Traditional and molecular approaches to improving bacteriophage resistance of Cheddar and Mozzarella cheese starters

Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 239-270

  Coffey, A ^a   Stokes, D ^a   Fitzgerald, G F ^b   Ross, R P ^a  

^a ANIMAL AND GRASSLAND RESEARCH AND INNOVATION CENTRE   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Bacteriophage; Cheddar; Mozzarella; Starters

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035564657     PISSN: 07916833     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (220)

1. Ackcelic M. and Tunail, N. 1992. A 30 kDa cell wall protein produced by plasmid DNA which encodes inhibition of phage adsorption in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis P25. Milchwissenschaft 42: 215-217.
2. Ackermann, H.-W. and DuBow, M.S. 1987. Bacteriophage taxonomy. In: "Viruses of Prokaryotes" (Volume I), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pages 1-11.
3. Allen, L.K., Sandine, W.E. and Elliker, P.R. 1963. Transduction in Streptococcus lactis. Journal of Dairy Research 30: 351-357.
4. Allison, G.E. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1998. Phage resistance mechanisms in lactic acid bacteria. International Dairy Journal 8: 207-226.
5. Anba, J., Bidnenko, E., Hillier, A., Ehrlich, D. and Chopin, M.-C. 1995. Characterisation of the lactococcal abiD1 gene encoding for phage abortive infection. Journal of Bacteriology 177: 3818-3823.
6. Anonymous, 1980. Detection and enumeration of mesophilic lactic bacteriophages. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation 129: 29.
7. Anonymous, 1990. Council Directive. Official Journal No. L117: 15.
8. Anonymous, 1991. "Dairy Products 1991 Summary, Agricultural Statistical Board". National Agricultural Statistical Board, National Agricultural Statistical Service, Washington, DC.
9. th November 1994. Official Journal No. L217: 29.
10. Anonymous, 1998. Council Directive 98/81/EU on Amendment of Directive 90/219/EEC on the contained use of genetically modified organisms. Official Journal No. L330: 13.
11. Bickle, T.A. and Krüger, D.H. 1993. Biology of DNA restriction. Microbiology Reviews 57: 434-450.
12. Boyce, J.D., Davidson, B.E. and Hillier, A.J. 1995. Identification of prophage genes expressed in lysogens of the Lactococcus lactis temperate bacteriophage BK5-T. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 4099-4104.
13. Bouchard, J.D. and Moineau, S. 2000. Homologous recombination between a lactococcal bacteriophage and the chromosome of its host strain. Virology 270: 65-75.
14. Breüner, A., Brondsted, L. and Hammer, K. 1999. Novel organization of genes involved in prophage excision identified in the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage TP901-1. Journal of Bacteriology 181: 7291-7297.
15. Brondsted, L., Ostergaard, S., Pedersen, M., Hammer, K. and Vogensen, F.K. 2001. Analysis of the complete DNA sequence of the temperate bacteriophage TP901-1: evolution, structure, and genome organization of lactococcal bacteriophages. Virology 283: 93-109.
16. Brüssow, H., Frémont, M., Bruttin, A., Sidoti, J., Constable, A. and Fryder, V. 1994. Detection and classification of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages isolated from industrial milk fermentation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 4537-4543.
17. Brüssow, H., Bruttin, A., Dèsiere, F., Lucchini, S. and Foley, S. 1998. Molecular ecology and evolution of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages - a review. Virus Genes 16: 95-109.
18. Bruttin, A. and Brussow, H. 1996. Site-specific spontaneous deletions in three genome regions of a temperate Streptococcus thermophilus phage. Virology 219: 96-104.
19. Bruttin, A., Dèsiere, F., d'Amico, N., Guerin, J.-P., Sidoti, J., Huni, B., Lucchini, S. and Brüssow, H. 1997. Molecular ecology of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage infections in a cheese factory. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63: 3144-3150.
20. Burrus, V., Bontemps, C., Decaris, B. and Guedon, G. 2001. Characterization of a novel Type II restriction-modification system, Sth368I, encoded by the integrative element ICESt1 of Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ368. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 1522-1528.
21. Caldwell, S.L., McMahon, D.J., Oberg, C.J. and Broadbent, J.R. 1996. Development and characterisation of lactose-positive Pediococcus species for milk fermentation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 936-941.
22. Chandry, P.S., Moore, S.C., Boyce, J.D., Davidson, D.E. and Hillier, A.J. 1997. Analysis of the DNA sequence, gene expression, origin of replication and modular structure of the Lactococcus lactis lytic bacteriophage ski. Molecular Microbiology 26: 49-64.
23. Christiansen, B., Brønsted, L., Vogensen, F.K. and Hammer, K. 1996. A resolvase-like protein is required for the site-specific integration of the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage TP901-1. Journal of Bacteriology 178: 5164-5173.
24. Chung, D.K., Chung, S.K. and Batt, C.A. 1992. Antisense RNA directed against the major capsid protein of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris bacteriophage 4-1 confers partial resistance to the host. Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 37: 79-83.
25. Cluzel, P.-J., Chopin, A., Ehrlich, S.D. and Chopin, M.-C. 1991. Phage abortive infection mechanism from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, expression of which is mediated by an Iso-ISS1 element. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57: 3547-3551.
26. Coakley, M., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Ross, R.P. 1997. Application and evaluation of the phage resistance and bacteriocin-encoding plasmid pMRC01 for the improvement of dairy starter cultures. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63: 1434-1440.
