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Optical microscope images are shown here because the color of Cu is an important criterion for its quality: Cu plated poorly on thin Ti films (<1 nm) has a dark nonmetallic color. For a Ti layer thicker than 2 nm, the Cu metal deposits a bright, reddish color corresponding to thicker and metallic Cu.
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(37 ) XPS indicated that the amount of Pd(II) present on inked stamps varied within 20%. Interestingly, this variability had no influence on the quality of the Cu deposit. This suggests that the critical amount of of Pd on the sample to have good catalytic activity was reached in all cases.
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