Gacyclidine: A new neuroprotective agent acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor

CNS Drug Reviews

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 172-198

  Hirbec, Hélène ^a   Gaviria, Manuel ^b   Vignon, Jacques ^a  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b Parc Euromédecine   (France)

Author keywords

Gacyclidine; Gacyclidine enantiomers; GK11; Neuroprotection; Neurotoxicity; Neurotrauma; NMDA receptor antagonist; Non NMDA binding sites; Organophosphorous poisoning

Indexed keywords

ATROPINE; DIAZEPAM; DIZOCILPINE; GACYCLIDINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE; PHENCYCLIDINE DERIVATIVE; PRALIDOXIME;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; BINDING SITE; BRAIN INJURY; CELL VACUOLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; ENANTIOMER; FEMALE; INTOXICATION; MALE; MONKEY; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; RAT; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY;

EID: 0034958774     PISSN: 1080563X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00194.x     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Surgery, of experimental lesion of spinal cord equivalent to crush injury of fracture dislocation of spinal column. A preliminary study
2. Phencyclidine, dizocilpine, and cerebrocortical neurons
3. Excitatory amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid following traumatic brain injury in humans
4. Agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: July-December 1997
5. Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis
6. Non-NMDA receptors modulate respiratory drive in fetal sheep
7. Models of spinal cord injury. Part 3. Dynamic load technique
8. A neuroanatomical analysis of spinal cord injury in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
9. Photochemically induced cystic lesion in the rat spinal cord. I. Behavioral and morphological analysis
10. Role of the aromatic group in the inhibition of phencyclidine binding and dopamine uptake by PCP analogs
11. Pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical Cell culture: Attenuation by NMDA antagonists
12. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) selective glutamate receptor channels
13. Epilepsy
14. Protec: A dose effect study of gacyclidine in patients with severe brain injury
15. Excitatory amino acid receptors and neurodegeneration
16. Non-competitive antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate prevent spontaneous neuronal death in primary cultures of embryonic rat cortex
17. In vitro neuroprotection against glutamate toxicity provided by novel non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists
18. Competitive and non-competitive NMDA antagonists induce similar limbic degeneration
19. Modulation of edema by dizocilpine, kynurenate, and NBQX in respiring brain slices after exposure to glutamate
20. N-methyl-D,L-aspartate-induced growth hormone secretion in barrows: Possible mechanisms of action
21. The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury
22. A potential role for excitotoxins in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury
23. Changes of extracellular levels of amino acids after graded compression trauma to the spinal cord: An experimental study in the rat using microdialysis
24. Efficacy of a new neuroprotective agent, gacyclidine, in a model of rat spinal cord injury
25. Neuronal vacuolization and necrosis induced by the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK(+)801 (dizocilpine maleate): A light and electron microscopic evaluation of the rat retrosplenial cortex
26. Involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in respiratory rhythmogenesis
27. Spinal cord contusion in the rat: Behavioral analysis of functional neurologic impairment
28. Neuroprotective effects of a novel NMDA antagonist, gacyclidine, after experimental contusive spinal cord injury in adult rats
29. Neuroprotective effects of gacyclidine after experimental photochemical spinal cord lesion in adult rats: Dose-window and time-window effects
30. Détermination conformationnelle de dérivés de la phencyclidine en vue d'une corrélation structure-activité
31. Biological interventions for spinal cord injury
32. 3H]glutamate binding to rat brain
33. Localization of L-glutamate receptors in rat brain by quantitative autoradiography
34. The search for TCP analogs binding to the low affinity PCP receptor sites in the rat cerebellum
35. 3H]gacyclidine in the rat central nervous system
36. Characterisation of "non-NMDA" binding sites for gacyclidine in the rat cerebellar and telencephalic structures
37. 3H]gacyclidine enantiomers with "non-NMDA" receptors in the rat central nervous system
38. 3H]gacyclidine (cis(pip/me)-1-[1-(2-thienyl)-2-methylcyclohexylpiperidine] enantiomers in the rat central nervous system
39. Bilateral frontal cortical contusion in rats: Behavioral and anatomic consequences
40. Cloned glutamate receptors
41. Combined pretrauma scopolamine and phencyclidine attenuate posttraumatic increased sensitivity to delayed secondary ischemia
42. Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury
43. Influence of age on NMDA receptor complex in rat brain studied by in vitro autoradiography
44. A mouse model of graded contusive spinal cord injury
45. Effect of neuroprotective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists on increased intracranial pressure: Studies in the rat acute subdural hematoma model
46. Review of the value of gacyclidine (GK-11) as adjuvant medication to conventional treatments of organophosphate poisoning: Primate experiments mimicking various scenarios of military or terrorist attack by soman
47. Effects of soman-induced seizures on different extracellular amino acid levels and on glutamate uptake in rat hippocampus
48. Involvement of the different rat hippocampal glutamatergic receptors in development of seizures induced by soman: An autoradiographic study
49. Acute soman poisoning in primates neither pretreated nor receiving immediate therapy: Value of gacyclidine (GK-11) in delayed medical support