27. Coffey, A.G., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Daly, C. 1989. Identification and characterisation of a plasmid encoding abortive infection from Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis UC811. Netherlands Milk Dairy Journal 43: 229-244.
28. Coffey, A.G., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Daly, C. 1991a. Cloning and characterisation of the determinant for abortive infection of bacteriophage from lactococcal plasmid pCI829. Journal of General Microbiology 137: 1355-1362.
29. Coffey, A., Costello, V., Fitzgerald, G. and Daly, C. 1991b. Plasmid-encoded bacteriophage insensitivity in members of the genus Lactococcus with special reference to pCI829. In: "Genetics and Molecular Biology of Streptococci, Lactococci and Enterococci" (ed. G. Dunny, P. Cleary and L. McKay), Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, pages 131-135.
30. Coffey, A.G., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Ross R.P. 1997. Biotechnology of cheese starter cultures. The Biochemist 19(4): 20-26.
31. nd Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 4, Chapman and Hall, London, pages 193-256.
32. Collins, E.B. 1956. Host-controlled variations in bacteriophages active against lactic streptococci. Virology 2: 261-271.
33. Costello, V. 1988. Characterisation of bacteriophage-host interaction in Streptococcus cremoris UC503 and related streptococci. PhD thesis, National University of Ireland.
34. Czulak, J., Bant, D.J., Blyth, S.C. and Crace, J.B. 1979. A new cheese starter system. Dairy Industries International 44: 17-19.
35. Daly, C., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Davis, R. 1996. Biotechnology of lactic acid bacteria with special reference to bacteriophage resistance. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 70: 99-110.
36. Danielle, S.D. and Sandine, W.D. 1981. Development and commercial use of a multiple starter strain. Journal of Dairy Science 64: 407-415.
37. Davidson, B.E., Powell, I.B. and Hillier, A.J. 1990. Temperate bacteriophages and lysogeny in lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 87: 79-90.
38. Davis, R.D., van der Lelie, D., Mercenier, A., Daly, C. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1993. ScrFI restriction-modification system of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris UC503: cloning and characterisation of two ScrFI methylase genes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59: 777-785.
39. de Ruyter, P.G., Kuipers, O.P., Meijer, W.C. and de Vos, W.M. 1997. Food-grade controlled lysis of Lactococcus lactis for accelerated cheese ripening. Nature Biotechnology 15: 976-979.
40. de Vos, W.M. 1989. On the carrier state of bacteriophage in starter lactococci: an elementary explanation involving a bacteriophage resistance plasmid. Netherlands Milk Dairy Journal 43: 221-227.
41. de Vos, W.M., Underwood, H.M. and Davies, F.L. 1984. Plasmid encoded bacteriophage resistance in Streptococcus cremoris SK11. FEMS Microbiology Letters 23: 175-178.
42. Deng, Y.-M., Harvey, M.L., Liu, C.O. and Dunn, N.W. 1997. A novel plasmid-encoded phage abortive infection system for Lactococcus lactis biovar. diactylactis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 146: 149-154.
43. Deng, Y.-M., Liu, C.Q. and Dunn, N.W. 1999. Genetic organisation and functional analysis of a novel abortive infection system, AbiL, from Lactococcus lactis. Journal of Biotechnology 67: 135-149.
44. Desiere, F., Lucchini, S. and Brussow, H. 1998. Evolution of Streptococcus themophilus bacteriophage genomes by modular exchanges followed by point mutations and small deletions and insertions. Virology 241: 345-356.
45. Desiere, F., Mahanivong, C., Hillier, A.J., Chandry, P.S., Davidson, B.E. and Brussow, H. 2001. Comparative genomics of lactococcal phages: insight from the complete genome sequence of Lactococcus lactis phage BK5-T. Virology 283: 240-252
46. Dickely, F., Nilsson, D., Hansen, E.B. and Johansen, E. 1995. Isolation of Lactococcus lactis non-sense suppressors and construction of a food-grade vector. Molecular Microbiology 15: 839-847.
47. Dinsmore, P.K. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1994. Phenotypic consequences of altering the copy number of abiA, a gene responsible for aborting bacteriophage infections in Lactococcus lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 1129-1136.
48. Dinsmore, P.K. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1997. Molecular characterisation of a genomic region in a Lactococcus bacteriophage that is involved in its sensitivity to the phage defence mechanism AbiA. Journal of Bacteriology 179: 2949-2957.
49. Dinsmore, P.K., O'Sullivan, D.J. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1998. A leucine repeat motif in AbiA is required for resistance of Lactococcus lactis to phages representing three species. Gene 212: 5-11.
50. Djordjevic, G.M., O'Sullivan, D.J., Walker, S.A., Conkling, M.A. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1997. Bacteriophage-triggered defence systems: phage adaptation and design improvements. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63: 4370-4376.
51. Dougherty, B.A., Hill, C., Weidman, F.F., Richardson, D.R., Venter, J.C. and Ross, R.P. 1998. Sequence and analysis of the 60 kb conjugative, bacteriocin-producing plasmid pMRC01 from Lactococcus lactis DPC3147. Molecular Microbiology 29: 1029-1038.
52. Durmaz, E., Higgins D.L. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1992. Molecular characterisation of a second abortive phage resistance gene present in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ME2. Journal of Bacteriology 174: 7463-7469.
53. Durmaz, E. and Klaenhammer T.R. 2000. Genetic analysis of chromosomal regions of Lactococcus lactis acquired by recombinant lytic phages. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 895-903.
54. Eguchi T., Doi, K., Nishiyama, K., Ohmomo, S. and Ogata, S. 2000. Characterisation of a phage resistance plasmid, pLKS, of silage-making Lactobacillus plantarum NGRI0101. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 64: 751-756.
