Is the third wave over?

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 1996, Pages

  Diamond, Larry ^a,b  

^a Journal of Democracy ^*

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842484076     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.1996.0047     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 15.
2. David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy 'With Adjectives': Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research" (unpubl. ms., Department of Political Science, University of California at Berkeley, 8 April 1996).
3. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper, 1947), 269.
4. Huntington, The Third Wave, 5-13.
5. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), 3.
6. See Terry Lynn Karl, "Imposing Consent? Electoralism versus Democratization in El Salvador," in Paul Drake and Eduardo Silva, eds., Elections and Democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985 (San Diego: Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies and Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California at San Diego, 1986), 9-36; "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics 23 (October 1990): 14-15; and "The Hybrid Regimes of Central America," Journal of Democracy 6 (July 1995): 72-86.
7. See Terry Lynn Karl, "Imposing Consent? Electoralism versus Democratization in El Salvador," in Paul Drake and Eduardo Silva, eds., Elections and Democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985 (San Diego: Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies and Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California at San Diego, 1986), 9-36; "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics 23 (October 1990): 14-15; and "The Hybrid Regimes of Central America," Journal of Democracy 6 (July 1995): 72-86.
8. See Terry Lynn Karl, "Imposing Consent? Electoralism versus Democratization in El Salvador," in Paul Drake and Eduardo Silva, eds., Elections and Democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985 (San Diego: Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies and Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California at San Diego, 1986), 9-36; "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics 23 (October 1990): 14-15; and "The Hybrid Regimes of Central America," Journal of Democracy 6 (July 1995): 72-86.
9. Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, "What Democracy Is . . . and Is Not," Journal of Democracy 2 (Summer 1991): 78.
10. An important discussion of reserved domains appears in J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process and Facilitating Conditions," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), 64-66.
11. I use the term "liberal" to refer not to an economic regime featuring a limited state and an open economy but to a political regime in which individual and group liberties are particularly strong and well protected. There is obviously some affinity between economic and political liberty in these senses, but there are tensions and complexities as well that are beyond the scope of this discussion. Moreover, the term "liberal" should be construed here very broadly, even in the political sense. It requires sufficient civil liberties and pluralism to allow for free and meaningful competition of interests and the rule of law between elections as well as during them. But this still leaves substantial scope for variation in the balance a society places on individual rights versus responsibilities - or, to put it another way, in the emphasis on the individual versus the community.
12. Richard L. Sklar, "Developmental Democracy," Comparative Studies in Society and History 29 (October 1987): 686-714, and "Towards a Theory of Developmental Democracy," in Adrian Leftwich, ed., Democracy and Development: Theory and Practice (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1996), 26-27; and Guillermo O'Donnell, "Delegative Democracy," Journal of Democracy 5 (January 1994): 60-62. Sklar terms the lateral form "constitutional democracy" and emphasizes its mutually reinforcing relationship to vertical accountability.
13. Richard L. Sklar, "Developmental Democracy," Comparative Studies in Society and History 29 (October 1987): 686-714, and "Towards a Theory of Developmental Democracy," in Adrian Leftwich, ed., Democracy and Development: Theory and Practice (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1996), 26-27; and Guillermo O'Donnell, "Delegative Democracy," Journal of Democracy 5 (January 1994): 60-62. Sklar terms the lateral form "constitutional democracy" and emphasizes its mutually reinforcing relationship to vertical accountability.
14. Richard L. Sklar, "Developmental Democracy," Comparative Studies in Society and History 29 (October 1987): 686-714, and "Towards a Theory of Developmental Democracy," in Adrian Leftwich, ed., Democracy and Development: Theory and Practice (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1996), 26-27; and Guillermo O'Donnell, "Delegative Democracy," Journal of Democracy 5 (January 1994): 60-62. Sklar terms the lateral form "constitutional democracy" and emphasizes its mutually reinforcing relationship to vertical accountability.
15. Raw-point scores are determined by assigning from 0 to 4 points to each country on each of 8 checklist items for political rights and each of 13 checklist items for civil liberties. For a full explanation of the survey methodology, see Freedom House, Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1994-1995 (New York: Freedom House, 1995), 672-77, or Freedom Review 27 (January-February 1996): 11-15.
16. Raw-point scores are determined by assigning from 0 to 4 points to each country on each of 8 checklist items for political rights and each of 13 checklist items for civil liberties. For a full explanation of the survey methodology, see Freedom House, Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1994-1995 (New York: Freedom House, 1995), 672-77, or Freedom Review 27 (January-February 1996): 11-15.
17. Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 230-38.
18. Both my use of the term "developmental" and my emphasis on the continuous and open-ended nature of change in the character, degree, and depth of democratic institutions owe much to the work of Richard L. Sklar ("Developmental Democracy" and "Towards a Theory of Developmental Democracy"). Readers will nevertheless note important differences in our perspectives.
19. Huntington, The Third Wave, 25-26.
20. Freedom House, Freedom in the World 1994-1995, 5-7.
21. Jonathan Hartlyn, "Democracies in Contemporary South America: Convergences and Diversities," in Joseph Tulchin, ed., Argentina: The Challenges of Modernization (forthcoming). Quotations are from page 14 of a draft manuscript written in November 1995.
22. Barbara Geddes, "Challenging the Conventional Wisdom," in Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 67.
23. Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch World Report 1996 (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1995), xxv.
24. These ten are Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Cameroon, Gabon, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and Ethiopia.
25. Samuel P. Huntington, "Armed Forces and Democracy: Reforming Civil-Military Relations," Journal of Democracy 6 (October 1995): 13.
26. Ibid., 9-10.
27. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, forthcoming), ch. 2, and "Toward Consolidated Democracies," Journal of Democracy 7 (April 1996): 14-33; and Richard Gunther, Hans-Jürgen Puhle, and P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, "Introduction," in Gunther, Diamandouros, and Puhle, eds., The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 7-10.
28. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, forthcoming), ch. 2, and "Toward Consolidated Democracies," Journal of Democracy 7 (April 1996): 14-33; and Richard Gunther, Hans-Jürgen Puhle, and P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, "Introduction," in Gunther, Diamandouros, and Puhle, eds., The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 7-10.
29. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, forthcoming), ch. 2, and "Toward Consolidated Democracies," Journal of Democracy 7 (April 1996): 14-33; and Richard Gunther, Hans-Jürgen Puhle, and P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, "Introduction," in Gunther, Diamandouros, and Puhle, eds., The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 7-10.
30. Laurence Whitehead, "The Consolidation of Fragile Democracies: A Discussion with Illustrations," in Robert A. Pastor, ed., Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the Pendulum (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1989), 79.
31. Samuel P. Huntington, "Democracy for the Long Haul," Journal of Democracy 7 (April 1996): 5.