Problem-based learning: Challenges, barriers and outcome issues

Saudi Medical Journal

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 389-397

  Azer, Samy A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Basic and clinical sciences; Challenges and barriers; Cognitive skills; Integration; Medical education; New curriculum; Problem based learning; Problem based learning tutors; Resistance to change

Indexed keywords

CURRICULUM; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; HUMAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL SCHOOL; MEDICAL STUDENT; NEEDS ASSESSMENT; ORGANIZATION; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PROBLEM BASED LEARNING; PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; STANDARD;

ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; CURRICULUM; EDUCATION, MEDICAL, UNDERGRADUATE; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FACULTY, MEDICAL; HUMANS; NEEDS ASSESSMENT; ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION; PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING; PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT; PROGRAM EVALUATION; STUDENTS, MEDICAL;

EID: 0035348813     PISSN: 03795284     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Eisenberg L. Science in medicine: too much or too little and too limited in scope? Am J Med 1988; 84: 483-491.
2. Mennin SP, Kaufman A. The change process and medical education. Medical Teacher 1989; 11: 9-16.
3. Grant JR, Gale R. Changing medical education. Medical Education 1989; 23: 252-257.
4. Fullan M. The new meaning of educational change. London: Cassel: 1991.
5. Aldred SE, Aldred MJ, Walsh LJ, Dick B. The direct and indirect costs of implementing problem-based learning into traditional professional courses within universities. Evaluation and Investigation Program Higher Education Division, Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs. Canberra 1997.
6. Grant RJ, Gale R. Leading educational change. Journal of Course Organizers 1990; 5: 63-71.
7. Ryan G, Little P. Innovation in a nursing curriculum: A process of change. In: Boud D, Feletti G, editors. The challenge of problem-based learning. London: Kogan Page; 1991. p. 87-101.
8. Ostwald MJ, Chen SE. Marginalization of theoretical issues in a professional PBL courseæa structural or attitudal problem? In: Chen SE, Cowdroy RM, Kingsland AJ, Ostwald MJ, editors. Reflections on problem-based learning. Australia: Australian PBL Network; 1995.
9. Ostwald MJ. Within the margins: Problem-based learning and the history/theory gap. In: Fung S, Jackson M, editors. Teaching theories/architectural history. Forthcoming: University of South Australia; 1994.
10. Ostwald MJ. Within the margins: Between political and educational dimensions. In: Fung S, Jackson M, editors. Teaching theories/architectural history. Australia: University of South Australia; 1994.
11. Nickles T. Introductory essay: scientific discovery and the future of philosophy of science. In: Nickles T, editor. Scientific discovery, logic and rationality. New York: Reidel; 1980.
12. Barrows HS, Tamblyn RM. Problem-based learning: An approach to medical education, Series on Medical Education, New York: Springer Verlag; 1988.
13. Heycox K, Bolzan N. Applying problem-based learning in first year social work. In: Boud D, Feletti G, editors. The challenge of problem-based learning. London: Kogan Page; 1991.
14. Cawley P. The introduction of a problem-based option into a conventional engineering degree course. Studies in Higher Education 1989; 14: 83-95.
15. Lovie-Kitchen J. Problem-based learning in optometry. In the challenge of problem-based learning. In: Boud D, Feletti G, editors. London: Kogan Page; 1991.
16. Boud D, Feletti G. Introduction, In: Boud D, Feletti G, editors. The challenge of problem-based learning. New York: St Martin's Press; 1991. p. 5-15.
17. Mennin SP, Martinez-Burrola N. The cost of problem-based vs. traditional medical education. Medical Education 1986; 20: 187-194.
18. Barrows HS. Practice-based learning: Problem-based learning applied to medical education, Springfield: Ill: Schoool of Medicine 1994.
19. Benbow EW, Rutishauser S, Stoddart RW, Andrew SM, Freemont AJ. Pathologists and problem-based learning. J Pathol 1996; 180: 340-342.