55. Elsborg, K. 1997. Cheese cultures adapted to specific technologies. European Dairy Magazine, pages 44-45.
56. Emond, E., Holler, B.J., Boucher, P.A., Vandenbergh, P., Vedamuthu, E.R., Kondo J.J. and Moineau, S. 1997. Phenotypic and genetic characterisation of the bacteriophage abortive infection mechanism AbiK from Lactococcus lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63: 1274-1283.
57. Emond, E., Dion, E., Walker, S.A., Vedamuthu, E.R., Kondo, J.K. and Moineau, S. 1998. AbiQ, an abortive infection mechanism from Lactococcus lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 4748-4756.
58. Fayard, B., Haefliner, M. and Accolas, J.P. 1993. Interactions of temperate bacteriophages of Streptococcus salivarius subsp thermophilus with lysogenic indicators affect DNA restriction patterns and host ranges. Journal of Dairy Research 60: 385-399.
59. Feirtag, J.M. and McKay, L.L. 1987. Thermoinducible lysis of temperature-sensitive Streptococcus cremoris strains. Journal of Dairy Science 70: 1779-1784.
60. Fitzgerald, G.F., Daly, C., Brown, L. and Gingeras, T.R. 1982. ScrFI: a new sequence-specific endonuclease from Streptococcus cremoris. Nucleic Acids Research 10: 8171-8179.
61. Fitzgerald, G.F. and Hill, C. 1995. Genetics of starter cultures. In: "Dairy Starter Cultures" (ed. T.M. Cogan and J.P. Accolas), Chapter 2, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 25-45.
62. Foley, S., Lucchini, S., Zwahlen, M.C. and Brussow, H. 1998. A short noncoding viral DNA element showing characteristics of a replication origin confers bacteriophage resistance to Streptococcus thermophilus. Virology 250: 377-387.
63. Forde, A. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1999. Bacteriophage defence systems in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 76: 89-113.
64. Forde, A., Daly, C. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1999. Mentification of four phage resistance plasmids from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris HO2. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 1540-1547.
65. Garbutt, K.C., Kraus, J. and Geller, B.L. 1997. Bacteriophage resistance in Lactococcus lactis engineered by replacement of a gene for a bacteriophage receptor. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 1512-1519.
66. Garvey, P., van Sinderen, D., Twomey, D.P., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Hill, C. 1995a. Molecular genetics of bacteriophage and natural phage defence systems in the genus Lactococcus. International Dairy Journal 5: 905-947.
67. Garvey, P., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Hill, C. 1995b. Cloning and DNA sequence analysis of two abortive infection phage resistance determinants from the lactococcal plasmid pNP40. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 4321-4328.
68. Garvey, P., Hill, C. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1996. The lactococcal plasmid pNP40 encodes a third bacteriophage resistance mechanism, one which affects phage DNA penetration. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 676-679.
69. Gasson, M.J. and Davies, F.L. 1980. High frequency conjugation associated with Streptococcus lactis donor cell aggregation. Journal of Bacteriology 143: 1260-1264.
70. Gasson, M.J. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1994. Gene transfer systems and transposition. In: "Genetics and Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria" (ed. M.J. Gasson and W.M. de Vos), Blackie Academic and Professional, Glasgow, pages 1-51.
71. Geis, A., Janzen, T., Teuber, M. and Wirshing, F. 1992. Plasmid-dependent bacteriophage resistance in lactic acid streptococci: isolation, characterisation and cloning of plasmids. FEMS Microbiology Letters 94: 7-14.
72. Guimont, C., Henry, P. and Linden, G. 1993. Restriction/modification in Streptococcus thermophilus: isolation and characterisation of a type II restriction endonuclease. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 39: 216-220.
73. Gulstrom, T.J., Pearce, L.E., Sandine, W.E. and Elliker, P.R. 1979. Evaluation of commercial phage inhibitory media. Journal of Dairy Science 62: 208-221.
74. Hargrove, R.E, McDonough, F.E. and Tittsler, R.P. 1961. Phosphate heat treatment of milk to prevent bacteriophage proliferation in lactic cultures. Journal of Dairy Science 44: 1799-1810.
75. Harrington, A. and Hill, C. 1991. Construction of a bacteriophage-resistant derivative of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 425A by using the conjugal plasmid pNP40. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57: 3405-3409.
76. +). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55: 2416-2419.
77. Hill, C., Miller, L.A. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1990a. Cloning, expression and sequence determination of a bacteriophage fragment encoding bacteriophage resistance in Lactococcus lactis. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 6419-6426.
78. Hill, C., Miller, L.A. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1990b. Nucleotide sequence and distribution of the pTR2030 phage resistance determinant (hsp) which aborts bacteriophage infection in lactococci. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56: 2255-2258.
79. Hill, C., Miller, L.A. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1991. In vivo genetic exchange of a functional domain from a type II A methylase between lactococcal plasmid pTR2030 and a virulent bacteriophage. Journal of Bacteriology 173: 4363-4370.
80. Hill, C. 1993a. Antisense RNA: a modern solution to a traditional problem. Trends in Food Science & Technology 4: 12-16.
81. Hill, C. 1993b. Bacteriophage and bacteriophage resistance. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 12: 87-108.
82. Hull, R.R. 1983. Factory-derived starter cultures for the control of bacteriophage in cheese manufacture. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 38: 149-153.
83. Jarvis, A.W. 1980. Phage lysins. New Zealand Dairy Research Institute Biennial Report 59, Palmerstown North, New Zealand.
