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Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 527-545

Democracy, globalization, and the problem of the state

(1)  Goodhart, Michael a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0035621457     PISSN: 00323497     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3235515     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (27)

References (71)
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    • E.g., Ralph Nader and Lori Wallach, "Gatt, Nafta, and the Subversion of the Democratic Process," in The Case against the Global Economy, ed. Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996).
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    • Nader, R.1    Wallach, L.2
  • 2
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    • talk delivered at the international conference Democracy, Community, and Social Justice in an Era of Globalization, University of Denver, April
    • John Dunn, "Democracy, Globalization, and Human Interests," talk delivered at the international conference Democracy, Community, and Social Justice in an Era of Globalization, University of Denver, April 1998; John Dunn, "The Economic Limits to Modern Politics," in The Economic Limits to Modern Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
    • (1998) Democracy, Globalization, and Human Interests
    • Dunn, J.1
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    • The economic limits to modern politics
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    • John Dunn, "Democracy, Globalization, and Human Interests," talk delivered at the international conference Democracy, Community, and Social Justice in an Era of Globalization, University of Denver, April 1998; John Dunn, "The Economic Limits to Modern Politics," in The Economic Limits to Modern Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
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    • Dunn, J.1
  • 4
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    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the Would Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), xiii; cf. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996), 1-2.
    • (1996) The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the Would Economy
    • Strange, S.1
  • 6
    • 0002488955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globalization and internationalization: The dynamics of the emerging world order
    • ed. Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache London: Routledge
    • Ricardo Petrella, "Globalization and Internationalization: The Dynamics of the Emerging World Order," in States against Markets: The Limits of Globalization, ed. Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache (London: Routledge, 1996).
    • (1996) States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalization
    • Petrella, R.1
  • 7
    • 0004284715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hirst and Thompson, Globalization in Question; Robert O. Keohane, "Power, Interdependence, and Globalization: Concepts and Questions," talk delivered at the Northeast Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, November 1999); Kenneth N. Waltz, "Globalization and Governance," PS: Political Science and Politics 32 (December 1999).
    • Globalization in Question
    • Hirst1    Thompson2
  • 8
    • 0038975602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • talk delivered at the Northeast Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, November
    • Hirst and Thompson, Globalization in Question; Robert O. Keohane, "Power, Interdependence, and Globalization: Concepts and Questions," talk delivered at the Northeast Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, November 1999); Kenneth N. Waltz, "Globalization and Governance," PS: Political Science and Politics 32 (December 1999).
    • (1999) Power, Interdependence, and Globalization: Concepts and Questions
    • Keohane, R.O.1
  • 9
    • 0033475483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globalization and governance
    • December
    • Hirst and Thompson, Globalization in Question; Robert O. Keohane, "Power, Interdependence, and Globalization: Concepts and Questions," talk delivered at the Northeast Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, November 1999); Kenneth N. Waltz, "Globalization and Governance," PS: Political Science and Politics 32 (December 1999).
    • (1999) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.32
    • Waltz, K.N.1
  • 10
    • 0039568520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is a vigorous debate among international political economists over the veracity of claims about decreased policy autonomy
    • There is a vigorous debate among international political economists over the veracity of claims about decreased policy autonomy.
  • 12
    • 0004284715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The qualifier "traditional" is necessary because, as Hirst and Thompson note, it is strictly speaking incorrect to say that IGAs, at least, are democratically unaccountable in cases where participation in the regimes they administer and appointments to their staffs are made by democratically elected national leaders. States can and do manipulate the decisions of IGAs to placate powerful lobbies or influence electoral politics. Still, this level of "democratic control" seems negligible in terms of critics' concerns. See Hirst and Thompson, Globalization in Question; cf. Roland Axtmann, Liberal Democracy into the Twenty-First Century: Globalization, Integration, and the Nation-State (New York: Manchester University Press, 1996).
