Imaging of rickettsial, spirochetal, and parasitic infections

Neuroimaging Clinics of North America

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 375-390

  Akgoz, Ayca ^a   Mukundan, Srini ^a   Lee, Thomas C ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIBODY; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CORTICOSTEROID; DOXYCYCLINE; GADOLINIUM PENTETATE; PRAZIQUANTEL;

AMEBIASIS; BORRELIA INFECTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ECHINOCOCCOSIS; HUMAN; IMAGING; LEPTOSPIROSIS; LYME DISEASE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PARASITOSIS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; Q FEVER; REVIEW; RICKETTSIOSIS; ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SPIROCHETE; SYPHILIS; TOXOPLASMOSIS; TYPHUS;

BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASITIC INFECTIONS; ENDEMIC DISEASES; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MENINGITIS, BACTERIAL; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 0034065425     PISSN: 10525149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2012.05.015     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. A.B. Smith J.G. Smirniotopoulos E.J. Rushing From the archives of the AFIP: central nervous system infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: radiologic-pathologic correlation Radiographics 28 7 2008 2033 2058
2. G.F. Brooks J. Butel S. Morse Jawetz, Melnick, and Adelberg's medical microbiology Lange Basic Science Series 23rd edition 2004 McGraw-Hill Companies p. 704
3. M. Gladwin B. Trattler Clinical microbiology made ridiculously simple 3rd edition 2004 Medmaster Miami, Fl p. 290
4. C. Bonawitz M. Castillo S.K. Mukherji Comparison of CT and MR features with clinical outcome in patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18 3 1997 459 464
5. M.D. Baganz P.E. Dross J.A. Reinhardt Rocky Mountain spotted fever encephalitis: MR findings AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 Suppl 4 1995 919 922
6. Y. Sawaishi I. Takahashi Y. Hirayama Acute cerebellitis caused by Coxiella burnetii Ann Neurol 45 1 1999 124 127
7. A.P. Sempere J. Elizaga J. Duarte Q fever mimicking herpetic encephalitis Neurology 43 12 1993 2713 2714
8. R. Waltereit W. Kuker S. Jurgens Acute transverse myelitis associated with coxiella burnetii infection J Neurol 249 10 2002 1459 1461
9. Y.M. Hwang M.C. Lee D.C. Suh Coxiella (Q fever)-associated myelopathy Neurology 43 2 1993 338 342
10. C.M. Kornbluth S. Destian Imaging of rickettsial, spirochetal, and parasitic infections Neuroimaging Clin N Am 10 2 2000 375 390
11. D.H. Walker Rickettsiae and rickettsial infections: the current state of knowledge Clin Infect Dis 45 Suppl 1 2007 S39 S44
12. Y. Bechah C. Capo J.L. Mege Epidemic typhus Lancet Infect Dis 8 7 2008 417 426
13. E. Garron E. Viehweger F. Launay Nontuberculous spondylodiscitis in children J Pediatr Orthop 22 3 2002 321 328
14. S.W. Atlas Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine S.W. Atlas 4th edition 2009 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia 980 984 998–1007, 1015–8
15. M.M. Smith J.C. Anderson Neurosyphilis as a cause of facial and vestibulocochlear nerve dysfunction: MR imaging features AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 9 2000 1673 1675
16. T.C. Brightbill I.H. Ihmedian M.J. Post Neurosyphilis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients: neuroimaging findings AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 4 1995 703 711
17. N. Bandou N. Kamakura K. Yamanishi Intracranial gumma mimicking a cerebral tumour Aust N Z J Psychiatry 42 9 2008 838 839