84. Jarvis, A.W. 1981. The use of whey-derived phage resistant starter strains in New Zealand cheese plants. New Zealand Journal of Dairy Science and Technology 16: 25-31.
85. Jarvis, A.W. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1986. Bacteriophage resistance conferred on lactic streptococci by the conjugative plasmid pTR2030: effects on small isometric-large isometric-and prolate-headed phages. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51: 1272-1277.
86. Jarvis, A.W. 1988. Conjugal transfer in lactic streptococci of plasmid-encoded insensitivity to prolate-and small isometric-headed bacteriophages. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54: 777-783.
87. Jarvis, A.W. 1989. Bacteriophages of lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 72: 3406-3428.
88. Jarvis, A.W., Fitzgerald, G.F., Mata, M., Mercenier, A., Neve, H., Powell, I.B., Ronda, C., Saxelin, M. and Tueber, M. 1991. Species and type phages of lactococcal bacteriophages. Intervirology 32: 2-9.
89. Jarvis, A.W. 1992. Analysis of phage resistance mechanisms encoded by the plasmid pAJ2074. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39: 252-258.
90. nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York, pages 385-436.
91. Kelly, W., Dobson, J., Jorck-Ramberg, D., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Daly, C. 1990. Introduction of bacteriophage resistance plasmids into commercial Lactococcus starter cultures. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 87: 63 (Abstract).
92. Kempler, G.M and McKay, L.L. 1979. Genetic evidence for plasmid-linked lactose metabolism in Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 37: 1041-1043.
93. Keogh, B.P. 1972. A re-assessment of the starter rotation system. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 27: 86-88.
94. Kim, S.G., Bor, Y.C. and Batt, C.A. 1992. Bacteriophage resistance in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis using anti-sense ribonucleic acid. Journal of Dairy Science 75: 1761-1767.
95. Kim, S.G. and Batt, C.A. 1991. Anti-sense mRNA-mediated bacteriophage resistance in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57: 1109-1113.
96. nd edition), London: Chapman & Hall, London, page 337.
97. King, W.R., Collins, E.B. and Barrett, E.L. 1983. Frequencies of bacteriophage-resistant and slow acid-producing variants of Streptococcus cremoris. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45: 1481-1485.
98. Klaenhammer, T.R. and McKay, L.L. 1976. Isolation and examination of transducing bacteriophage particles from Streptococcus lactis C2. Journal of Dairy Science 59: 396-404.
99. Klaenhammer, T.R. and Sanozky, R.B. 1985. Conjugal transfer from Streptococcus lactis ME2 of plasmids encoding phage resistance, nisin resistance and lactose-fermenting ability: evidence for a high frequency conjugal plasmid responsible for abortive infection of virulent bacteriophage. Journal of General Microbiology 131: 1531-1541.
100. Klaenhammer, T.R. 1991. Development of bacteriophage resistant strains of lactic acid bacteria. Biochemical Society Transactions 3: 675-681.
101. Kondo, J.K. and McKay, L.L. 1982. Transformation in Streptococcus lactis protoplasts by plasmid DNA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 42: 1213-1215.
102. Lacks, S.A., Springhorn, S.S. and Cerritelli, S. 1991. Restriction/modification systems in pneumococci: why two methylases in the DpnII system? In: "Genetics and Molecular Biology of Streptococci, Lactococci and Enterococci" (ed. G.M. Dunny, P.P. Cleary and L.L. McKay), American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pages 71-76.
103. Larbi, D.B., Decaris, B. and Simonet, J.M. 1992. Different bacteriophage resistance mechanisms in Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus. Journal of Dairy Research 59: 349-357.
104. Lawrence, R.C. and Heap, H.A. 1986. The New Zealand starter system. International Dairy Federation Bulletin 199: 14-20.
105. Lawrence, R.C. and Pearce, L.E. 1972. Starter cultures under control. Dairy Industries International 37: 73-78.
106. Le Marrec, C., van Sinderen, D., Walsh, L., Stanley, E., Viegels, E., Moineau, S., Heinze, P., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Fayard, B. 1997. Two groups of bacteriophages infecting Streptococcus thermophilus can be distinguished on the basis of mode of packaging and genetic determinants for major structural proteins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63: 3246-3253.
107. Lillehaug, D. and Birkeland, N.K. 1993. Characterisation of genetic elements required for site-specific integration of the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage φLC3 and construction of integration negative φLC3 mutants. Journal of Bacteriology 175: 1745-1755.
108. Lillehaug, D., Nes, I.F. and Birkeland, N.K. 1997. A highly efficient and stable system for site-specific integration of genes and plasmids into the phage phiLC3 attachment site (attB) of the Lactococcus lactis chromosome. Gene 188: 129-136.
109. Limsowtin, G.K.Y. and Terzaghi, B.E. 1976. Phage resistant mutants: their selection and use in cheese factories. New Zealand Journal of Dairy Science and Technology 11: 251-256.
110. Limsowtin, G.K.Y., Powell, I.B. and Parente, E. 1995. Types of starters. In: "Dairy Starter Cultures" (ed. T.M. Cogan and J.P. Accolas), Chapter 4, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 101-129.
111. Lindgren, S. 1999. Biosafety aspects of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria in EU legislation. International Dairy Journal 9: 37-41.
112. Lubbers, M.W., Waterfield, N.R., Beresford, T.P., le Page, R.W.F. and Jarvis, A.W. 1995. Sequencing and analysis of the prolate-headed lactococcal bacteriophage c2 genome and identification of the structural genes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 4348-4356.