50. Nerve agent poisoning in primates: Antilethal, anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects of GK-11
51. Neuroprotective activity of glutamate receptor antagonists against soman-induced hippocampal damage: Quantification with an omega 3 site ligand
52. GK 11: Promising additional neuroprotective therapy for organophosphate poisoning
53. The changing landscape of ischaemic brain injury mechanisms
54. Neuroprotective effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate non-competitive antagonists (arylcyclohexylamine derivatives) on human cultured spinal cord cells
55. Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders
56. Effects of excitatory amino acids on cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow in rat
57. The toxic effect of sodium-Lglutamate on inner layers of retina
58. Effects of diethylenetriamine on NMDA-induced increase of blood pressure in rats
59. 3H-TCP-labeled receptors in rat brain
60. Experimental acute traumatic injury of the adult rat spinal cord by a subdural inflatable balloon: Methodology, behavioral analysis, and histopathology
61. Frontal lobe dysfunction following closed head injury. A review of the literature
62. Novel pharmacologic therapies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury: A review
63. Novel pharmacologic strategies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury: 1998
64. Effect of noncompetitive blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on the neurochemical sequelae of experimental brain injury
65. Excitatory amino acid receptors and disease
66. Homochiral structures derived from 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (TCP) are non-competitive antagonists of glutamate at NMDA receptor sites
67. Is reactive gliosis a property of a distinct subpopulation of astrocytes?
68. Molecular and functional diversity of the NMDA receptor channel
69. 2+ release
70. The cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal cord in the rat. I. The lower thoracic and lumbosacral cord
71. 3H]glutamate-binding sites in rat brain
72. Structure and function of the NMDA receptor channel
73. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes reactions after a total section of the rat spinal cord
74. Clinical experience with excitatory amino acid antagonist drugs
75. Effects of gacyclidine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, in human healthy volunteers
76. Changes in cortical extracellular levels of energy-related metabolites and amino acids following concussive brain injury in rats
77. Spinal cord contusion in the rat: Morphometric analyses of alterations in the spinal cord
78. Brain lesions, obesity, and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate
79. Excitotoxic amino acids and neuropsychiatric disorders
80. Neurotoxicity of NMDA receptor antagonists: An overview
81. Cytotoxic effects of acidic and sulphur containing amino acids on the infant mouse central nervous system
82. Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs
83. NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity: Mechanism and prevention
84. Permeation of calcium through glutamate receptor channels
85. Increased transmitter amino acid concentration in human ventricular CSF after brain trauma
86. Thienylphencyclidine protection for the spinal cord of adult rats against extension of lesions secondary to a photochemical injury
87. An outbreak of toxic encephalopathy caused by eating mussels contaminated with domoic acid
88. The NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B show histological and ultrastructural localization partem s similar to those of NR1
89. Light and electron microscope distribution of the NMDA receptor subunit NMDAR1 in the rat nervous system using a selective anti-peptide antibody
90. Positive role of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the control of growth hormone secretion in male rats
91. Photochemically induced graded spinal cord infarction. Behavioral, electrophysiological, and morphological correlates
92. Protection neurale par les phencyclidines: Étude sur des modèles in vitro
93. Spinal cord contusion in the rat: Somatosensory evoked potentials as a function of graded injury
94. Glutamate neurotoxicity in spinal cord cell culture
95. The astrocytic scar has an impediment to regeneration in the central nervous system
96. Objective clinical assessment of motor function after experimental spinal cord injury in the rat
97. Non-competitive antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors protect cortical and hippocampal cell cultures against glutamate neurotoxicity
98. Excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists: A novel treatment for ischemic cerebrovascular diseases
99. Magnesium and ketamine attenuate cognitive dysfunction following experimental brain injury
100. Effects of the novel NMDA antagonist gacyclidine on recovery from medial frontal cortex contusion injury in rats
101. Dizocilpine (MK-801) arrests status epilepticus and prevents brain damage induced by soman
102. 3H]MK-801) in rat brain: Regional effects of polyamines
103. Acute spinal cord injury: Early care and treatment in a multicenter study with gacyclidine
104. Spinal cord compression studies. III. Time limits for recovery after gradual compression in dogs
105. Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms
106. Excitatory amino acids in health and disease
107. 3H]phencyclidine
108. 3H]TCP) binds to two different sites in rat brain. Localization by autoradiographic and biochemical techniques
109. Interaction of phencyclidines with the muscarinic and opiate receptors in the central nervous system
110. Interaction of phencyclidine ("angel dust") with a specific receptor in rat brain membranes
111. Distinct spatio-temporal distributions of the NMDA receptor channel subunit mRNAs in the brain
112. Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis
113. Photochemically induced spinal cord injury in the rat
114. Spinal cord contusion in the rat: Production of graded, reproducible, injury groups