18. B.S. Darwish A. Fowler M. Ong Intracranial syphilitic gumma resembling malignant brain tumour J Clin Neurosci 15 3 2008 308 310
19. C.W. Lee M.J. Lim D. Son A case of cerebral gumma presenting as brain tumor in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patient Yonsei Med J 50 2 2009 284 288
20. J. Gaa S. Weidauer M. Sitzer Cerebral vasculitis due to Treponema pallidum infection: MRI and MRA findings Eur Radiol 14 4 2004 746 747
21. H. Fadil E. Gonzales-Toledo B.J. Kelley Neuroimaging findings in neurosyphilis J Neuroimaging 16 3 2006 286 289
22. S. Bash G.M. Hathout S. Cohen Mesiotemporal T2-weighted hyperintensity: neurosyphilis mimicking herpes encephalitis AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 2 2001 314 316
23. A. Vieira Santos S. Matias P. Saraiva Differential diagnosis of mesiotemporal lesions: case report of neurosyphilis Neuroradiology 47 9 2005 664 667
24. K. Hama H. Ishiguchi T. Tuji Neurosyphilis with mesiotemporal magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities Intern Med 47 20 2008 1813 1817
25. Y.M. Jeong H.Y. Hwang H.S. Kim MRI of neurosyphilis presenting as mesiotemporal abnormalities: a case report Korean J Radiol 10 3 2009 310 312
26. R. Scheid R. Voltz T. Vetter Neurosyphilis and paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: important differential diagnoses J Neurol 252 9 2005 1129 1132
27. P. Hildenbrand D.E. Craven R. Jones Lyme neuroborreliosis: manifestations of a rapidly emerging zoonosis AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30 6 2009 1079 1087
28. R. Agarwal G. Sze Neuro-lyme disease: MR imaging findings Radiology 253 1 2009 167 173
29. I. Santino P. Comite G.M. Gandolfo Borrelia burgdorferi, a great chameleon: know it to recognize it! Neurol Sci 31 2 2010 193 196
30. P. Demaerel I. Crevits M. Casteels-Van Daele Meningoradiculitis due to borreliosis presenting as low back pain only Neuroradiology 40 2 1998 126 127
31. J. Oksi H. Kalimo R.J. Marttila Inflammatory brain changes in Lyme borreliosis. A report on three patients and review of literature Brain 119 Pt 6 1996 2143 2154
32. R.E. Fernandez M. Rothberg G. Ferencz Lyme disease of the CNS: MR imaging findings in 14 cases AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11 3 1990 479 481
33. R.G. Curless N.J. Schatz B.C. Bowen Lyme neuroborreliosis masquerading as a brainstem tumor in a 15-year-old Pediatr Neurol 15 3 1996 258 260
34. A. Haene M. Troger Diffuse hyperintense brainstem lesions in neuroborreliosis Neurology 73 4 2009 326
35. S.E. Rafto W.J. Milton S.L. Galetta Biopsy-confirmed CNS Lyme disease: MR appearance at 1.5 T AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11 3 1990 482 484
36. R. Murray R. Morawetz J. Kepes Lyme neuroborreliosis manifesting as an intracranial mass lesion Neurosurgery 30 5 1992 769 773
37. P. Kalina A. Decker E. Kornel Lyme disease of the brainstem Neuroradiology 47 12 2005 903 907
38. R. Savas A. Sommer F. Gueckel Isolated oculomotor nerve paralysis in Lyme disease: MRI Neuroradiology 39 2 1997 139 141
39. B. Vanzieleghem M. Lemmerling D. Carton Lyme disease in a child presenting with bilateral facial nerve palsy: MRI findings and review of the literature Neuroradiology 40 11 1998 739 742
40. T.A. Huisman G. Wohlrab D. Nadal Unusual presentations of neuroborreliosis (Lyme disease) in childhood J Comput Assist Tomogr 23 1 1999 39 42
41. M. Lell A. Schmid B. Stemper Simultaneous involvement of third and sixth cranial nerve in a patient with Lyme disease Neuroradiology 45 2 2003 85 87
