메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 58, Issue 7, 2001, Pages 765-779

A model of transport across the tropical tropopause

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR; ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; OZONE; TROPOSPHERE; UPPER ATMOSPHERE; VAPORS;

EID: 0035308257     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0765:AMFTAT>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (165)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 0022860162 scopus 로고
    • Thunderstorm cloud top dynamics as inferred from satellite observations and a cloud top parcel model
    • Adler, R. F., and R. A. Mack, 1986: Thunderstorm cloud top dynamics as inferred from satellite observations and a cloud top parcel model. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1945-1960.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 1945-1960
    • Adler, R.F.1    Mack, R.A.2
  • 2
    • 0016483233 scopus 로고
    • Entrainment by a plume or jet at a density interface
    • Baines, W. D., 1975: Entrainment by a plume or jet at a density interface. J. Fluid Mech., 68, 309-320.
    • (1975) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.68 , pp. 309-320
    • Baines, W.D.1
  • 3
    • 0038659728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical cyclone Marlene and stratosphere-troposphere exchange
    • Baray, J. L., G. Ancellet, T. Randriambelo, and S. Baldy, 1999: Tropical cyclone Marlene and stratosphere-troposphere exchange. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 13 953-13 970.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 13953-13970
    • Baray, J.L.1    Ancellet, G.2    Randriambelo, T.3    Baldy, S.4
  • 5
    • 0020332247 scopus 로고
    • Saturation point analysis of moist convective overturning
    • Betts, A. K., 1982: Saturation point analysis of moist convective overturning. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1484-1505.
    • (1982) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 1484-1505
    • Betts, A.K.1
  • 6
    • 0023482398 scopus 로고
    • Conserved variable analysis of the convective boundary layer thermodynamic structure over the tropical oceans
    • _, and B. A. Albrecht, 1987: Conserved variable analysis of the convective boundary layer thermodynamic structure over the tropical oceans. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 83-99.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 83-99
    • Albrecht, B.A.1
  • 7
    • 84977286530 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere
    • Brewer, A. W., 1949: Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 75, 351-363.
    • (1949) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.75 , pp. 351-363
    • Brewer, A.W.1
  • 8
    • 0027492247 scopus 로고
    • Mixing by a turbulent plume in a confined stratified region
    • Cardoso, S. S. S., and A. W. Woods, 1993: Mixing by a turbulent plume in a confined stratified region. J. Fluid Mech., 250, 277-305.
    • (1993) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.250 , pp. 277-305
    • Cardoso, S.S.S.1    Woods, A.W.2
  • 9
    • 0020414675 scopus 로고
    • A dehydration mechanism for the stratosphere
    • Danielsen, E. F., 1982: A dehydration mechanism for the stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 605-608.
    • (1982) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.9 , pp. 605-608
    • Danielsen, E.F.1
  • 10
    • 0027449625 scopus 로고
    • In situ evidence of rapid, vertical, irreversible transport of lower tropospheric air into the lower tropical stratosphere by convective cloud turrets and by larger-scale upwelling in tropical cyclones
    • _, 1993: In situ evidence of rapid, vertical, irreversible transport of lower tropospheric air into the lower tropical stratosphere by convective cloud turrets and by larger-scale upwelling in tropical cyclones. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8665-8681.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 8665-8681
  • 11
    • 0019055528 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory studies of the entrainment zone of a convectively mixed layer
    • Deardorff, J. W., G. E. Willis, and G. H. Stockton, 1980: Laboratory studies of the entrainment zone of a convectively mixed layer. J. Fluid Mech., 100, 41-64.
    • (1980) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.100 , pp. 41-64
    • Deardorff, J.W.1    Willis, G.E.2    Stockton, G.H.3
  • 12
    • 0032534206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reexamination of the "stratospheric fountain" hypothesis
    • Dessler, A. E., 1998: A reexamination of the "stratospheric fountain" hypothesis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4165-4168.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 4165-4168
    • Dessler, A.E.1
  • 13
    • 0033590334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the amount of water vapor entering the stratosphere based on halogen occultation experiment HALOE data
    • _, and H. Kim, 1999: Determination of the amount of water vapor entering the stratosphere based on Halogen Occultation Experiment HALOE data. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30 605-30 607.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 30605-30607
    • H, K.1
  • 15
    • 0000678938 scopus 로고
    • Origin and distribution of the polyatomic molecules in the atmosphere
    • Dobson, G. M. B., 1956: Origin and distribution of the polyatomic molecules in the atmosphere. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A236, 187-193.
