Difficulties and pitfalls in analysis of apoptosis

Methods in Cell Biology

Volumn , Issue 63, 2001, Pages 527-546

  Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew ^a   Bedner, Elzbieta ^b   Traganos, Frank ^a  

^a NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b POMERANIAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA;

ANIMAL; APOPTOSIS; CELL SIZE; CYTOPHOTOMETRY; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; TIME;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CELL SIZE; CYTOPHOTOMETRY; DNA; HUMANS; MICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0035234207     PISSN: 0091679X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(01)63028-0     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Arends, M. J., Morris, R. G., and Wyllie, A. H. (1990). Apoptosis: The role of endonuclease. Am. J. Pathol. 136, 593-608.
2. Bedner, E., Burfeind, P., Gorczyca, W., Melamed, M. R., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1997). Laser scanning cytometry distinguishes lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes by differences in their chromatin structure. Cytometry 29, 191-196.
3. Bedner, A., Burfeind, P., Hsieh, T-C., Wu, J. M., Augero-Rosenfeld, M. E., Melamed, M. R., Horowitz, H. W., Wormser, G. P., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1998). Cell cycle effects and induction of apoptosis caused by infection with human granulocytic Ehrlichiosis pathogen measured by laser scanning cytometry. Cytometry 33, 47-55.
4. Bedner, E., Halicka, H. D., Cheng, W., Salomon, T., Deptala, A., Gorczyca, W., Melamed, M. R., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1999a). High affinity of binding of fluorescein isothiocynate to eosinophils detected by laser scanning cytometry: A potential source of error in analysis of blood samples utilizing fluorescein-conjugated reagents in flow cytometry. Cytometry 36, 77-82.
5. Bedner, E., Li, X., Gorczyca, W., Melamed, M. R., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1999b). Analysis of apoptosis by laser scanning cytometry. Cytometry 35, 181-195.
6. Cohen, G. M., Su, X.-M., Snowden, R. T., Dinsdale, D., and Skilleter, D. N. (1992). Key morphological features of apoptosis may occur in the absence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Biochem. J. 286, 331-334.
7. Collins, R. J., Harmon, B. V., Gobe, G. C., and Kerr, J. F. R. (1992). Internucleosomal DNA cleavage should not be the sole criterion for identifying apoptosis. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 61, 451-453.
8. Cossarizza, A., Kalashnikova, G., Grassilli, E., Chiappelli, F., Salvioli, S., Capri, M., Barbieri, D., Troiano, L., Monti, D., and Franceschi, C. (1994). Mitochondrial modifications during rat thymocyte apoptosis: A study at a single cell level. Exp. Cell Res. 214, 323-330.
9. Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1994). Simultaneous analysis of cellular RNA and DNA content. In "Methods in Cell Biology" (Z. Darzynkiewicz, J. P. Robinson, and H. A. Crissman, eds.), Vol. 41, pp. 401-420. Academic Press, San Diego.
10. Darzynkiewicz, Z., and Li, X. (1996). Measurements of cell death by flow cytometry. In "Techniques in Apoptosis. A User's Guide" (T. G. Cotter and S. J. Martin, eds.) pp. 71-106. Portland Press, London.
11. Darzynkiewicz, Z., Traganos, F., and Kimmel, M. (1986). Assay of cell cycle kinetics by multivariate flow cytometry. In "Techniques of Cell Cycle Analysis" (J. W. Gray and Z. Darzynkiewicz, eds.), pp. 291-332. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey.
12. Darzynkiewicz, Z., Bruno, S., Del Bino, G., Gorczyca, W., Hotz, M. A., Lassota, P., and Traganos, F. (1992). Features of apoptotic cells measured by flow cytometry. Cytometry 13, 795-808.
13. Darzynkiewicz, Z., Li, X., and Gong, J. (1994). Assays of cell viability. Discrimination of cells dying by apoptosis. In "Methods in Cell Biology" (Z. Darzynkiewicz, J. P. Robinson, and H. A. Crissman, eds.), Vol. 41, pp. 16-39. Academic Press, San Drego.
