The rheumatoid factor response in the etiology of mixed cryoglobulins associated with hepatitis C virus infection

Annales de Medecine Interne

Volumn 151, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 30-40

  Sasso, Eric H ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

51p1; Cryoglobulin; Hepatitis C virus; Kv325; Rheumatoid factors

Indexed keywords

CD81 ANTIGEN; CRYOGLOBULIN; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G1; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G3; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; RHEUMATOID FACTOR; VIRUS PROTEIN; VIRUS RNA;

ANTIBODY RESPONSE; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; CRYOPRECIPITATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENE; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; VIRUS ADSORPTION;

ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX; ANTIGENS, CD; B-LYMPHOCYTES; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; CRYOGLOBULINS; GENES, IMMUNOGLOBULIN; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODIES; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; LIVER; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; RHEUMATOID FACTOR; RNA, VIRAL; VIRAL PROTEINS;

EID: 0034035592     PISSN: 0003410X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. LOSPALLUTO J, DORWARD B, MILLER W JR, ZIFF M. Cryoglobulinemia based on interaction between a gamma macroglobulin and 7S gamma globulin. Am J Med, 1962; 32: 142-7.
2. MELTZER M, FRANKLIN EC, ELIAS K, MCKLUSKY RT, COOPER N. Cryoglobulinemia A clinical and laboratory study. II. Cryoglobulins with rheumatoid factor activity. Am J Med, 1966; 40: 837-56.
3. BELLOTTI V, DUARTE F, BOSSI A et al. Immunochemical characteristics of a particular cryoglobulin. A new cryoglobulin subgroup? Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1991; 9: 399-402.
4. SCHOTT P, POLZEIN F, MÜLLER-ISSERNER A, RAMADORI G, HARTMAN H. In vitro activity of cryoglobulin IgM and IgG in hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia. J Hepatol, 1998; 28: 17-26.
5. SASSO EH, BARBER CV, NARDELLA FA, YOUNT WJ, MANNIK M. Antigenic specificities of human monoclonal and polyclonal IgM rheumatoid factors: The Cγ2-Cγ3 interface region contains the major determinants. J Immunol, 1988; 140: 3098-107.
6. SCHIRREN CA, ZACHOVAL R, SCHIRREN CG, GERBES AL, PAPE GR. A role for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in a patient with cutaneous vasculitis, cryoglobulinemia, and chronic liver disease. Effective therapy with interferon-α. Dig Dis Sci, 1995; 40: 1221-5.
7. GELTNER D, FRANKLIN EC, FRANGIONE B. Antiidiotypic activity in the IgM fractions of mixed cryoglobulins. J Immunol, 1980; 125: 1530-5.
8. STONE GC, NARDELLA FA, OPPLIGER IR, MANNIK M. Absence of auto-antiidiotypic activity between the IgM and IgG fractions of human mixed cryoglobulins. J Immunol, 1988; 140: 3114-9.
9. WAGER O, TEPPO AM. Binding affinity of human autoantibodies: studies of cryoglobulin IgM rheumatoid factors and IgG autoantibodies to albumin. Scand J Immunol, 1978; 7: 503-9.
10. STONE MJ, METZGER H. Binding properties of a Waldenström macroglobulin antibody. J Biol Chem 1968; 243: 5977-84.
11. L'ABBATE A, CUTRUPI S, ROGNETTA M, FABIANO C, CRAXI A. IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Immunol, 1993; 94: 313-6.
12. AIYAMA T, YOSHIOKA Y, OKUMURA A, TAKAYANAGI M. IWATA K, ISHIKAWA T, KAKUMU S. Hypervariable region sequence in cryoglobulin-associated hepatitis C virus in sera of patients with chronic hepatitis C: Relationship to antibody response against hypervariable region genome. Hepatology, 1996; 24: 1346-50.
13. WONG VS, EGNER W, ELSEY T, BROWN D, ALEXANDER GJM. Incidence, character and clinical relevance of mixed cryoglobulinemia in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Clin Exp Immunol, 1996; 104: 25-31.
14. AGNELLO V, CHUNG RT, KAPLAN LM. A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med, 1992; 327: 1490-5.
