pp. 4705
    • Xie, Q.W.1    Kashiwabara, Y.2    Nathan, C.3
  • 26
    • 0028148369 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants inhibit monocyte adhesion by suppressing nuclear factor-κB mobilization and induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells stimulated to generate radicals
    • Weber, C., W. Erl, A. Pietsch, M. Strobel, H. W. Ziegler-Heitbrock, and P. C. Weber. 1994. Antioxidants inhibit monocyte adhesion by suppressing nuclear factor-κB mobilization and induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells stimulated to generate radicals. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14: 1665.
    • (1994) Arterioscler. Thromb. , vol.14 , pp. 1665
    • Weber, C.1    Erl, W.2    Pietsch, A.3    Strobel, M.4    Ziegler-Heitbrock, H.W.5    Weber, P.C.6
  • 27
    • 0025959545 scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic properties of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate: Its role as an inhibitor in the progression of AIDS
    • Sunderman, F. W., Sr. 1991. Therapeutic properties of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate: its role as an inhibitor in the progression of AIDS. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 21:70.
    • (1991) Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 70
    • Sunderman F.W., Sr.1
  • 29
    • 0033592288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of NF-κB activation by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevents in vivo expression of proinflammatory genes
    • Liu, S. F., X. Ye, and A. B. Malik. 1999. Inhibition of NF-κB activation by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevents in vivo expression of proinflammatory genes. Circulation 100:1330.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 1330
    • Liu, S.F.1    Ye, X.2    Malik, A.B.3
  • 30
    • 0026787076 scopus 로고
    • Intermediate steps in cellular iron uptake from transferrin: Detection of a cytoplasmic pool of iron, free of transferrin
    • Richardson, D. R., and E. Baker. 1992. Intermediate steps in cellular iron uptake from transferrin: detection of a cytoplasmic pool of iron, free of transferrin. J. Biol. Chem. 267:21384.
    • (1992) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.267 , pp. 21384
    • Richardson, D.R.1    Baker, E.2
  • 31
    • 0018394556 scopus 로고
    • Mobilization of iron from reticulocytes: Identification of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone as a new iron chelating agent
    • Ponka, P., J. Borova, J. Neuwirt, and O. Fuchs. 1979. Mobilization of iron from reticulocytes: identification of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone as a new iron chelating agent. FEBS Lett. 97:317.
    • (1979) FEBS Lett. , vol.97 , pp. 317
    • Ponka, P.1    Borova, J.2    Neuwirt, J.3    Fuchs, O.4
  • 32
    • 0023277545 scopus 로고
    • Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction
    • Chomczynski, P., and N. Sacchi. 1987. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal. Biochem. 162: 156.
    • (1987) Anal. Biochem. , vol.162 , pp. 156
    • Chomczynski, P.1    Sacchi, N.2
  • 33
    • 0027976346 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-4 inhibits indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in human monocytes
    • Musso, T., G. L. Gusella, A. Brooks, D. L. Longo, and L. Varesio. 1994. Interleukin-4 inhibits indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in human monocytes. Blood 83:1408.
    • (1994) Blood , vol.83 , pp. 1408
    • Musso, T.1    Gusella, G.L.2    Brooks, A.3    Longo, D.L.4    Varesio, L.5
  • 34
    • 0024581581 scopus 로고
    • The roles of superoxide anion and methylene blue in the reductive activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by ascorbic acid or by xanthine oxidase-hypoxanthine
    • Sono, M. 1989. The roles of superoxide anion and methylene blue in the reductive activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by ascorbic acid or by xanthine oxidase-hypoxanthine. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1616.
    • (1989) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.264 , pp. 1616
    • Sono, M.1
  • 35
    • 0032575366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutathione measurement in human plasma: Evaluation of sample collection, storage and derivatization conditions for analysis of dansyl derivatives by HPLC
    • Jones, D. P., J. L. Carlson, P. S. Samiec, P. Sternberg, Jr., V. C. Mody, Jr., R. L. Reed, and L. A. Brown. 1998. Glutathione measurement in human plasma: evaluation of sample collection, storage and derivatization conditions for analysis of dansyl derivatives by HPLC. Clin. Chim. Acta 275:175.
    • (1998) Clin. Chim. Acta , vol.275 , pp. 175
    • Jones, D.P.1    Carlson, J.L.2    Samiec, P.S.3    Sternberg P., Jr.4    Mody V.C., Jr.5    Reed, R.L.6    Brown, L.A.7
  • 36
    • 0026507973 scopus 로고
    • Human macrophages convert L-tryptophan into the neurotoxin quinolinic acid
    • Heyes, M. P., K. Saito, and S. P. Markey. 1992. Human macrophages convert L-tryptophan into the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Biochem. J. 283:633.
    • (1992) Biochem. J. , vol.283 , pp. 633
    • Heyes, M.P.1    Saito, K.2    Markey, S.P.3
  • 38
    • 0032982324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate on endothelial cells: Protection against oxidative stress
    • Moellering, D., J. McAndrew, H. Jo, and V. M. Darley-Usmar. 1999. Effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate on endothelial cells: protection against oxidative stress. Free Radical Biol. Med. 26:1138.
    • (1999) Free Radical Biol. Med. , vol.26 , pp. 1138
    • Moellering, D.1    McAndrew, J.2    Jo, H.3    Darley-Usmar, V.M.4
  • 39
    • 0029990552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of oxidants and antioxidants in the induction of AP-1, NF-κB, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression
    • Pinkus, R., L. M. Weiner, and V. Daniel. 1996. Role of oxidants and antioxidants in the induction of AP-1, NF-κB, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 271:13422.