42. J. Kochling H.J. Freitag T. Bollinger Lyme disease with lymphocytic meningitis, trigeminal palsy and silent thalamic lesion Eur J Paediatr Neurol 12 6 2008 501 504
43. S. Van Snick T.P. Duprez B. Kabamba Acute ischaemic pontine stroke revealing lyme neuroborreliosis in a young adult Acta Neurol Belg 108 3 2008 103 106
44. R. Topakian K. Stieglbauer K. Nussbaumer Cerebral vasculitis and stroke in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Two case reports and review of current knowledge Cerebrovasc Dis 26 5 2008 455 461
45. F. Romi J. Krakenes J.A. Aarli Neuroborreliosis with vasculitis causing stroke-like manifestations Eur Neurol 51 1 2004 49 50
46. A. Heinrich A.V. Khaw N. Ahrens Cerebral vasculitis as the only manifestation of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a 17-year-old patient with basal ganglia infarction Eur Neurol 50 2 2003 109 112
47. M. Seijo Martinez J. Grandes Ibanez J. Sanchez Herrero Spontaneous brain hemorrhage associated with Lyme neuroborreliosis Neurologia 16 1 2001 43 45
48. G. Defer R. Levy P. Brugieres Lyme disease presenting as a stroke in the vertebrobasilar territory: MRI Neuroradiology 35 7 1993 529 531
49. C. Mantienne J.F. Albucher I. Catalaa MRI in Lyme disease of the spinal cord Neuroradiology 43 6 2001 485 488
50. S. Bigi C. Aebi C. Nauer Acute transverse myelitis in Lyme neuroborreliosis Infection 38 5 2010 413 416
51. M.S. Walid M. Ajjan A.J. Ulm Subacute transverse myelitis with Lyme profile dissociation Ger Med Sci 6 2008 Doc04
52. L. Meurs D. Labeye I. Declercq Acute transverse myelitis as a main manifestation of early stage II neuroborreliosis in two patients Eur Neurol 52 3 2004 186 188
53. V. Kumar Robbins & cotran pathologic basis of disease 8th edition 2010 Saunders p. 1464
54. P. Corr A. Bhigjee F. Lockhat Oculomotor nerve root enhancement in meningovascular syphilis Clin Radiol 59 3 2004 294 296
55. E.C. Bourekas P. Wildenhain J.S. Lewin The dural tail sign revisited AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 7 1995 1514 1516
56. M. Lin B.S. Darwish J. Chu Neurosyphilitic gumma on F18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography: an old disease investigated with a new technology J Clin Neurosci 16 3 2009 410 412
57. A.C. Flint B.B. Liberato Y. Anziska Meningovascular syphilis as a cause of basilar artery stenosis Neurology 64 2 2005 391 392
58. U.R. Hengge A. Tannapfel S.K. Tyring Lyme borreliosis Lancet Infect Dis 3 8 2003 489 500
59. Paralysie par les Tiques [Paralysis by Ticks] J Med Lyon 71 1922 765 767 [in French]
60. A.R. Pachner I. Steiner Lyme neuroborreliosis: infection, immunity, and inflammation Lancet Neurol 6 6 2007 544 552
61. T.A. Rupprecht U. Koedel V. Fingerle The pathogenesis of lyme neuroborreliosis: from infection to inflammation Mol Med 14 3–4 2008 205 212
62. A.R. Pachner P. Duray A.C. Steere Central nervous system manifestations of Lyme disease Arch Neurol 46 7 1989 790 795
63. J.J. Halperin H.L. Pass A.K. Anand Nervous system abnormalities in Lyme disease Ann N Y Acad Sci 539 1988 24 34
64. J.J. Halperin B.J. Luft A.K. Anand Lyme neuroborreliosis: central nervous system manifestations Neurology 39 6 1989 753 759
65. H. Kruger E. Heim B. Schuknecht Acute and chronic neuroborreliosis with and without CNS involvement: a clinical, MRI, and HLA study of 27 cases J Neurol 238 5 1991 271 280
66. A.L. Belman P.K. Coyle C. Roque MRI findings in children infected by Borrelia burgdorferi Pediatr Neurol 8 6 1992 428 431
67. F. Agosta M.A. Rocca B. Benedetti MR imaging assessment of brain and cervical cord damage in patients with neuroborreliosis AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 4 2006 892 894