15. LUNEL F, MUSSET L, CACOUB P, FRANGEUL F, CRESTA P, PERRIN M, GRIPPON P, HOANG C, PIETTE JC, HURAUS J-M, OPOLON P. Cryoglobulinemia in chronic liver diseases: Role of hepatitis C virus and liver damage. Gastroenerology, 1994; 106: 1291-300.
16. TANAKA K, AIYAMA T, IMAI J, MORISHITA Y, FUKATSU T, KAKUMU S. Serum cryoglobulin and chronic hepatitis C virus disease among Japanese patients. Am J Gastroenterology, 1995; 90: 1847-52.
17. MISIANI R, BELLAVITA P, FENELI D, BORELLI G, MARCCHESI D, MASSAZZA M, VENDRAMIN G, COMOTTI B, TANZI E, SCUDELLER G, ZANETTI A. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ann Int Med, 1992; 117: 573-7.
18. MONDELLI MU, ZORZOLI I, CERINO A, CIVIDINI A, BISSOLATI M, SEGAGNI L, PERFETTI V, ANESI E, GARINI P, MERLINT G. Clonality and specificity of cryoglobulins associated with HCV: pathological implications. J Hepatol, 1998; 29: 879-86.
19. MECCHIA M, CASATO M, TAFI R, FILOCAMO G, BONOMO L, FIORIELI M, CORTESE R, MIGLIACCIO G, NICOSIA A. Nonrheumatoid IgM in human hepatitis C virus-associated type II cryoglobulinemia recognize mimitopes of the CD4-like LAG-3 protein. J Immunol, 1996; 157: 3727-36.
20. FORNASIERI A, ARMELIONI S, BERNASCONI P, LI M, DESEPTIS CP, SINICO RA, D'AMICO G. High binding to cellular fibronectin: a mechanism for induction of in situ immune complex glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis, 1996; 27: 476-83.
21. THOMSSEN R, BONK S, THIELE A. Density heterogeneities of hepatitis C virus in human sera due to the binding of beta-lipoproteins and immunoglobulins. Med Microbiol Immunol Berl, 1993; 182: 329-34.
22. THOMMSEN R, BONK S, PROPFE, HEERMANN KH, KOCHEL HG, UY A. Association of hepatitis C virus in human sera with beta-lipoprotein. Med Microbiol Immunol, 1992; 181: 293-300.
23. KANTO T, HAYASHI N, TAKEHARA T, HAGIWARA H, MITA E, NAITO M, KASAHARA A, FUSAMOTO H, KAMADA T. Bouyant density of hepatitis C virus recovered from infected hosts: two different features in sucrose density equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation related to degree of liver inflammation. Hepatology, 1994; 19: 296-302.
24. AGNELLO V. The aetiology of mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Scand J Immunol, 1995; 42: 179-84.
25. WILLEMS M, SHENG L, ROSKAMS T, RAMDANI B, DOUTRELEPON JM, FEVENS F, DUREZ P, TREILLE S, ALDER M, DESMET V, FEVERY J, YAP SH. Hepatitis C virus and its genotypes in patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C with or without a cryoglobulinemia-related syndrome. J Med Virol, 1994; 44: 266-71.
26. SINICO RA, RIBERO ML, FORNASIERI A, RENOLDI P, ZHOU J, FASOLA M, PORTERA G, ARRIGO G, GIBELLI A, D'AMICO G, TAGGER A. Hepatitis C virus genotype in patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Q J Med, 1995; 88: 805-10.
27. FRANGEUL L, MUSSET L, CRESTA P, CACOUB P, HURAUX J-M, LUNEL F. Hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes with hepatitis C, with and without cryoglobulinemia. J Hepatology, 1996; 25: 427-32.
28. ZIGNEGO AL, FERRI C, GIANNINI C, MONTI M, LA CIVITA L, CARECCIA G, LONGOMBARDO G, LOMBARDINI F, BOMBARDIERI S, GENTILINI P. Hepatitis C virus genotypes analysis in patients with type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ann Intern Med, 1996; 724: 31-4.
29. LECHNER S, RISPETER K, MEISEL H, KRASS W, JUNG G, ROGGENDORF M, ZIBERT A. Antibodies directed to envelope proteins of hepatitis C virus outside of hypervariable region 1. Virology, 1998; 243: 3213-21.
30. SMITH DB. Lack of evidence for distinct hepatitis C variants associated with cryoglobulin. Hepatology, 1999; 29; 614-5.
31. ZHANG Z-X, CHEN M, SONNERBORG A, WEILAND O, SALLBERG M. Distinguishing acute from symptomatic chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by site-directed serology of the HCV structural proteins. J Infect Dis, 1995; 171: 1356-9.