    • Globalization in Question
    • Hirst1    Thompson2
  • 13
    • 0004099573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Manchester University Press
    • The qualifier "traditional" is necessary because, as Hirst and Thompson note, it is strictly speaking incorrect to say that IGAs, at least, are democratically unaccountable in cases where participation in the regimes they administer and appointments to their staffs are made by democratically elected national leaders. States can and do manipulate the decisions of IGAs to placate powerful lobbies or influence electoral politics. Still, this level of "democratic control" seems negligible in terms of critics' concerns. See Hirst and Thompson, Globalization in Question; cf. Roland Axtmann, Liberal Democracy into the Twenty-First Century: Globalization, Integration, and the Nation-State (New York: Manchester University Press, 1996).
    • (1996) Liberal Democracy into the Twenty-first Century: Globalization, Integration, and the Nation-state
    • Axtmann, R.1
  • 14
    • 0002076266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globalization and the end of the state?
    • E.g., Ian R. Douglas, "Globalization and the End of the State?," New Political Economy 2 (1997); Barry K. Gills, " 'Globalization' and the 'Politics of Resistance,' " New Political Economy 2 (1997); Leo Panitch, "Rethinking the Role of the State," in Globalization: Critical Perspectives, ed. James H. Mittelman (Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner, 1996). As the language of "retaking" suggests, proponents of state reinforcement usually hold that the state has been captured by corporate or neo-liberal interests; this explains why it is that states have acquiesced in or even abetted globalization. Though I cannot properly elaborate the thought here, this idea of state capture is really a critique of the failings of existing democratic institutions within states - the inference being that if democracy were functioning properly in the first place globalization would never have gotten out of hand.
    • (1997) New Political Economy , vol.2
    • Douglas, I.R.1
  • 15
    • 0031435441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'globalization' and the 'politics of resistance,'
    • E.g., Ian R. Douglas, "Globalization and the End of the State?," New Political Economy 2 (1997); Barry K. Gills, " 'Globalization' and the 'Politics of Resistance,' " New Political Economy 2 (1997); Leo Panitch, "Rethinking the Role of the State," in Globalization: Critical Perspectives, ed. James H. Mittelman (Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner, 1996). As the language of "retaking" suggests, proponents of state reinforcement usually hold that the state has been captured by corporate or neo-liberal interests; this explains why it is that states have acquiesced in or even abetted globalization. Though I cannot properly elaborate the thought here, this idea of state capture is really a critique of the failings of existing democratic institutions within states - the inference being that if democracy were functioning properly in the first place globalization would never have gotten out of hand.
    • (1997) New Political Economy , vol.2
    • Gills, B.K.1
  • 16
    • 0002003523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking the role of the state
    • ed. James H. Mittelman Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner
    • E.g., Ian R. Douglas, "Globalization and the End of the State?," New Political Economy 2 (1997); Barry K. Gills, " 'Globalization' and the 'Politics of Resistance,' " New Political Economy 2 (1997); Leo Panitch, "Rethinking the Role of the State," in Globalization: Critical Perspectives, ed. James H. Mittelman (Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner, 1996). As the language of "retaking" suggests, proponents of state reinforcement usually hold that the state has been captured by corporate or neo-liberal interests; this explains why it is that states have acquiesced in or even abetted globalization. Though I cannot properly elaborate the thought here, this idea of state capture is really a critique of the failings of existing democratic institutions within states - the inference being that if democracy were functioning properly in the first place globalization would never have gotten out of hand.
    • (1996) Globalization: Critical Perspectives
    • Panitch, L.1
  • 17
    • 0033483087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Held, Democracy and the Global Order; John S. Dryzek, "Transnational Democracy," Journal of Political Philosophy 7 (March 1999); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, "Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21 (1992).
    • Democracy and the Global Order
    • Held1
  • 18
    • 0033483087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transnational democracy
    • March
    • Held, Democracy and the Global Order; John S. Dryzek, "Transnational Democracy," Journal of Political Philosophy 7 (March 1999); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, "Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21 (1992).
    • (1999) Journal of Political Philosophy , vol.7
    • Dryzek, J.S.1
  • 19
    • 84970683813 scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing world politics: The emergence of global civil society
    • Held, Democracy and the Global Order; John S. Dryzek, "Transnational Democracy," Journal of Political Philosophy 7 (March 1999); Ronnie D. Lipschutz, "Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21 (1992).