113. Lucchini, S., Desiere, F. and Brussow, H. 1998. The structural gene module in Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage phi Sfi11 shows a hierarchy of relatedness to Siphoviridae from a wide range of bacterial hosts. Virology 246: 63-73.
114. Lucchini, S., Sidoti, J. and Brussow, H. 2000. Broad-range bacteriophage resistance in Streptococcus thermophilus by insertional mutagenesis. Virology 275: 267-277.
115. Lucey, M., Daly, C. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1992. Cell surface characteristics of Lactococcus lactis harbouring pCI528, a 46kb plasmid encoding inhibition of bacteriophage adsorption. Journal of General Microbiology 138: 2137-2143.
116. Madsen, A. and Josephsen, J. (1998a). Characterisation of LlaCI, a new restriction-modification system from Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris W15. Journal of Biological Chemistry 379: 443-449.
117. Madsen, A. and Josephsen, J. (1998b). Cloning and characterisation of the lactococcal plasmid-encoded type II restriction-modification, LlaGII. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 2424-2431.
118. Madsen, S.M., Mills, D., Djordjevic, G., Israelsen, H. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 2001. Analysis of the genetic switch and replication region of a P335-type bacteriophage with an obligate lytic lifestyle on Lactococcus lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 1128-1139.
119. Marshall, R.J. and Berridge, N.J. 1976. Selection and some properties of phage-resistant starters for cheese-making. Journal of Dairy Research 43: 449-458.
120. Mayo, B., Hardisson, C. and Brana, A.F. 1991. Nucleolytic activities in Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis NCDO497. FEMS Microbiology Letters 79: 195-198.
121. McGrath, S., Seegers, J.F., Fitzgerald, G.F. and van Sinderen, D. 1999. Molecular characterisation of a phage-encoded resistance system in Lactococcus lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 1891-1899.
122. McIntyre, K.H., Heap, H.A., Davey, G.P. and Limsowtin, G.K.Y. 1991. The distribution of lactococcal bacteriophage in the environment of a cheese manufacturing plant. International Dairy Journal 1: 183-197.
123. McKay, L.L., Baldwin, K.A. and Zottola, E.A. 1972. Loss of lactose metabolism in lactic streptococci. Applied Microbiology 23: 1090-1096.
124. McKay, L.L. and Baldwin, K.A. 1974. Simultaneous loss of proteinase and lactose-utilising enzyme activities in Streptococcus lactis and reversal of loss by transduction. Applied Microbiology 28: 342-346.
125. McKay, L.L. and Baldwin, K.A. 1984. Conjugative 40-megadalton plasmid in Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis DRC3 is associated with resistance to nisin and bacteriophage. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47: 68-74.
126. McLandsborough, L.A., Kolaetis, K.M., Requena, T. and McKay, L.L. 1995. Cloning and characterisation of the abortive infection genetic determinant abiD isolated from pBF61 of L. lactis subsp. lactis BR5. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 2023-2026.
127. Mercenier, A., Pouwels, P.H. and Chassy, B.M. 1994. Genetic engineering of lactobacilli, leuconostocs and Streptococcus thermophilus. In: "Genetics and Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria" (ed. M.J. Gasson and W.M. deVos), Blackie Academic and Professional, Glasgow, UK, pages 253-293.
128. Mercenier, A., Slos, P., Faelen, M. and Lecocq, J.P. 1988. Plasmid transduction in Streptococcus thermophilus. Molecular and General Genetics 212: 386-389.
129. Mikkonen, M., Dupont, L., Alatossava, T. and Ritzenthaler, P. 1996. Defective site-specific integration elements are present in the genome of virulent bacteriophage LL-H of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 1847-1851.
130. th Marschall Italian and Speciality Cheeses, Madison, WI, pages 9-17.
131. Moineau, S. 1999. Applications of phage resistance in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 76 (No. 1-4): 377-382.
132. Moineau, S., Durmaz, E., Pandian, S. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1992a. Differentiation of two abortive mechanisms by using monoclonal antibodies directed towards lactococcal bacteriophage capsid proteins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59: 208-212.
133. Moineau, S., Fortier, J., Ackermann, H.W. and Pandian, S. 1992b. Characterisation of lactococcal bacteriophages in Quebec cheese plants. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38: 875-882.
134. Moineau, S., Pandian, S. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1994. Evolution of a lytic bacteriophage via DNA acquisition from the Lactococcus lactis chromosome. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 1832-1841.
135. Moineau, S., Walker, S.A., Vedamuthu, E.R. and Vandenbergh, P.A. 1995a. Cloning and sequencing of LlaDCHI restriction and modification genes from Lactococcus lactis and the relatedness of this system to the Streptococcus pneumoniae DpnII system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 2193-2202.
136. Moineau, S., Walker, S.A., Holler, B.J., Vedamuthu, E.R. and Vandenbergh, P.A. 1995b. Expression of a Lactococcus lactis phage resistance mechanism by Streptococcus thermophilus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 2461-2466.
137. Monteville, M.R., Ardestani, B. and Geller, B.R. 1994. Lactococcal bacteriophages require a host cell wall carbohydrate and a plasma membrane protein for adsorption and ejection of DNA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 3204-3211.
138. Morelli, L., Cocconcelli, P.S. and Callegari, M.L. 1996. Plasmid encoded phage resistance in S. thermophilus. Fifth Symposium on Lactic Acid Bacteria (Abstracts of Posters), Veldhoven, The Netherlands, Abstract F-24.