20. Berkson L. Problem-based learning: Have the expectations been met? Academic Medicine 1993; 68: S79-S88.
21. Boshuizen HPA, Van der Vleuten CPM, Schmidt HG, Machiels-Bongaerts M. Measuring knowledge and clinical reasoning skills in a problem-based curriculum. Medical Education 1997; 31: 115-121.
22. Hobus PPM, Schmidt HG, Boshuizen HPA, Patel VL. Contextual factors in the activation of first hypotheses: Expert-novice differences. Medical Education 1987; 21: 471-476.
23. Boshuizen HPA, Schmidt HG, Custers EJFM, Van de Wiel MW. Knowledge development and restructuring in the domain of medicine: The role of theory and practice. Learning and Instruction 1995; 5: 269-289.
24. Clark E, Rieker P. Gender differences in relationships and stress of medical and law students. Journal of Medical Education 1986; 61: 32-40.
25. Hiens M, Fahey S, Leidon L. Perceived stress in medical, law and graduate students. Journal of Medical Education 1984; 59: 169-179.
26. Miller J, Trimbur J, Wilkes J. Group dynamics: Understanding group success and failure in collaborative learning. New Directions for Teaching and Learning 1994; 59: 33-44.
27. Reinders S. Problem-based learning from a students' point of view. In: Bouhuijs P, Schmidt HG, Van Berkael H, editors. Problem-based Learning as an educational strategy, Maastricht. Netherlands: Network Publications, 1993.
28. Eagle CJ, Harasym PH, Mandin H. Effects of tutors with case expertise on problem-based learning issues. Academic Medicine 1992; 67: 465-469.
29. Wilkerson L, Hafler JP, Lin PA. Case study of student-directed discussion in four Problem-based Tutorial Groups. Proceedings of the Thirtieth Annual Conference on Research in Medical Education. Academic Medicine 1991; 66: S79-S81.
30. Silver M, Wilkinson L. Effects of tutors with subject expertise on the problem-based tutorial process. Academic Medicine 1991; 66: 298-300.
31. Schwartz RW, Burgett JE, Blue AV, Donnelly MB, Sloan DA. Problem-based tutorial process. Academic Medicine 1991; 66: 298-300.
32. Davis WK, Nairn R, Paine ME, Anderson RM, Oh MS. Effects of expert and non-expert facilitators on the small group process and on student performance. Academic Medicine 1992; 67: 470-474.
33. Bhattacharya N. Students' perceptions of problem-based learning at the BP Koirala Institute if Health Sciences, Nepal. Medical Education 1998; 32: 407-410.
34. Dolmans DHJM, Wolfhagen IHAP, Schmidt HG, Vleuten CPM. A rating scale for tutor evaluation in a problem-based curriculum: Validity and reliability. Medical Education 1994; 25: 550-558.
35. Gijselaers WH, Schmidt HG. Development and evaluation of a causal model of a problem-based learning. In: Nooman ZM, Schmidt HG, Ezzat ES, editors. Innovation in Medical Education: An evaluation of its present status. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1990. p. 95-113.
36. Crosby J. AMEE Medical Education Guide: Learning in small group. Number 8. Medical Teacher 1996; 18: 189-202.
37. Boud D, Keogh R, Walker D. Reflection: Turning experience into learning. London Koga Page; 1995.
38. Rono F. A students' review of the challenges and limitations of problem-based learning. Education of Health 1997; 10: 199-204.
39. Dolmans DH, Snelkn-Bellendong H, Wolfhagen IHAP, Van der Vleuten CPM. Seven principles of effective care design for a problem-based curriculum. Medical Teacher 1997; 19: 185-189.
40. Hitchcock MA, Anderson AS. Dealing with dysfunctional tutorial groups. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 1997; 9: 19-24.
41. Thomas R. Problem-based learning: measurable outcomes. Medical Education 1997; 31: 320-329.
42. Barrows HS, Norman GR, Neufield VR, Feightner JW. The clinical reasoning of randomly selected physicians in general medical practice. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 1982; 5: 49-55.
43. Norman GR. Problem-solving skills: Solving problems and problem-based learning. Medical Education 1988; 22: 279-283.
44. Patel VL, Groen GJ, Normal R. Effects of conventional and problem-based medical curricula on problem solving. Academic Medicine 1991; 66: 380-389.