    • (1996) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.271 , pp. 13422
    • Pinkus, R.1    Weiner, L.M.2    Daniel, V.3
  • 40
    • 0343376119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of dithiocarbamate inhibition of apoptosis: Thiol oxidation by dithiocarbamate disulfides directly inhibits processing of the caspase-3 proenzyme
    • Nobel, C. S., D. H. Burgess, B. Zhivotovsky, M. J. Burkitt, S. Orrenius, and A. F. G. Slater. 1997. Mechanism of dithiocarbamate inhibition of apoptosis: thiol oxidation by dithiocarbamate disulfides directly inhibits processing of the caspase-3 proenzyme. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 10:636.
    • (1997) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.10 , pp. 636
    • Nobel, C.S.1    Burgess, D.H.2    Zhivotovsky, B.3    Burkitt, M.J.4    Orrenius, S.5    Slater, A.F.G.6
  • 42
    • 0028815621 scopus 로고
    • Dithiocarbamates induce apoptosis in thymocytes by raising the intracellular level of redox-active copper
    • Nobel, C. S. I., M. Kimland, B. Lind, S. Orrenius, and A. F. G. Slater. 1995. Dithiocarbamates induce apoptosis in thymocytes by raising the intracellular level of redox-active copper. J. Biol. Chem. 270:26202.
    • (1995) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.270 , pp. 26202
    • Nobel, C.S.I.1    Kimland, M.2    Lind, B.3    Orrenius, S.4    Slater, A.F.G.5
  • 43
    • 0023883747 scopus 로고
    • γ-Interferon modulates human monocyte/ macrophage transferrin receptor expression
    • Taetle, R., and J. M. Honeysett. 1988. γ-interferon modulates human monocyte/ macrophage transferrin receptor expression. Blood 71:1590.
    • (1988) Blood , vol.71 , pp. 1590
    • Taetle, R.1    Honeysett, J.M.2
  • 44
    • 0026471538 scopus 로고
    • Cloned, expressed rat cerebellar nitric oxide synthase contains stoichiometric amounts of heme, which binds carbon monoxide
    • McMillan, K., D. S. Bredt, D. J. Hirsch, S. H. Snyder, J. E. Clark, and B. S. Siler Master. 1992. Cloned, expressed rat cerebellar nitric oxide synthase contains stoichiometric amounts of heme, which binds carbon monoxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:11141.
    • (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.89 , pp. 11141
    • McMillan, K.1    Bredt, D.S.2    Hirsch, D.J.3    Snyder, S.H.4    Clark, J.E.5    Siler Master, B.S.6
  • 45
    • 0029984062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription
    • Sen, C. K., and L. Packer. 1996. Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription. FASEB J. 10:709.
    • (1996) FASEB J. , vol.10 , pp. 709
    • Sen, C.K.1    Packer, L.2
  • 46
    • 0029929872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants inhibit interleukin-1-induced cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthase expression in rat mesangial cells: Evidence for post-transcriptional regulation
    • Tetsuka, T., L. D. Baier, and A. R. Morrison. 1996. Antioxidants inhibit interleukin-1-induced cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthase expression in rat mesangial cells: evidence for post-transcriptional regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 11689.
    • (1996) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.271 , pp. 11689
    • Tetsuka, T.1    Baier, L.D.2    Morrison, A.R.3
  • 47
    • 0033537889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 generated at the apical surface of thyroid cells in autocatalytic covalent heme binding
    • 2 generated at the apical surface of thyroid cells in autocatalytic covalent heme binding. J. Biol. Chem. 274:10533.
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 10533
    • Fayadat, L.1    Niccoli-Sire, P.2    Lanet, J.3    Franc, J.L.4
  • 48
    • 0029935269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular assembly of inducible NO synthase is limited by nitric oxide-mediated changes in heme insertion and availability
    • Albakri, Q. A., and D. J. Stuehr. 1996. Intracellular assembly of inducible NO synthase is limited by nitric oxide-mediated changes in heme insertion and availability. J. Biol. Chem. 271:5414.
    • (1996) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.271 , pp. 5414
    • Albakri, Q.A.1    Stuehr, D.J.2
  • 53
    • 0018798539 scopus 로고
    • A study of intracellular iron metabolism using pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone and other synthetic chelating agents
    • Ponka, P., J. Borova, J. Neuwirt, O. Fuchs, and E. Necas. 1979. A study of intracellular iron metabolism using pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone and other synthetic chelating agents. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 586:278.
    • (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.586 , pp. 278
    • Ponka, P.1    Borova, J.2    Neuwirt, J.3    Fuchs, O.4    Necas, E.5
  • 54
    • 0029758487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular control of vertebrate iron metabolism: mRNA-based regulatory circuits operated by iron, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress
    • Hentze, M. W., and L. C. Kuhn. 1996. Molecular control of vertebrate iron metabolism: mRNA-based regulatory circuits operated by iron, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8175.
    • (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 8175
    • Hentze, M.W.1    Kuhn, L.C.2
  • 55
    • 0024450183 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of tumor cell growth by interferon-γ is mediated by two distinct mechanisms dependent upon oxygen tension: Induction of tryptophan degradation and depletion of intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
    • Aune, T. M., and S. L. Pogue. 1989. Inhibition of tumor cell growth by interferon-γ is mediated by two distinct mechanisms dependent upon oxygen tension: induction of tryptophan degradation and depletion of intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. J. Clin. Invest. 84:863.
    • (1989) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.84 , pp. 863
    • Aune, T.M.1    Pogue, S.L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.