32. MUSSET L, DUARTE F, GAILLARD O, THI HOUNG DU L, BILALA J, GALLI J, PREUD'HOMME JL. Immunochemical characterization of monoclonal IgG containing mixed cryoglobulins. Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 1994; 70: 166-70.
33. CHEN M, SALLBERG M, SONNERBERG A, WEILAND O, MATTSSON L, JIN L, BIRKETT A, PETERSON D, MILICH DR. Limited humoral immunity in hepatitis C infection. Gastroenterology, 1998; 116: 135-43.
34. CAPRA JD, KUNKEL HG. Aggregation of γG3 proteins: relevance to the hyperviscosity syndrome. J Clin Invest, 1970; 49: 610-21.
35. BONAGURA VR, AGOSTINO N, BORRETZEN M, THOMPSON KM, NATVIG JB, MORRISON SL. Mapping IgG epitopes bound by rheumatoid factors from immunized controls identifies disease-specific rheumatoid factors produced by patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol, 1998; 160: 2496-505.
36. CHAVIN SI, FRANKLIN EC. Studies on antigen-binding activity of macroglobulin antibody subunits and their enzymatic fragments. J Biol Chem, 1969; 244: 1345-52.
37. COULIE PG, VAN SNICK J. Rheumatoid factor (RF) production during anamnestic immune response in mouse III. Activation of RF precursor cells is induced by their interaction with immune complexes and carrier-specific helper T cells. J Exp Med, 1985; 161: 88-97.
38. BACHMANN MF, KÜNDIG TM, HANGARTNER H, ZINKERNAGEL RM. Regulation of IgG antibody liters by the amount persisting of immune-complexed antigen. Eur J Immunol, 1994; 2567-70.
39. SILVERMAN GJ, GOLDFEIN RD, CHEN P, MAGEED RA, JEFFERIS R, GOÑI F, FRANGIONE B, FONG S, CARSON DA. Idiotypic and subgroup analysis of human monoclonal rheumatoid factors. Implications for structural and genetic basis of autoantibodies in humans. J Clin Invest, 1988; 82: 469-75.
40. GOREVIC PD, FRANGIONE B. Mixed cryoglobulinemia crossreactive idiotypes: implications for the relationship of MC to rheumatic and lymphoproliferative diseases. Semin Hematol, 1991; 28: 79-94.
41. SINICO RA, FORNASIERI A, INDACO A, RADICE A, BERNASCONI P, GIBELLI A, D'AMICO G. Cross-reactive idiotypes on cryoprecipitating monoclonal IgMk rheumatoid factors. Clin Exp Rheum, 1995; 13 (Suppl 13): S105-107.
42. BØRRETZEN M, RANDEN I, NATVIG JB, THOMPSON KM. Structural restriction in the heavy chain CDR3 of human rheumatoid factors. J Immunol, 1995; 155: 3630-7.
43. KLEIN R, JAENICHEN R, ZACHAU HG. Expressed immunoglobulin kappa genes and their hypermutation. Eur J Immunol, 1993; 23: 3248-62.
44. H1 gene belongs to a complex set of alleles. J Clin Invest, 1993; 91: 2358-67.
45. H locus completed by analysis of the telomeric region of chromosome 14q. Nature Genetics, 1994; 7: 162-8.
46. CROWLEY JJ, GOLEFEIN RD, SCHROHENLOHER RE, SPIEGELBERG HL, SILVERMAN GJ, MAGEED RA, JEFFERIS R, KOOPMAN WJ, CARSON DA, FONG S. Incidence of three cross-reactive idiotypes on human rheumatoid factor paraproteins. J Immunol, 1988; 140: 3411-8.
47. KIPPS TJ, DUFFY S. Relationship of the CD5 B cell to human tonsillar lymphocytes that express autoantibody-associated cross reactive itiotypes. J Clin Invest, 1991; 87: 2087-96.
48. BREZINSCHEK HP, BREZINSCHEK RI, LIPSKY PE. Analysis of the heavy chain repertoire of human peripheral B cells using single-cell polymerase chain reaction. J Immunol, 1995; 155: 190-202.
49. AGNELLO V, ZHANG Q-X, ABEL G, KNIGHT GB. The association of hepatitis C virus infection with monoclonal rheumatoid factors bearing the WA cross-reactive idiotype: implications for the etiopathogenesis and therapy of mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Rheum, 1995; 13 (Suppl 13): S101-S104.
50. KUNKEL HG, AGNELLO V, JOSLIN FG, WINCHESTER RJ, CAPRA JD. Cross-idiotypic specificity among monoclonal IgM proteins with anti-γ-globulin activity. J Exp Med, 1973; 137: 331-42.
51. KNIGHT GB, AGNELLO V, BONAGURA V, BARNES JL, PANKA DJ, ZHANG Q-X. Human rheumatoid factor cross-idiotypes. IV. Studies on WA XId-positive IgM without rheumatoid factor activity provide evidence that the WA XId is not unique to rheumatoid factors and is distinct from the 17.109 and G6 XIds. J Exp Med, 1993; 178: 1903-11.