45. Boshuizen HPA, Schmidt HG, Wassmer L. Curriculum style and the integration of biomedical and clinical knowledge. In: Bouhuijs PAJ, Schmidt HG, Van Berkel HJM, editors. Problem-based Learning as an Education Strategy. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Network Publications; 1994: 32-42.
46. Albanese MA, Mitchell S. Problem-based learning: A review of literature on its outcomes ad implementation issues. Academic Medicine 1993; 68: 52-81.
47. Hojat M, Robeson M, Damjonov I, Veloski JJ, Glaser K, Gonnella JS. Students' psychosocial characteristics as predictors of academic performance in medical school. Academic Medicine 1993; 68: 635-637.
48. Aldrich CK. Psychiatric interviews and psychological tests as predictors of medical students' success. Journal of Medical Education 1987; 62: 658-664.
49. Grover PL, Smith DU. Academic anxiety, locus of control, and achievement in medical school. Journal of Medical Education 1981; 56: 727-736.
50. Shen H, Comrey AL. Predicting medical students; academic performances by their cognitive abilities and personality characteristics. Academic Medicine 1997; 72: 781-786.
51. Colliver JA. Effectiveness of problem-based learning curricula: research and theory. Academic Medicine 2000; 75: 259-266.
52. Albanese M. Problem-based learning: why curricula are likely to show little effect on knowledge and clinical skills. Medical Education 2000; 34: 729-738.
53. Norman GR, Schmidt HG. Effectiveness of problem-based learning curricula: theory, practice and paper darts. Medical Education 2000; 34: 721-728.
54. Eisenstaedt RS, Barry WE, Glanz K. Problem-based learning: Cognitive retention and cohort trials of randomly selected participants and decliners. Academic Medicine 1990; 69: S11-S12.
55. Distlehorst LH, Robbs RS. A comparison of problem-based learning and standard curriculum students: Three years retrospective data. Teaching and Learning Medicine 1998; 10: 131-137.
56. Schwartz RW, Donnelly MB, Nash PP, Young B. Developing student's cognitive skills in a problem-based surgery clerkship. Academic Medicine 1992; 67: 694-696.
57. Birgegard G and Lindquist U. Change in student attitudes to medical school after the introduction of problem-based learning in spite of ratings. Medical Education 1998; 32: 46-49.
58. Kaufman A, Mann KV. Basic sciences in problem-based learning and conventional curricula: students' attitudes. Medical Education 1997; 31: 177-180.
59. Tolnai S. Continuing medical education and career choice among graduates of problem-based and traditional curricula. Medical Education 1991; 25: 414-420.
60. Woodward CA, Ferrier BM. Perspective of graduates two or five years after graduation from a three-year medical school. Journal of Medical Education 1982; 57: 294-302.
61. Sadlo G. Problem-based learning enhances the educational experience of occupational therapy students. Education for Health 1997; 10: 101-114.
62. Ramsden P. Learning to teach in higher education. London: Routledge; 1992.
63. Coles CR. Differences between conventional and problem-based curricula in their students' approach to studying. Medical Education 1985; 19: 308-309.
64. Newble DI, Clarke RM. The approaches to learning of students in a traditional and in an innovative problem-based medical school. Medical Education 1986; 20: 267-273.
65. Eaton DM, Cottrell D. Structured teaching methods enhance skill acquisition but not problem-solving abilities; An evaluation of the "silent run through". Medical Education 1999; 33: 19-23.
66. Solman P, Finch E. A qualitative study identifying stressors associated with adapting to problem-based learning. Teaching and learning in Medicine 1998; 10: 58-64.
67. Rand JS, Baglioni AJ Jr. Subject-based problem-based learning in the veterinary science course at the University of Queensland. Australian Veterinary Journal 1997; 75: 120-125.
68. Barrington D, Wing L, Latimer WK, Aplens J, Prideaux D. Evaluation of a change for traditional case studies to patient-based, problem-based learning: a case study. Medical Teacher 1997; 19: 104-116.
69. Sivam SP, Latridis PG, Vaughan S. Integration of pharmacology into problem-based learning curriculum for medical students. Medical Education 1995; 29: 289-296.
70. Farnsworth CC. Measuring the effects of problem-based learning on the development of veterinary students' clinical expertise. Academic Medicine 1997; 72: 552-554.