14. Darzynkiewicz, Z., Juan, G., Li, X., Murakami, T., and Traganos, F. (1997a). Cytometry in cell necrobiology: Analysis of apoptosis and accidental cell death (necrosis). Cytometry 27, 1-20.
15. Darzynkiewicz, Z., Bedner, E., Traganos, F., and Murakami, T. (1998). Critical aspects in the analysis of apoptosis. Hum. Cell 11, 3-12.
16. Darzynkiewicz, Z., Li, X., Gong, J., and Traganos, F. (1997b). Methods for analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry. In "Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology" (N. R. Rose, E. C. de Macario, J. D. Folds, H. C. Lane, and R. Nakamura eds.), pp. 334-344. ASM Press, Washington, D. C.
17. Darzynkiewicz, Z., Bedner, E., Li, X., Gorczyca, W., and Melamed, M. R (1999). Laser scanning cytometry. A new instrumentation with many applications. Exp. Cell Res. 249, 1-12.
18. Del Bino, G., Darzynkiewicz, Z., Degraef, C., Mosselmans, R., Fokan, D., and Galand, P. (1999). Comparison of methods based on annexin V binding, DNA content or TUNEL for evaluating cell death in HL-60 and adherent MCF-7 cells. Cell Prolif. 32, 25-37.
19. Dragovich, T., Rudin, C. M., and Thompson, C. B. (1998). Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell survival and cell death. Oncogene 17, 3207-3213.
20. Endersen, P. C., Prytz, P. S., and Aarbakke, J. (1995). A new flow cytometric method for discrimination of apoptotic cells and detection of their cell cycle specificity through staining of F-actin and DNA. Cytometry 20, 162-171.
21. Fadok, V. A., Voelker, D. R., Cammpbell, P. A., Cohen, J. J., Bratton, D. L., and Henson, P. M. (1992). Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages. J. Immunol. 148, 2207-2216.
22. Gong, J., Traganos, F., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1994). A selective procedure for DNA extraction from apoptotic cells applicable for gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. Anal. Biochem. 218, 314-319.
23. Gorczyca, W., Bruno, S., Darzynkiewicz, R., Gong, J., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1992). DNA strand breaks occurring during apoptosis: Their early in situ detection by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nick translation assays and prevention by serine protease inhibitors. Int. J. Oncol. 1, 639-648.
24. Gorczyca, W., Bigman, K., Mittelman, A., Ahmed, T., Gong, J., Melamed, M. R., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1993a). Induction of DNA strand breaks associated with apoptosis during treatment of leukemias. Leukemia 7, 659-670.
25. Gorczyca, W., Gong, J., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1993b). Detection of DNA strand breaks in individual apoptotic cells by the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nick translation assays. Cancer Res. 52, 1945-1951.
26. Hara, S., Halicka, H. D., Bruno, S., Gong, J., Traganos, F., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1996). Effect of protease inhibitors on early events of apoptosis. Exp. Cell Res. 232, 372-384.
27. Hedley, D. W., and McCulloch, E. A. (1996). Generation of oxygen intermediates after treatment of blasts of acute myeloblastic leukemia with cytosine arabinoside: Role of bcl-2. Leukemia 10, 1143-1149.
28. Hotz, M. A., Traganos, F., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1992). Changes in nuclear chromatin related to apoptosis or necrosis induced by the DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor fostriecin in MOLT-4 and HL-60 cells are revealed by altered DNA sensitivity to denaturation. Exp. Cell Res. 201, 184-191.
29. Kamentsky, L. A., and Kamentsky, L. D. (1991). Microscope-based multiparameter laser scanning cytometer yielding data comparable to flow cytometry. Cytometry 12, 381-387.
30. Kerr, J. F. R., Wyllie, A. H., and Curie, A. R. (1972). Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer 26, 239-257.
31. Kerr, J. F. R., Winterford, C. M., and Harmon, V. (1994). Apoptosis, its significance in cancer and cancer therapy. Cancer 73, 2013-2026.
32. Koopman, G., Reutelingsperger, C. P. M., Kuijten, G. A. M., Keehnen, R. M. J., Pals, S. T., and van Oers, M. H. J. (1994). Annexin V for flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression of B cells undergoing apoptosis. Blood 84, 1415-1420.