    • (1992) Millennium: Journal of International Studies , vol.21
    • Lipschutz, R.D.1
  • 20
    • 0003300221 scopus 로고
    • From the United Nations to cosmopolitan democracy
    • ed. Daniele Archibugi and David Held Cambridge: Polity Press
    • E.g., Daniele Archibugi, "From the United Nations to Cosmopolitan Democracy," in Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order, ed. Daniele Archibugi and David Held (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
    • (1995) Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order
    • Archibugi, D.1
  • 21
    • 0039568518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • So: state reinforcers tend to see globalization, contradictorily, as nothing new and as reversible; cosmopolitan democrats see it as new (in kind, in degree, or both) and as irreversible
    • So: state reinforcers tend to see globalization, contradictorily, as nothing new and as reversible; cosmopolitan democrats see it as new (in kind, in degree, or both) and as irreversible.
  • 22
    • 0040159847 scopus 로고
    • Democracy restated
    • ed. Henry Kariel New York: Random House
    • I refer to the debate current in the 1960s and 1970s between "empirical" and "normative" or "utopian" theorists of democracy. For the main outlines of this controversy, see Graeme Duncan and Steven Lukes, "Democracy Restated," in Frontiers of Democratic Theory, ed. Henry Kariel (New York: Random House, 1970); Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
    • (1970) Frontiers of Democratic Theory
    • Duncan, G.1    Lukes, S.2
  • 23
    • 84952647825 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • I refer to the debate current in the 1960s and 1970s between "empirical" and "normative" or "utopian" theorists of democracy. For the main outlines of this controversy, see Graeme Duncan and Steven Lukes, "Democracy Restated," in Frontiers of Democratic Theory, ed. Henry Kariel (New York: Random House, 1970); Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
    • (1970) Participation and Democratic Theory
    • Pateman, C.1
  • 24
    • 1842484076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the third wave over?
    • July
    • Larry Diamond, "Is the Third Wave Over?," Journal of Democracy 7 (July 1996): 20, 26.
    • (1996) Journal of Democracy , vol.7 , pp. 20
    • Diamond, L.1
  • 25
    • 0040159843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This exportation occurs through conditions attached to various forms of aid and to requirements to membership in elite clubs like NATO and the EU. The winning of the Cold War has emboldened the Western democracies to use "conditionality" much more aggressively. Not surprisingly, states seeking political or economic favor (and favors) with the West are eager to adopt democratic forms to placate Western critics. Thus the correlation of globalization with democratization might reflect a confounding variable (the relative strength of Western powers, the collapse of Soviet communism). In other words, what the correlation indicates about the causes of the recent wave of democratization is itself debatable.
  • 26
    • 0345083264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globalization, democratization, and the politics of indifference
    • ed. James H. Mittelman Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner
    • It is unclear in Gill's and other accounts why the lack of material inequality within and among states is considered new [Stephen Gill, "Globalization, Democratization, and the Politics of Indifference," in Globalization: Critical Perspectives, ed. James H. Mittelman (Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner, 1996)].
    • (1996) Globalization: Critical Perspectives
    • Gill, S.1
  • 27
    • 0040745929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxes of the competition state: The dynamics of political globalization
    • Spring
    • Phillip G. Cerny, "Paradoxes of the Competition State: The Dynamics of Political Globalization," (Government and Opposition 32 (Spring 1997); John W. Meyer et al., "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology 103 (July 1997); Waltz, "Globalization and Governance."
    • (1997) Government and Opposition , vol.32
    • Cerny, P.G.1
  • 28
    • 0031419318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World society and the nation-state
    • July
    • Phillip G. Cerny, "Paradoxes of the Competition State: The Dynamics of Political Globalization," (Government and Opposition 32 (Spring 1997); John W. Meyer et al., "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology 103 (July 1997); Waltz, "Globalization and Governance."