    • (1956) Proc. Roy. Soc. London , vol.A236 , pp. 187-193
    • Dobson, G.M.B.1
  • 16
    • 0027009940 scopus 로고
    • Observations of record cold cloud-top temperatures in tropical cyclone Hilda (1990)
    • Ebert, E. E., and G. J. Holland, 1992: Observations of record cold cloud-top temperatures in tropical cyclone Hilda (1990). Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2240-2251.
    • (1992) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.120 , pp. 2240-2251
    • Ebert, E.E.1    Holland, G.J.2
  • 17
    • 0026305596 scopus 로고
    • A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models
    • Emanuel, K. A., 1991: A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2313-2335.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 2313-2335
    • Emanuel, K.A.1
  • 18
    • 0344433876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and evaluation of a convection scheme for use in climate models
    • _, and M. Živković-Rothman, 1999: Development and evaluation of a convection scheme for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1766-1782.
    • (1999) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.56 , pp. 1766-1782
    • Živković-Rothman, M.1
  • 19
    • 0033610128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A barrier to vertical mixing at 14 km in the tropics: Evidence from ozonesondes and aircraft measurements
    • Folkins, I., M. Lowenstein, J. Podolske, S. J. Oltmans, and M. Proffitt, 1999: A barrier to vertical mixing at 14 km in the tropics: Evidence from ozonesondes and aircraft measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22 095-22 102.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 22095-22102
    • Folkins, I.1    Lowenstein, M.2    Podolske, J.3    Oltmans, S.J.4    Proffitt, M.5
  • 20
    • 0343750717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric water vapour changes as a possible contributor to observed stratospheric cooling
    • Forster, P. M. D., and K. P. Shine, 1999: Stratospheric water vapour changes as a possible contributor to observed stratospheric cooling. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3309-3312.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 3309-3312
    • Forster, P.M.D.1    Shine, K.P.2
  • 21
    • 0026295825 scopus 로고
    • Long-term mean vertical motion over the tropical Pacific: Wind-profiling doppler radar measurements
    • Gage, K. S., J. R. McAfee, D. A. Carter, W. L. Ecklund, A. C. Riddle, G. C. Reid, and B. B. Balsley, 1991: Long-term mean vertical motion over the tropical Pacific: Wind-profiling doppler radar measurements. Science, 254, 1771-1773.
    • (1991) Science , vol.254 , pp. 1771-1773
    • Gage, K.S.1    McAfee, J.R.2    Carter, D.A.3    Ecklund, W.L.4    Riddle, A.C.5    Reid, G.C.6    Balsley, B.B.7
  • 22
    • 0345516757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A distribution law tor relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements
    • Gierens, K., U. Schumann, M. Helten, H. Smit, and A. Marenco, 1999: A distribution law tor relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements. Ann. Geophys., 17, 1218-1226.
    • (1999) Ann. Geophys. , vol.17 , pp. 1218-1226
    • Gierens, K.1    Schumann, U.2    Helten, M.3    Smit, H.4    Marenco, A.5
  • 25
    • 0011689353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the formation and persistence of subvisible cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause
    • Jensen, E. J., O. B. Toon, H. B. Selkirk, J. D. Spinhirne, and M. R. Schoeberl, 1996: On the formation and persistence of subvisible cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause. J. Geophys. Res., 101D, 21 361-21 375.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 D , pp. 21361-21375
    • Jensen, E.J.1    Toon, O.B.2    Selkirk, H.B.3    Spinhirne, J.D.4    Schoeberl, M.R.5
  • 26
    • 0033793289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: Inferences from the isotopic composition of water vapor
    • Keith, D. W., 2000: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: Inferences from the isotopic composition of water vapor. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15 167-15 173.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 15167-15173
    • Keith, D.W.1
  • 28
    • 0033604367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of climate change on ozone depletion through changes in stratospheric water vapour
    • Kirk-Davidoff, D. B., E. J. Hintsa, J. Anderson, and D. W. Keith, 1999: The effect of climate change on ozone depletion through changes in stratospheric water vapour. Nature, 402, 399-401.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 399-401
    • Kirk-Davidoff, D.B.1    Hintsa, E.J.2    Anderson, J.3    Keith, D.W.4
  • 30
    • 0024815378 scopus 로고
    • Low-level inversions over the tropical Pacific - Thermodynamic structure of the boundary layer and the above-inversion moisture structure
    • Kloesel, K. A., and B. A. Albrecht, 1989: Low-level inversions over the tropical Pacific - Thermodynamic structure of the boundary layer and the above-inversion moisture structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 87-101.