33. Koester, S. K., Schlossman, S. F., Zhang C., Decker, S. J., and Bolton, W. E. (1998). APO2.7 defines a shared apoptotic-necrotic pathway in a breast tumor hypoxia model. Cytometry 33, 324-332.
34. Kroemer, G. (1998). The mitochondrion as an integrator/coordinator of cell death pathways. Cell Death Differ 5, 547-548.
35. Li, X., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1995). Labeling DNA strand breaks with BdrUTP. Detection of apoptosis and cell proliferation. Cell Prolif. 28, 571-579.
36. Li, X., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1999). The Schrödinger's cat quandary in cell biology: Integration of live cell funtional assays with measurements of fixed cells in analysis of apoptosis. Exp. Cell Res. 249, 404-412.
37. Li, X., Melamed, M. R., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1996). Detection of apoptosis and DNA replication by differential labeling of DNA strand breaks with fluorochromes of different color. Exp. Cell Res. 222, 28-37.
38. Li, X., Du, L., and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (2000). During apoptosis of HL-60 and U-937 cells caspases are activated independently of dissipation of mitochondrial electrochemical potential. Exp. Cell Res. 257, 290-297.
39. Majno, G., and Joris, I. (1995). Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 3-16.
40. Meier, P., and Evan, G. (1998). Dying like flies. Cell 95, 295-298.
41. Nicoletti, I., Migliorati, G., Pagliacci, M. C., Grignani, F., and Riccardi, C. (1991). A rapid and simple method for measuring thymocyte apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. J. Immunol. Methods 139, 271-280.
42. Nuñez, G., Benerdict, M. A., Hu, Y., and Inohara, N. (1998). Caspases: The proteases of the apoptotic pathway. Oncogene 17, 3237-3245.
43. Oberhammer, F., Wilson, J. M., Dive, C., Morris, I. D., Hickman, J. A., Wakeling, A. E., Walker, P. R., and Sikorska, M. (1993). Apoptotic death in epithelial cells: Cleavage of DNA to 300 and/ or 50 kb fragments prior to or in the absence of internucleosomal fragmentation. EMBO J. 12, 3679-3684.
44. Ormerod, M. G. (1998). The study of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry. Leukemia 12, 1013-1025.
45. Ormerod, M. G., O'Neill, C. F., Robertson, D., and Harrap, K. R. (1994). Cisplatin induced apoptosis in a human ovarian carcinoma cell line without a concomitant internucleosomal degradation of DNA. Exp. Cell Res. 211, 231-237.
46. Ormerod, M. G., Cheetham, F. P. M., and Sun, X.-M. (1995). Discrimination of apoptotic thymocytes by forward light scatter. Cytometry 21, 300-304.
47. Petit, P. X., LeCoeur, H., Zorn, E., Dauguet, C., Mignotte, B., and Gougeon. M. L. (1995). Alterations of mitochondrial structure and function are early events of dexamethasone-induced thymocyte apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 130, 157-165.
48. Reed, J. C. (1998). Bcl-2 proteins. Oncogene 17, 3225-3236.
49. Umansky, S. R., Korol', B. R., and Nelipovich, P. A. (1981). In vivo DNA degradation in the thymocytes of gamma-irradiated or hydrocortisone-treated rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 655, 281-290.
50. Sheng-Tanner, X., Bump, E. A., and Hedley, D. A. (1998). An oxidative stress-mediated death pathway in irradiated human leukemia cells mapped using multilaser flow cytometry. Radiat. Res. 150, 636-647.
51. Vaux, D. L., and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1999). Cell death in development. Cell 96, 245-254.
52. Zakeri, Z. F., Quaglino, D., Latham, T and Lockshin, R. A. (1993). Delayed internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in programmed cell death. FASEB J. 7, 470-478.
53. Zamai, L., Falcieri, E., Marhefka, G., and Vitale, M. (1996). Supravital exposure to propidium iodide identifies apoptotic cells in the absence of nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Cytometry 23, 303-311.
54. Zamzani, N., Brenner, C., Marzo. I., Susin, S. A., and Kroemer, G. (1998). Subcellular and submitochondrial mode of action of Bcl-2-like oncoproteins. Oncogene 16, 2265-2282.