68. P. Demaerel G. Wilms S. Van Lierde Lyme disease in childhood presenting as primary leptomeningeal enhancement without parenchymal findings on MR AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15 2 1994 302 304
69. J.J. Halperin Nervous system Lyme disease Infect Dis Clin North Am 22 2 2008 261 274
70. M. Chehrenama M.T. Zagardo C.L. Koski Subarachnoid hemorrhage in a patient with Lyme disease Neurology 48 2 1997 520 523
71. B.A. Fallon R.B. Lipkin K.M. Corbera Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate in persistent Lyme encephalopathy Arch Gen Psychiatry 66 5 2009 554 563
72. A. Aalto J. Sjowall L. Davidsson Brain magnetic resonance imaging does not contribute to the diagnosis of chronic neuroborreliosis Acta Radiol 48 7 2007 755 762
73. K. Morgen R. Martin R.D. Stone FLAIR and magnetization transfer imaging of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome Neurology 57 11 2001 1980 1985
74. G.M. Fatterpekar R.I. Gottesman M. Sacher Orbital Lyme disease: MR imaging before and after treatment: case report AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23 4 2002 657 659
75. J.C. Nieto N. Kim M.J. Lucarelli Dacryoadenitis and orbital myositis associated with lyme disease Arch Ophthalmol 126 8 2008 1165 1166
76. T. Pfefferkorn B. Feddersen G. Schulte-Altedorneburg Tick-borne encephalitis with polyradiculitis documented by MRI Neurology 68 15 2007 1232 1233
77. E. Hattingen S. Weidauer M. Kieslich MR imaging in neuroborreliosis of the cervical spinal cord Eur Radiol 14 11 2004 2072 2075
78. M.J. Tullman B.N. Delman F.D. Lublin Magnetic resonance imaging of meningoradiculomyelitis in early disseminated Lyme disease J Neuroimaging 13 3 2003 264 268
79. S.R. Chandra D. Kalpana T.V. Anilkumar Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following leptospirosis J Assoc Physicians India 52 2004 327 329
80. S.S. Lelis L.F. Fonseca C.C. Xavier Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after leptospirosis Pediatr Neurol 40 6 2009 471 473
81. F. Maldonado H. Portier J.P. Kisterman Bilateral facial palsy in a case of leptospirosis Scand J Infect Dis 36 5 2004 386 388
82. M. Habek V.V. Brinar Central sleep apnea and ataxia caused by brainstem lesion due to chronic neuroleptospirosis Neurology 73 22 2009 1923 1924
83. P. Singh R. Kochhar R.K. Vashishta Amebic meningoencephalitis: spectrum of imaging findings AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 6 2006 1217 1221
84. K. Ohnishi M. Murata H. Kojima Brain abscess due to infection with Entamoeba histolytica Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 2 1994 180 182
85. D.D. Kidney S.H. Kim CNS infections with free-living amebas: neuroimaging findings AJR Am J Roentgenol 171 3 1998 809 812
86. D.J. Schumacher R.D. Tien K. Lane Neuroimaging findings in rare amebic infections of the central nervous system AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 Suppl 4 1995 930 935
87. M.T. Zagardo R.J. Castellani G.H. Zoarski Granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by leptomyxid amebae in an HIV-infected patient AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18 5 1997 903 908
88. J.J. Sell F.W. Rupp W.W. Orrison Jr. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by acanthamoeba Neuroradiology 39 6 1997 434 436
89. O. Mendez E. Kanal K.M. Abu-Elmagd Granulomatous amebic encephalitis in a multivisceral transplant recipient Eur J Neurol 13 3 2006 292 295
90. A. Lowichik N. Rollins R. Delgado Leptomyxid amebic meningoencephalitis mimicking brain stem glioma AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 Suppl 4 1995 926 929