    • (1997) American Journal of Sociology , vol.103
    • Meyer, J.W.1
  • 29
    • 0039568511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phillip G. Cerny, "Paradoxes of the Competition State: The Dynamics of Political Globalization," (Government and Opposition 32 (Spring 1997); John W. Meyer et al., "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology 103 (July 1997); Waltz, "Globalization and Governance."
    • Globalization and Governance
    • Waltz1
  • 30
    • 0000912831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural relativism revisited: Through a state prism
    • Not all states are equally strong, of course, though what entails a strong and a weak state is itself poorly understood - many states deemed too weak to achieve social, economic, and political liberalization are strong enough to commit massive human rights violations in the pursuit of wealth and power for the ruling elite. Cf. Adamantia Pollis, "Cultural Relativism Revisited: Through a State Prism," Human Rights Quarterly 18 (1996).
    • (1996) Human Rights Quarterly , vol.18
    • Pollis, A.1
  • 31
    • 0038975596 scopus 로고
    • Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, Donnelly is writing about human rights regimes, but this excellent definition captures the nature of international policy and regulatory regimes generally
    • Jack Donnelly, Human Rights in Theory and Practice (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989), 210. Donnelly is writing about human rights regimes, but this excellent definition captures the nature of international policy and regulatory regimes generally.
    • (1989) Human Rights in Theory and Practice , pp. 210
    • Donnelly, J.1
  • 33
    • 0039568512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerny, "Paradoxes of the Competition State"; cf. Saskia Sassen, "The Spatial Organization of Information Industries: Implications for the Role of the State," in Globalization: Critical Perspectives, ed. James H. Mittelman (Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner, 1996).
    • Paradoxes of the Competition State
    • Cerny1
  • 34
    • 0002000065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spatial organization of information industries: Implications for the role of the state
    • ed. James H. Mittelman Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner
    • Cerny, "Paradoxes of the Competition State"; cf. Saskia Sassen, "The Spatial Organization of Information Industries: Implications for the Role of the State," in Globalization: Critical Perspectives, ed. James H. Mittelman (Boulder, CO: Lynne-Rienner, 1996).
    • (1996) Globalization: Critical Perspectives
    • Sassen, S.1
  • 35
    • 0003731130 scopus 로고
    • Boston: Little, Brown, and Company
    • Of course, these regimes do not necessarily strengthen states either; they provide alternative ways for states to carry out their traditional functions. Within any particular regime, we would expect to see powerful states dominate. See Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1977). Much also depends on the location of a state in the geopolitical order; cf. Andrew Hurrell and Ngaire Woods, "Globalization and Inequality," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 24 (Winter 1995).
    • (1977) Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition
    • Keohane, R.O.1    Nye, J.S.2
  • 36
    • 84970745478 scopus 로고
    • Globalization and inequality
    • Winter
    • Of course, these regimes do not necessarily strengthen states either; they provide alternative ways for states to carry out their traditional functions. Within any particular regime, we would expect to see powerful states dominate. See Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1977). Much also depends on the location of a state in the geopolitical order; cf. Andrew Hurrell and Ngaire Woods, "Globalization and Inequality," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 24 (Winter 1995).
    • (1995) Millennium: Journal of International Studies , vol.24
    • Hurrell, A.1    Woods, N.2
  • 39
    • 0040754026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For instance, secret negotiations on the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), which would essentially have given corporations the power to sue states, caused quite an outcry upon their discovery.
  • 40
    • 0002003523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Besides, strict national control in these areas would require a level of global cooperation - not to mention intensive monitoring and policing - that would itself constitute a wholly new global order; Panitch, "Rethinking the Role of the State."
    • Rethinking the Role of the State
    • Panitch1
  • 41
    • 0038975601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This was particularly clear in the Western gloating that marked the early phases of the recent Southeast Asian economic crisis. Before the West realized how much money it would lose, its leaders and economic policy-makers touted the troubles as proof that "crony capitalism" was inferior to the Western model, quite a contrast with the fears of Japan, Inc. and the Asian Tigers in the 1980s. The singular faith in this model among IMF and U.S. Treasury officials is also clear in their hostile treatment of unorthodox alternatives, for instance, Russia's interest in using inflationary monetary policies and other interventionist measures and Malaysia's decision to impose capital controls in the wake of the 1997 financial collapse.