139. Murray, N.E., Daniel, A.S., Cowan, G.M. and Sharp, P.M. 1993. Conservation of motifs within the unusually variable polypeptide sequences of type I restriction and modification enzymes. Molecular Microbioloy 9: 133-143.
140. Neve, H., Krusch, U. and Tueber. M. 1984. Conjugal transfer and characterisation of bacteriocin plasmids in group N (lactic acid) streptococci. Journal of Bacteriology 157: 833-838.
141. Neve, H., Krusch, U. and Teuber, M. 1989 Classification of virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus isolated from yoghurt and Swiss-type cheese. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 30: 624-629.
142. Neve, H. 1996. Bacteriophage. In: "Dairy Starter Cultures" (ed. T. Cogan and J.P. Accolas), 2nd Edition, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 193-255.
143. Nyengaard, N., Vogensen, F.K. and Josephsen, J. 1993. LlaAI and LlaBI, two type II restriction endonucleases from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris W9 and W56 recognising, respectively, 5'-/GATC-3' and 5'-C/TRYAG-3'. Gene 136: 371-372.
144. Nyengaard, N., Vogensen, F.K. and Josephsen, J. 1995. Restriction-modification systems in Lactococcus lactis. Gene 157: 13-18.
145. Nyengaard, N., Falkenberg-Klok, J. and Josephsen, J. 1996. Cloning and analysis of the restriction-modification system LlaBI, a bacteriophage resistance system from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris W56. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 3494-3498.
146. Oberg, C.J. and Broadbent, J.R. 1993. Thermophilic starter cultures: another set of problems. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 2392-2406.
147. O'Connor, L., Coffey, A., Daly, C. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1996. AbiG, a genotypically novel abortive infection mechanism encoded by plasmid pCI750 of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris UC653. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 3075-3082.
148. O'Connor, L., Tangney, M. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1999. Expression, regulation and mode of action of the AbiG abortive infection system of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris UC653. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 330-335.
149. O'Sullivan, D.J., Hill, C. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1993. Effect of increasing the copy number of bacteriophage origins of replication, in trans, on incoming phage proliferation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59: 2449-2456.
150. O'Sullivan, D.J., Zagula, K. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1995. In vivo restriction by LlaI is encoded by three genes, arranged in an operon with llaIM on the conjugative plasmid pTR2030. Journal of Bacteriology 177: 134-143.
151. O'Sullivan, D., Coffey, A., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Ross, R.P. 1998. Design of a phage insensitive lactococcal dairy starter via sequential transfer of naturally occurring conjugative plasmids. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 4618-4622.
152. O'Sullivan, D., Twomey, D.P., Coffey, A., Hill, C., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Ross, R.P. 2000a. Novel type I restriction specificities through domain shuffling of HsdS subunits in Lactococcus lactis. Molecular Microbiology 36: 866-875.
153. O'Sullivan, D., Ross, R.P., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Coffey, A. 2000b. Investigation of the relationship between lysogeny and lysis of Lactococcus lactis in cheese using prophage-targeted PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 2192-2198.
154. O'Sullivan, D., Ross, R.P., Twomey, D.P., Fitzgerald, G.F., Hill, C. and Coffey, A. 2001. The naturally-occurring lactococcal plasmid, pAH90, links phage resistance and mobility functions to a food-grade selectable marker. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 929-937.
155. O'Sullivan, T., van Sinderen, D. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1999. Structural and functional analysis of pCI65st, a 6.5 kb plasmid from Streptococcus thermophilus NDI-6. Microbiology 145: 127-134.
156. Oram, J.D. 1971. Isolation and properties of a phage receptor substance from the plasma membrane of Streptococcus lactis ML3. Journal of General Virology 13: 59-71.
157. Parada, J.L., la Via, M.I. and Solari, A.J. 1984. Isolation of Streptococcus lactis bacteriophages and their interaction with the host cell wall. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47: 1352-1354.
158. Parente, E. and Moschetti, G. 1997. Starters for Mozzarella cheese. Proceedings of the 5th Cheese Symposium (ed. T.M. Cogan, P.F. Fox and R.P. Ross), Teagasc, Dublin, pages 31-41.
159. Parreira, R., Ehrlich, S.D. and Chopin, M-C. 1996. Dramatic decay of bacteriophage transcripts in lactococcal cells carrying the abortive infection determinant abiB. Molecular Microbiology 19: 221-230.
160. Payne, J., MacCormic, C.A., Griffin, H.G. and Gasson, M.J. 1996. Exploitation of a chromosomally integrated lactose operon for controlled gene expression in Lactococcus lactis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 136: 19-24.
161. Platteeuw, C.I., van Alen-Boerrigter, I., van Schalkwijk, S. and de Vos, W.M. 1996. Food-grade cloning and expression system for Lactococcus lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 1008-1013.
162. Pillidge, C.J., Collins, L.J., Ward, L.J.H., Cantillon, B.M., Shaw, B.D., Timmins, M.J., Heap, H.A., and Polzin, K.M. 2000. Effacacy of four conjugal lactococcal phage resistance plasmids against phage in commercial Lactococcus
163. Poch, M.T., Somkuti, G.A. and Solaiman, D.K. 1997. Sth132I, a novel class-IIS restriction endonuclease of Streptococcus thermophilus ST132. Gene 195: 201-206.
164. Polzin, K.M., Collins, L.J., Lubbers, M.W. and Jarvis, A.W. 1996. Effect of various mRNAs on bacteriophage c2 replication. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 76 (No. 1-4): Abstract F2.