    • (1989) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 87-101
    • Kloesel, K.A.1    Albrecht, B.A.2
  • 31
    • 0027444138 scopus 로고
    • Radon measurements in the lower tropical stratosphere - Evidence for rapid vertical transport and dehydration of tropospheric air
    • Kritz, M. A., S. W. Rosner, K. K. Kelly, M. Loewenstein, and K. R. Chan, 1993: Radon measurements in the lower tropical stratosphere - Evidence for rapid vertical transport and dehydration of tropospheric air. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8725-8736.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 8725-8736
    • Kritz, M.A.1    Rosner, S.W.2    Kelly, K.K.3    Loewenstein, M.4    Chan, K.R.5
  • 32
    • 0006835933 scopus 로고
    • Modeling of mixing by turbulent jet in stably stratified fluid
    • Larson, M., and L. Jönsson, 1995: Modeling of mixing by turbulent jet in stably stratified fluid. J. Hydraul. Eng., 32, 271-289.
    • (1995) J. Hydraul. Eng. , vol.32 , pp. 271-289
    • Larson, M.1    Jönsson, L.2
  • 33
    • 0029769241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor
    • Mote, P. W., and Coauthors, 1996: An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3989-4006.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 3989-4006
    • Mote, P.W.1
  • 34
    • 0030207001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATMOS stratospheric deuterated water and implications for troposphere-stratosphere exchange
    • Moyer, E. J., F. W. Irion, Y. L. Yung, and M. R. Gunson, 1996: ATMOS stratospheric deuterated water and implications for troposphere-stratosphere exchange. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2385-2388.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 2385-2388
    • Moyer, E.J.1    Irion, F.W.2    Yung, Y.L.3    Gunson, M.R.4
  • 35
    • 0028797558 scopus 로고
    • Increase in lower-stratospheric water-vapor at a mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere site from 1981 to 1994
    • Oltmans, S. J., and D. J. Hofmann, 1995: Increase in lower-stratospheric water-vapor at a mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere site from 1981 to 1994. Nature, 374, 146-149.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.374 , pp. 146-149
    • Oltmans, S.J.1    Hofmann, D.J.2
  • 36
    • 0029412925 scopus 로고
    • Thermostats, radiator fins, and the local runaway greenhouse
    • Pierrehumbert, R. T., 1995: Thermostats, radiator fins, and the local runaway greenhouse. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1784-1806.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 1784-1806
    • Pierrehumbert, R.T.1
  • 37
    • 0029501018 scopus 로고
    • The role of monsoon convection in the dehydration of the lower tropical stratosphere
    • Potter, B. E., and J. R. Holton, 1995: The role of monsoon convection in the dehydration of the lower tropical stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1034-1050.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 1034-1050
    • Potter, B.E.1    Holton, J.R.2
  • 38
    • 0022923581 scopus 로고
    • A stochastic model for nonprecipitating cumulus clouds
    • Raymond, D. J., and A. M. Blyth, 1986: A stochastic model for nonprecipitating cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2708-2718.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 2708-2718
    • Raymond, D.J.1    Blyth, A.M.2
  • 39
    • 0027388048 scopus 로고
    • Overview of the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas experiment II water vapor observations: Method, validation, and data characteristics
    • Rind, D., E.-W. Chiou, W. Chu, S. Oltmans, J. Lerner, J. Larsen, M. P. McCormick, and L. McMaster, 1993: Overview of the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II water vapor observations: Method, validation, and data characteristics. J. Geophys. Res., 98D, 4835-4856.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 D , pp. 4835-4856
    • Rind, D.1    Chiou, E.-W.2    Chu, W.3    Oltmans, S.4    Lerner, J.5    Larsen, J.6    McCormick, M.P.7    McMaster, L.8
  • 40
    • 0032428777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATMOS/ATLAS 3 infrared profile measurements of clouds in the tropical and subtropical upper troposphere
    • Rinsland, C. P., and Coauthors, 1998: ATMOS/ATLAS 3 infrared profile measurements of clouds in the tropical and subtropical upper troposphere. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 60, 903-919.