  • 42
    • 0038975600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thanks to Michael Mann for pointing this out to me
    • Thanks to Michael Mann for pointing this out to me.
  • 43
    • 0030803745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Market economy and democratic polity
    • Spring
    • E.g., David Beetham, "Market Economy and Democratic Polity," Democratization 4 (Spring 1997); David Beetham, "Four Theorems About the Market and Democracy," European Journal of Political Research 23 (1993); Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
    • (1997) Democratization , vol.4
    • Beetham, D.1
  • 44
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    • Four theorems about the market and democracy
    • E.g., David Beetham, "Market Economy and Democratic Polity," Democratization 4 (Spring 1997); David Beetham, "Four Theorems About the Market and Democracy," European Journal of Political Research 23 (1993); Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
    • (1993) European Journal of Political Research , vol.23
    • Beetham, D.1
  • 45
    • 0003772810 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • E.g., David Beetham, "Market Economy and Democratic Polity," Democratization 4 (Spring 1997); David Beetham, "Four Theorems About the Market and Democracy," European Journal of Political Research 23 (1993); Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
    • (1962) Capitalism and Freedom
    • Friedman, M.1
  • 46
    • 0040754028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This puts new or transitional democratic governments between a rock and a hard place; much of their appeal lies in a promise to deliver economic reform, and with it growth and improvements in the standard of living; doing so requires aid conditioned upon reform. Yet the pain of SAPs and other neo-liberal reforms often afflicts and alienates citizens and compromises the legitimacy of governments seen to be more concerned with the interests of bankers and corporate elites than with those of the voters.
  • 47
    • 0039568517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fact that has itself been poorly incorporated into analyses of democratic transitions
    • A fact that has itself been poorly incorporated into analyses of democratic transitions.
  • 48
    • 0038975597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • talk delivered at Hunter College, City University of New York, April These comments are meant neither to applaud current trade and wage policies nor to downplay the devastating impact of growing inequality in established and emerging democracies but merely to emphasize the difference perspective makes
    • Oscar Arias Sanchez, "Economic and Social Rights," talk delivered at Hunter College, City University of New York, April 1999. These comments are meant neither to applaud current trade and wage policies nor to downplay the devastating impact of growing inequality in established and emerging democracies but merely to emphasize the difference perspective makes.
    • (1999) Economic and Social Rights
    • Sanchez, O.A.1
  • 49
    • 0002606027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of the international economy on national policies: An analytical overview
    • ed. Robert O. Keohane and Helen V. Milner New York: Cambridge University Press
    • There are of course exceptions - for instance, Caribbean economies ruined by the recent opening of the banana market. Also, workers in highly protected or state-run sectors will typically be opposed to greater liberalization; see Jeffry A. Frieden and Ronald Rogowski, "The Impact of the International Economy on National Policies: An Analytical Overview," in Internationalization and Domestic Politics, ed. Robert O. Keohane and Helen V. Milner (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
    • (1996) Internationalization and Domestic Politics
    • Frieden, J.A.1    Rogowski, R.2
  • 50
    • 0003912925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • There are of course exceptions - for instance, Caribbean economies ruined by the recent opening of the banana market. Also, workers in highly protected or state-run sectors will typically be opposed to greater liberalization; see Jeffry A. Frieden and Ronald Rogowski, "The Impact of the International Economy on National Policies: An Analytical Overview," in Internationalization and Domestic Politics, ed. Robert O. Keohane and Helen V. Milner (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
    • Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments
    • Rogowski, R.1
  • 51
    • 0039568515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This problem is particularly difficult because some of the opposition to globalization in the West is based on arguments about its adverse effects in the developing world (SAPs, destruction of traditional communities, etc.). Globalization is rejected out of hand, without consideration of what the negative effects of lower trade and less international attention to human rights standards in many countries might mean. Lost in the middle is the wide range of crucially important policies needed to reform globalization, a subject I cannot take up here.