165. Powell, I.B., Tulloch, D.L., Hillier, A.J. and Davidson, B.E. 1992. Phage DNA synthesis and the host DNA degradation in the life cycle of Lactococcus lactis bacteriophage c6A. Journal of General Microbiology 66: 2737-2741.
166. Powell, I.B., Romano, G.M., Hillier, A.J. and Davidson B.E. 1994. Genetic enhancement of phage resistance in a commercial cheese starter. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 49: 30-33.
167. Prevots, F., Daloyau, M., Bonin, O., Dumont, X. and Tolou, S. 1996. Cloning and sequencing of the novel abortive infection gene abiH of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis S94. FEMS Microbiology Letters 142: 295-299.
168. Prevots, F. and Ritzenthaler, P. 1998. Complete sequence of the new lactococcal phage resistance gene abiO. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 1483-1485.
169. Prevots, F., Tolou, S., Delpech, B., Kaghad, M. and Daloyau, M. 1998. Nucleotide sequence and analysis of the new chromosomal abortive infection gene abiN of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris S114. FEMS Microbiology Letters 159: 331-336.
170. Raya, R.R. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1992. High frequency transduction by Lactobacillus gasseri bacteriophage φadh. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58: 187-193.
171. Reiter, B. 1956. Inhibition of lactic Streptococcus bacteriophage. Dairy Industries International 21: 877-879.
172. Reyrolle, J., Chopin, M-C., Letellier, F. and Novel, G. 1982. Lysogenic strains of lactic streptococci and lytic spectra of their temperate bacteriophages. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43: 349-356.
173. Richardson, G.H., Hong, G.L. and Ernstrom, C.A. 1980. Defined single strains of lactic streptococci in bulk culture for Cheddar and Monteray cheese manufacture. Journal of Dairy Science 63: 1981-1986.
174. Ryan, M.P., Rea, M., Hill, C. and Ross, R.P. 1996. An application in Cheddar cheese manufacture for a strain of Lactococcus lactis producing a novel broad-spectrum bacteriocin, lacticin 3147. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 612-619.
175. Sanders, M.E. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1981. Evidence for a plasmid linkage of restriction and modification in Streptococcus cremoris KH. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 42: 944-950.
176. Sanders, M.E. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1983. Characterisation of phage-sensitive mutants from a phage-insensitive strain of Streptococcus lactis: evidence for a plasmid determinant that prevents phage adsorption. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 46: 1125-1133.
177. Sanders, M.E. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1984. Phage resistance in a phage insensitive strain of Streptococcus lactis: temperature-dependent phage development and host-controlled phage replication. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47: 979-985.
178. Sanders, M.E., Leonhard, P.J., Sing, W.D. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1986. Conjugal strategy for the production of fast-acid producing bacteriophage-resistant lactic streptococci for use in dairy fermentations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 52: 1101-1107.
179. Sandine, W.E., Elliker, P.R., Allen, L.K. and Brown, W.C. 1962. Genetic exchange and variability in lactic streptococcus starter organisms. Journal of Dairy Science 45: 1266-1271.
180. Sandine, W.E. 1995. Commercial production of dairy starter cultures. In: "Dairy Starter Cultures" (ed. T.M. Cogan and J.P. Accolas), Chapter 7, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 191-206.
181. Schouler, C., Ehrlich, S.D. and Chopin, M-C. 1994. Sequence and organisation of the lactococcal prolate-headed phage bIL67 genome. Microbiology 140: 3061-3069.
182. Schouler, C., Clier, F., Lerayer, A.D., Ehrlich, S.D. and Chopin, M-C. 1998a. A type IC restriction-modification system in Lactococcus lactis. Journal of Bacteriology 180: 407-411.
183. Schouler, C., Gautier, S., Ehrlich, S.D. and Chopin, M-C. 1998b. Combinational variation of restriction-modification specificities in Lactococcus lactis. Molecular Microbiology 28: 169-178.
184. Shearman, C.A., Jury, K. and Gasson, M.J. 1992. Autolytic Lactococcus lactis expressing a lactococcal bacteriophage lysin gene. Biotechnology 10: 196-199.
185. Shimizu-Kadota, M., Sakurai, T. and Tsuchida, T. 1983. Prophage origin of a virulent phage appearing on fermentations of Lactobacillus casei S-1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45: 669-674.
186. Sijtsma, L., Sterkenburg, A. and Wouters, J.T.M. 1988. Properties of the cell walls of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK110 and SK112 and their relation to bacteriophage resistance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54: 2808-2811.
187. Sijtsma, L., Jansen, N., Hazeleger, W.C., Wouters, J.T.M. and Hellingwerf, K.J. 1990. Cell surface characteristics of bacteriophage-resistant Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK110 and it's bacteriophage-insensitive variant SK112. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56: 1264-1271.
188. Sing, W.D. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1986. Conjugal transfer of bacteriophage resistance determinants on pTR2030 into Streptococcus cremoris strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51: 1264-1271.
189. Sing, W.D. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1990. Characteristics of phage abortion conferred in lactococci by the conjugal plasmid pTR2030. Journal of General Microbiology 136: 1807-1815.
190. Sing, W.D. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 1993. A strategy for rotation of different bacteriophage defences in a lactococcal single-strain starter system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59: 365-372.
191. Solaiman, D.K.Y. and Somkuti, G.A. 1990. Isolation and characterisation of a type II restriction endonuclease from Streptococcus thermophilus ST117. FEMS Microbiology Letters 67: 261-266.
192. Solow, B.T. and Somkuti, G.A. 2001. Molecular properties of Streptococcus thermophilus plasmid pER35 encoding a restriction modification system. Current Microbiology 42: 122-128.