91. L.C. Cary E. Maul C. Potter Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis: survival of a pediatric patient Pediatrics 125 3 2010 e699 e703
92. S. Saleem A.I. Belal N.M. el-Ghandour Spinal cord schistosomiasis: MR imaging appearance with surgical and pathologic correlation AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 7 2005 1646 1654
93. H.Q. Liu X.Y. Feng Z.W. Yao Characteristic magnetic resonance enhancement pattern in cerebral schistosomiasis Chin Med Sci J 21 4 2006 223 227
94. H. Liu C.C. Lim X. Feng MRI in cerebral schistosomiasis: characteristic nodular enhancement in 33 patients AJR Am J Roentgenol 191 2 2008 582 588
95. H. Wan H. Masataka T. Lei Magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid immunoassay in the diagnosis of cerebral schistosomiasis: experience in southwest China Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103 10 2009 1059 1061
96. G.T. Lee F. Antelo A.A. Mlikotic Best cases from the AFIP: cerebral toxoplasmosis Radiographics 29 4 2009 1200 1205
97. J.R. Berger Mass lesions of the brain in AIDS: the dilemmas of distinguishing toxoplasmosis from primary CNS lymphoma AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24 4 2003 554 555
98. R.G. Ramsey A.D. Gean Neuroimaging of AIDS. I. Central nervous system toxoplasmosis Neuroimaging Clin N Am 7 2 1997 171 186
99. C. Ionita M. Wasay L. Balos MR imaging in toxoplasmosis encephalitis after bone marrow transplantation: paucity of enhancement despite fulminant disease AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25 2 2004 270 273
100. U. Dietrich M. Maschke A. Dorfler MRI of intracranial toxoplasmosis after bone marrow transplantation Neuroradiology 42 1 2000 14 18
101. A. Ruiz W.I. Ganz M.J. Post Use of thallium-201 brain SPECT to differentiate cerebral lymphoma from toxoplasma encephalitis in AIDS patients AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15 10 1994 1885 1894
102. C. Love M.B. Tomas G.G. Tronco FDG PET of infection and inflammation Radiographics 25 5 2005 1357 1368
103. D.L. Camacho J.K. Smith M. Castillo Differentiation of toxoplasmosis and lymphoma in AIDS patients by using apparent diffusion coefficients AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24 4 2003 633 637
104. C.H. Chong-Han S.C. Cortez G.A. Tung Diffusion-weighted MRI of cerebral toxoplasma abscess AJR Am J Roentgenol 181 6 2003 1711 1714
105. P.C. Schroeder M.J. Post E. Oschatz Analysis of the utility of diffusion-weighted MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient values in distinguishing central nervous system toxoplasmosis from lymphoma Neuroradiology 48 10 2006 715 720
106. T.M. Ernst L. Chang M.D. Witt Cerebral toxoplasmosis and lymphoma in AIDS: perfusion MR imaging experience in 13 patients Radiology 208 3 1998 663 669
107. P. Polat M. Kantarci F. Alper Hydatid disease from head to toe Radiographics 23 2 2003 475 494 [quiz: 536–7]
108. M. Tuzun B. Hekimoglu Hydatid disease of the CNS: imaging features AJR Am J Roentgenol 171 6 1998 1497 1500
109. O. El-Shamam T. Amer M.A. El-Atta Magnetic resonance imaging of simple and infected hydatid cysts of the brain Magn Reson Imaging 19 7 2001 965 974
110. J.M. Kovoor R.D. Thomas H.S. Chandrashektar Neurohydatidosis Australas Radiol 51 5 2007 406 411
111. M. Tuzun N. Altinors I.S. Arda Cerebral hydatid disease CT and MR findings Clin Imaging 26 5 2002 353 357
112. A.T. Turgut L. Altin S. Topcu Unusual imaging characteristics of complicated hydatid disease Eur J Radiol 63 1 2007 84 93