  • 52
    • 0039568512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Questions about the nature of globalization and how it can be quantified are giving way to questions about the nature of the political world and how it can be studied. As Philip Cerny writes, the new social-scientific discourse of globalization "challenges the significance of the nation-state as a paradigm of scholarly research, suggesting that nation-state-based 'normal science' in history and the social sciences -sometimes referred to as 'methodological nationalism' - has been sufficiently undermined by new challenges and findings at a range of different analytical levels that its usefulness in constituting a prima facie scholarly agenda is rapidly being lost. A reshaping is taking place of the theoretical questions which have dominated 'modern' political philosophy and they are being reformulated in a more complex global context"; Cerny, "Paradoxes of the Competition State," 254. According to Taylor, "The three orthodox social sciences (politics, economics, sociology) have been largely caught out by globalization. Their spatial ontology has been so severely undermined that reform, even where seriously attempted, is unable to cope with contemporary social change"; P. J. Taylor, "Embedded Statism and the Social Sciences: Opening up to New Spaces," Environment and Planning A (1966): 1925.
    • Paradoxes of the Competition State , pp. 254
    • Cerny1
  • 53
    • 0040159842 scopus 로고
    • Embedded statism and the social sciences: Opening up to new spaces
    • Questions about the nature of globalization and how it can be quantified are giving way to questions about the nature of the political world and how it can be studied. As Philip Cerny writes, the new social-scientific discourse of globalization "challenges the significance of the nation-state as a paradigm of scholarly research, suggesting that nation-state-based 'normal science' in history and the social sciences - sometimes referred to as 'methodological nationalism' - has been sufficiently undermined by new challenges and findings at a range of different analytical levels that its usefulness in constituting a prima facie scholarly agenda is rapidly being lost. A reshaping is taking place of the theoretical questions which have dominated 'modern' political philosophy and they are being reformulated in a more complex global context"; Cerny, "Paradoxes of the Competition State," 254. According to Taylor, "The three orthodox social sciences (politics, economics, sociology) have been largely caught out by globalization. Their spatial ontology has been so severely undermined that reform, even where seriously attempted, is unable to cope with contemporary social change"; P. J. Taylor, "Embedded Statism and the Social Sciences: Opening up to New Spaces," Environment and Planning A (1966): 1925.
    • (1966) Environment and Planning A , pp. 1925
    • Taylor, P.J.1
  • 54
    • 0038952334 scopus 로고
    • Sovereignty and morality in international affairs
    • ed. David Held Stanford: Stanford University Press
    • Charles R. Beitz, "Sovereignty and Morality in International Affairs," in Political Theory Today, ed. David Held (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991); 236-42; Held, Democracy and the Global Order, 23. Numerous theorists have sought to work out the requirements or implications of democracy at various sites within the national framework: the workplace, schools, communities, civil associations, even families. Still, such arguments presuppose a democratic polity; usually, democracy at the state level is held to require or justify further democratization within the state.
    • (1991) Political Theory Today , pp. 236-242
    • Beitz, C.R.1
  • 55
    • 0003399018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charles R. Beitz, "Sovereignty and Morality in International Affairs," in Political Theory Today, ed. David Held (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991); 236-42; Held, Democracy and the Global Order, 23. Numerous theorists have sought to work out the requirements or implications of democracy at various sites within the national framework: the workplace, schools, communities, civil associations, even families. Still, such arguments presuppose a democratic polity; usually, democracy at the state level is held to require or justify further democratization within the state.
    • Democracy and the Global Order , pp. 23
    • Held1
  • 56
    • 18744433368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Democracy without nations?
    • April
    • Pierre Manent, "Democracy without Nations?" Journal of Democracy 8 (April 1997): 94-96; cf. Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 207.
    • (1997) Journal of Democracy , vol.8 , pp. 94-96
    • Manent, P.1
  • 57
    • 18744433368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Haven: Yale University Press
    • Pierre Manent, "Democracy without Nations?" Journal of Democracy 8 (April 1997): 94-96; cf. Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 207.