193. Stadhouders, J. and Leenders, G.J.M. 1984. Spontaneously developed mixed strain cheese starters. Their behaviour towards phages and their use in the Dutch cheese industry. Netherlands Milk Dairy Journal 38: 157-181.
194. Stadhouders, J. 1986. The control of cheese starter activity. Netherlands Milk Dairy Journal 40: 155-173.
195. Stanley, E., Fitzgerald, G.F., le Marrec, C., Fayard, B. and van Sinderen, D. 1997. Sequence analysis and characterisation of φ01205, a temperate bacteriophage infecting Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ1205. Microbiology 143: 3417-3429.
196. Stanley, E., Walsh, L., van der Zwet, A., Fitzgerald, G.F. and van Sinderen, D. 2000. Identification of four loci isolated from two Streptococcus thermophilus phage genomes responsible for mediating bacteriophage resistance. FEMS Microbiology Letters 182: 271-277.
197. Steiner, M., Lubitz, W. and Blasi, U. 1993. The missing link in phage lysis of gram-positive bacteria: gene 14 of Bacillus subtilis phage φ29 encodes the functional homologue of lambda S protein. Journal of Bacteriology 175: 1038-1042.
198. Stokes, D., Ross, R.P., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Coffey, A. 2001. Application of Streptococcus thermophilus DPC1842 as an adjunct to counteract phage in a predominantly lactococcal Cheddar cheese starter: use in bulk starter culture systems. Le Lait 81: 327-334.
199. Su, P., Harvey, M., Im, H.J. and Dunn, N.W. 1997. Isolation, cloning and characterisation of the abil gene from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis M138 encoding abortive phage infection. Journal of Biotechnology 54: 95-104.
200. Su, P., Im, H., Hisch, H., Kang, A.S. and Dunn, N.W. 1999. LlaFI, a type III restriction and modification system in Lactococcus lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 686-693.
201. Thunnell, R.K., Sandine, W.E. and Bodyfelt, F.W. 1981. Phage insensitive multiple strain starter approach to cheese making. Journal of Dairy Science 64: 2270-2277.
202. Timmons, P., Hurley, M., Drinan, F., Daly, C. and Cogan, T.M. 1988. Development and use of a defined strain starter for Cheddar cheese. Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 41: 49-53.
203. rd International ASM Conference on Streptococcal Genetics, Abstract 50.
204. Tremblay, D.M. and Moineau, S. 1999. Complete genomic sequence of the lytic bacteriophage DT1 of Streptococcus thermophilus. Virology 255: 63-76.
205. 5C methytransferase of Lactococcus lactis. Gene 136: 205-209.
206. Twomey, D.P., Gabillet, N., Daly, C. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1997. Molecular characterisation of the restriction endonuclease gene (scrFIR) associated with the ScrFI restriction-modification system from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris UC503. Microbiology 143: 2277-2286.
207. Twomey, D.P., McKay, L.L. and O'Sullivan, D.J. 1998. Molecular characterisation of the Lactococcus lactis LlaKR2I restriction-modification system and effect of IS982 element positioned between the restriction and modification genes. Journal of Bacteriology 180: 5844-5854.
208. Twomey D.P., De Urraza, P.J., McKay, L.L. and O'Sullivan, D.J. 2000. Characterization of AbiR, a novel multicomponent abortive infection mechanism encoded by plasmid pKR223 of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis KR2. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 2647-2651.
209. Valyasevi, R., Sandine, W.E. and Geller, B.L. 1991. A membrane protein is required for bacteriophage c2 infection of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis c2. Journal of Bacteriology 173: 6095-6100.
210. van de Guchte, M., Daly, C., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Arendt, E.K. 1994a. Identification of the putative repressor-encoding gene ci of the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage Tuc2009. Gene 144: 93-95.
211. van de Guchte, M., Daly, C., Fitzgerald, G.F. and Arendt, E.K. 1994b. Identification of int and attP on the genome of lactococcal bacteriophage Tuc2009 and their use for site-specific plasmid integration into Lactococcus lactis MG1363. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 2324-2329.
212. van der Krol, A.R., Mol, J.N. and Stuitje, A.R. 1988. Antisense genes in plants: an overview. Gene 72: 45-50.
213. van Sinderen, D., Karsens, H., Kok, J., Terpstra, P., Ruiters, M.H.J., Venema, J. and Nauta, A. 1996. Sequence analysis and molecular characterisation of the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage rlt. Molecular Microbiology 19: 1343-1355.
214. Venema, G., Kok, J. and van Sinderen, D. 1999. From DNA sequence to application: possibilities and complications. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 76: 3-23.
215. Whitehead, H.R. and Cox, G.A. 1934. Observations on the sudden changes in the rate of acid formation in milk by cultures of lactic streptococci. Journal of Dairy Research 5: 197.
216. Whitehead, H.R. and Cox, G.A. 1935. The occurrence of bacteriophage in lactic streptococci. New Zealand Journal of Dairy Science and Technology 16: 319-320.
217. th Marschall Italian and Speciality Cheeses, Madison, WI, page 11.
218. Whitehead, W.E., Ayres, J.W. and Sandine, W.E. 1993. A review of starter media for cheese making. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 2344-2353.
219. Wilson, G.G. and Murray, N.M. 1991. Restriction and modification systems. Annual Review of Genetics 25: 585-627.
220. Young, R. 1992. Bacteriophage lysis: mechanism and regulation. Microbiology Reviews 56: 430-481.