52. BARNES JL, GONI F, HEYERMANN H, FRANGIONE B, AGNELLO V. Human rheumatoid factor cross-idiotypes. III. Bla monoclonal rheumatoid factor, prototype of the BLA cross-idiotype group, has distinct kappa chains related to the VkIII subgroup and Vh4 heavy chains. Arthritis Rheum, 1990; 33: 1710-5.
53. L kv325 immunoglobulin gene combination in hepatitis C virus-associated immunocytomas. Blood, 1998; 91: 2433-42.
54. CROUZIER R, MARTIN T, PASQUALI JL. Monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factor secreted by CD5-negative B cells during mixed cryoglobulinemia: Evidence for somatic mutations and intraclonal diversity of the expressed Vh region gene. J Immunol, 1995; 154: 413-21.
55. TIGHE H, CHEN PP, TUCKER R, KIPPS TJ, ROUDIER J, JIRIK FR, CARSON DA. Function of B cells expressing a human immunoglobulin M rheumatoid factor autoantibody in transgenic mice. J Exp Med, 1993; 177: 109-18.
56. WANG H, SCHLOMCHIK MJ. High affinity rheumatoid factor transgenic B cells are eliminated in normal mice. J Immunol, 1997; 159: 1125-34.
57. MAGEED R, BØRRETZEN M, MOVES SP, THOMPSON KM, NATVIG JB. Rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in health and disease. Ann NY Acad Sci, 1997; 815: 296-311.
58. THOMPSON KM, RANDEN I, BORRETZEN M, FORRE Ø, NATVIG JB. Variable gene usage of human monoclonal rheumatoid factors derived from healthy donors following immunization. Eur J immunol, 1994; 24: 1771-8.
59. BØRRETZEN M, RANDEN I, ZDÁRSKY E, FORRE Ø, NATVIG JB, THOMPSON KM. Control of autoantibody affinity by selection against amino acid replacements in the complementarity-determining regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1994; 91: 12917-21.
60. BØRRETZEN M, CHAPMAN C, NATVIG JB, THOMPSON KM. Differences in mutational patterns between rheumatoid factors in health and disease are related to variable heavy chain family and germ-line gene usage. Eur J Immunol. 1997; 27: 735-41.
61. BØRRETZEN M, NATVIG JB, THOMPSON KM. Heterogeneous RF structures between and within healthy individuals are not related to HLA DRB1*0401. Mol Immunol, 1997; 34: 929-38.
62. FOX RI, CHEN P, CARSON DA, FONG S. Expression of a cross-reactive idiotype on rheumatoid factor in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. J Immunol, 1986; 136: 477-83.
63. TZIOUFAS AG, MANOUSSAKIS MN, COSTELLO R, SILIS M, PAPADOPOULOS NM, MOUTSOPOULOS HM. Cryoglobulinemia in autoimmune diseases. Evidence of circulating monoclonal cryoglobulins in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum, 1986; 29: 1098-104.
64. SHOKRI F, MAGEED RA, KITAS GD, KATSIKIS P, MOUSTOPOULOS HM. Quantification of cross-reactive idiotype-positive rheumatoid factor produced in autoimmune diseases. An indicator of clonality and B cell proliferative mechanisms. Clin Exp Immunol, 1991; 85: 20-7.
65. SHOKRI F, MAGEED RA, MAZIAK BR, TALAL N, AMOS N, WILLIAMS BD, JEFFERIS R. Lymphoproliferation in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Evidence of selective expansion of a B cell subset characterized by the expression of cross-reactive idiotypes. Arthritis Rheum, 1993; 36: 1128-36.
66. TZIOUFAS AG, BOUMBA DS, SKOPOULI FN, MOUTSOPOULOS HM. Mixed monoclonal cryoglobulinemia and monoclonal rheumatoid factor cross-reactive idiotypes as predictive factors for the development of lymphoma in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum, 1996; 39: 767-72.
67. BAHLER DW, SWERDLOW SH. Clonal salivary gland infiltrates associated with myoepithelial sialadenitis (Sjogren's syndrome) begin as nonmalignant antigen-selected expansions. Blood, 1998; 91: 1864-72.
68. BAHLER DW, MIKLOS JA, SWERDLOW SH. Ongoing Ig gene hypermutation in salivary gland mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphomas. Blood, 1997; 89: 3335-44.