    • (1989) Democracy and Its Critics , pp. 207
    • Dahl, R.1
  • 58
    • 84856046789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manent, "Democracy without Nations?"; Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
    • Democracy without Nations?
    • Manent1
  • 62
    • 0031530438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?
    • Autumn
    • Michael Mann, "Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?," Review of International Political Economy 4 (Autumn 1997); Michael Mann, "Neither Nation-State nor Globalism," Environment and Planning A (1996).
    • (1997) Review of International Political Economy , vol.4
    • Mann, M.1
  • 63
    • 0031530438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neither nation-state nor globalism
    • Michael Mann, "Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?," Review of International Political Economy 4 (Autumn 1997); Michael Mann, "Neither Nation-State nor Globalism," Environment and Planning A (1996).
    • (1996) Environment and Planning A
    • Mann, M.1
  • 64
    • 0040754025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I shall prefer universalization as perhaps the less unlovely of these two unlovely words
    • I shall prefer universalization as perhaps the less unlovely of these two unlovely words.
  • 65
    • 0038975598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As used here, universalization simply signifies this trend or trajectory. I do not take it to mean, as some cultural critics have feared, that we are witnessing the triumph of one all-encompassing, homogenized culture. It does not mean that the world has become, or is likely anytime soon to become, an undifferentiated space or that space has been annihilated. It does not mean that differences among peoples are losing their (often bloody) salience. It most emphatically does not entail the triumph of some sort of enlightened rationality - it is not, that is, the end of history.
  • 66
    • 0040754024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The relevant baseline here is patterns of social activity or interaction. Political borders and other boundaries are a useful guide to understanding these interactions - they reflect and condition them. We are less interested in particular borders or the size of the units they enclose, however, than in the logic or ordering principles they represent. The process can work in reverse: patterns of social interaction can at times tend toward the local. (This should not be confused with the idea of fragmentation discussed above, which is a response to or facet of globalization.) Whether, for instance, the break-up of colonial empires in the mid-twentieth century or, more recently, the Soviet Union or Yugoslavia indicates supranationalization or fragmentation is a difficult question that cannot be answered simply by counting the number of states before and after or comparing the amount of territory the various political units comprise.
  • 67
    • 0040159845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This same definition could apply to almost any era of globalization, though in earlier ones the shift might be most pronounced from the local to the national level.
  • 68
    • 0039568506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mann, "Neither Nation-State nor Globalism." Mann himself is fairly skeptical of most claims about globalization; his own view emphasizes that constantly shifting networks of social power and interaction have always made concepts like state and society deeply problematic. In other words, I have superimposed my own view of globalization onto Mann's framework in a way he might not wholly endorse; cf. Taylor, "Embedded Statism," who adopts a similar position with regard to Mann's framework. I agree with Mann's skepticism about the practical difficulties with the idea of sovereign states, though I think this idea played a crucial role in the development of modern democratic theory.
    • Neither Nation-state nor Globalism
    • Mann1
  • 69
    • 0040769669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mann, "Neither Nation-State nor Globalism." Mann himself is fairly skeptical of most claims about globalization; his own view emphasizes that constantly shifting networks of social power and interaction have always made concepts like state and society deeply problematic. In other words, I have superimposed my own view of globalization onto Mann's framework in a way he might not wholly endorse; cf. Taylor, "Embedded Statism," who adopts a similar position with regard to Mann's framework. I agree with Mann's skepticism about the practical difficulties with the idea of sovereign states, though I think this idea played a crucial role in the development of modern democratic theory.
    • Embedded Statism
    • Taylor1
  • 70
    • 84933480710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The complexities and contradictions of globalization
    • November
    • James N. Rosenau, "The Complexities and Contradictions of Globalization," Current History 96 (November 1997): 361.
    • (1997) Current History , vol.96 , pp. 361
    • Rosenau, J.N.1
  • 71
    • 0039568507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I am presently completing a monograph on this subject
    • I am presently completing a monograph on this subject.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.