    • (1998) J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer , vol.60 , pp. 903-919
    • Rinsland, C.P.1
  • 41
    • 0030668603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring deep convection and convective overshooting with METEOSAT
    • Schmetz, J., S. A. Tjemkes, M. Gube, and L. Van de Berg, 1997: Monitoring deep convection and convective overshooting with METEOSAT. Adv. Space Res., 19, 433-441.
    • (1997) Adv. Space Res. , vol.19 , pp. 433-441
    • Schmetz, J.1    Tjemkes, S.A.2    Gube, M.3    Van De Berg, L.4
  • 42
    • 0027388328 scopus 로고
    • The tropopause cold trap in the Australian monsoon during STEP AMEX 1987
    • Selkirk, H. B., 1993: The tropopause cold trap in the Australian monsoon during STEP AMEX 1987. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8591-9610.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 8591-9610
    • Selkirk, H.B.1
  • 43
    • 0034353378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A stratospheric "drain" over the maritime continent
    • Sherwood, S. C., 2000: A stratospheric "drain" over the maritime continent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 677-680.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 677-680
    • Sherwood, S.C.1
  • 44
    • 0032750661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed evolution of tropical convective events and their environment
    • _, and R. Wahrlich, 1999: Observed evolution of tropical convective events and their environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1777-1795.
    • (1999) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 1777-1795
    • Wahrlich, R.1
  • 45
    • 0034352680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the control of stratospheric humidity
    • _, and A. E. Dessler, 2000: On the control of stratospheric humidity. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2513-2516.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 2513-2516
    • Dessler, A.E.1
  • 46
    • 0343861732 scopus 로고
    • Turbulent stratified interfaces
    • Shy, S. S., and R. E. Briedenthal, 1991: Turbulent stratified interfaces. Phys. Fluids, 3, 1278-1285.
    • (1991) Phys. Fluids , vol.3 , pp. 1278-1285
    • Shy, S.S.1    Briedenthal, R.E.2
  • 47
    • 0032914311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric water vapour and tropical tropopause temperatures in ECMWF analyses and multi-year simulations
    • Simmons, A. J., A. Untch, C. Jakob, P. Kallberg, and P. Unden, 1999: Stratospheric water vapour and tropical tropopause temperatures in ECMWF analyses and multi-year simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 353-386.
    • (1999) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 353-386
    • Simmons, A.J.1    Untch, A.2    Jakob, C.3    Kallberg, P.4    Unden, P.5
  • 50
    • 0025621744 scopus 로고
    • The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climatic feedbacks
    • Stephens, G. L., S.-C. Tsay, P. W. Stackhouse, and P. J. Flatau, 1990: The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climatic feedbacks. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1753.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 1742-1753
    • Stephens, G.L.1    Tsay, S.-C.2    Stackhouse, P.W.3    Flatau, P.J.4
  • 51
    • 0003910474 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence, entrainment and mixing in cloud dynamics
    • Telford, J. W., 1975: Turbulence, entrainment and mixing in cloud dynamics. Pure Appl. Geophys., 113, 1067-1084.
    • (1975) Pure Appl. Geophys. , vol.113 , pp. 1067-1084
    • Telford, J.W.1
  • 52
    • 0031472308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GCM tests of theories for the height of the tropopause
    • Thuburn, J., and G. C. Craig, 1997: GCM tests of theories for the height of the tropopause. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 869-882.
    • (1997) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.54 , pp. 869-882
    • Thuburn, J.1    Craig, G.C.2
  • 53
    • 0032173149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laminar cirrus observed near the tropical tropopause by LITE
    • Winker, D. M., and C. R. Trepte, 1998: Laminar cirrus observed near the tropical tropopause by LITE. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3351-3354.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 3351-3354
    • Winker, D.M.1    Trepte, C.R.2
  • 54
    • 0003465022 scopus 로고
    • Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. 16, World Meteorological Organization, 1095 pp.
    • WMO, 1985: Atmospheric ozone 1985. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. 16, World Meteorological Organization, 1095 pp.
    • (1985) Atmospheric Ozone 1985


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.