69. ROYER B, CAZAKS-HATEM D, SIBILIA J, AGBALIKA F, CAYUELA J-M, SOUSSI T, MALOISEL F, CLAUVEL J-P, BROUET J-C, MARIETTE X. Lymphomas in patients with Sjogren's syndrome are marginal zone B-cell neoplasms, arise in diverse extranodal and nodal sites, and are not associated with viruses. Blood, 1997; 90: 766-75.
70. HI associated cross reactive idiotypes within IgM rheumatoid factor from patients with early synovitis. Ann Rheum Dis, 1990; 49: 150-4.
71. DU M, DISS TC, XU C, PENG H, ISAACSON PG, PAN L. Ongoing mutation in MALT lymphoma immunoglobulin gene suggests that antigen stimulation plays a role in clonal expansion. Leukemia, 1996; 10: 1190-7.
72. SANSONNO D, IACOBELLI AR, CORNACCHIULO V, LAULETIA G, DISTASI MA, GATTI P, DAMMACCO F. Immunochemical and biomolecular studies of circulating immune complexes isolated from patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C infection. Eur J Clin Invest, 1996; 26: 465-75.
73. H gene 51p1 is proportional to its germline gene copy number. J Clin Invest, 1996; 97: 2074-80.
74. MELTZER M, FRANKLIN EC. Cryoglobulinemia a study of twenty-nine patients. I. IgG and IgM cryoglobulins and factors affecting cryoprecipitablilty. Am J Med, 1966; 40: 828-36.
75. QI M, STEIGER G, SCHIFFERLI JA. A calcium-dependent cryoglobulin IgMκ/polyclonal IgG. J Immunol, 1992; 149: 2345-51.
76. FRANZIN F, EFREMOV DG, POZZATO P, BATISTA F, BURRONE OR. Clonal B-cell expansions in peripheral blood of HCV-infected patients. Br J Haematol, 1995; 90: 548-52.
77. MAZZARO C, FRANZIN F, TULISSI P, PUSSINI E, CROVATTO M, CARNIELLO GS, EFREMOV DG, BURRONE O, SANTINI O, POZZATO G. Regression on monoclonal B-cell expansion in patients affected by mixed cryoglobulinemia responsive to a-interferon therapy. Cancer, 1996; 77: 2604-13.
78. PERL A, GOREVIC PD, RYAN DH, CONDEMI JJ, RUSZKOWSKI RJ, ABRAHAM FN. Clonal B cell expansions in patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Immunol, 1989; 76: 540-60.
79. PASQUALI JL, WALTZINGER C, KLUNTZ JL, KNAPP AM, LEVALLOIS H. The majority of peripheral blood monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factor secreting cells are CD5 negative in three patients with mixed cryoblobulinemia. Blood, 1991; 77: 1761-5.
80. BURASTERO SE, CASALI P, WILDER, NOTKINS AL. Monoreactive high affinity and polyreactive low affinity rheumatoid factors are produced by CD5+ B cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Med, 1988; 168: 1972-92.
81. HARDY RR, HAYAKAWA K, SHIMIZU M, YAMASAKI K, KISHIMOTO T. Rheumatoid factor secretion from human Leu-1+ B cells. Science, 1987; 236: 81-3.
82. PIETROGRANDE M, CORONA M, MILANI S, ROSTI A, RAMELLA M, TORDATO G. Relationship between rheumatoid factor and the immune response against hepatitis C virus in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1995; 13 (Suppl. 13): S109-S113.
83. CACOUB P, LUNEL-FABIANI F, MUSSET L, PERRIN M, FRANGEUL L, LEGER JM, HURAUX J-M, PIETTE J-C, GODEAU P. Mixed cryglobulinemia and hepatitis C virus. Am J Med, 1994; 96: 124-32.
84. PILERI P, UEMATSU Y, CAMPAGNOLI S, GALI G, FALUGI F, PETRACCA R, WEINER AJ, HOUGHTON M, ROSA D, GRANDI G, ABRIGNANI S. Binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81. Science, 1998; 282: 938-41.
85. SAKAMUTO D, FURUKAWA T, TAKEGAMI T. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein NS3 transforms NIH 3T3 cells. J Virol, 1995; 69: 3893-6.
86. RAY RB, LAGGING LM, MEYER K, RAY R. Hepatitis C virus core protein cooperates with ras and transforms primary embryo fibroblasts to tumorogenic phenotype. J Virol, 1996; 70: 4438-43.
87. KATO N, LAN K-H, ONO-NITA SK, SHIRATORI Y, OMATA M. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural region 5A protein is a potent transcriptional activator. J Virol, 1997; 71: 8856-9.
88. MATSUMOTO M, HSIEH T-Y, ZHU N, VANARSDALE T, HWANG SB, JENG K-S, GORBALENYA AE, LO S-Y, OU J-H, WARE CF, LAI MMC. Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of lymphotoxin-β receptor. J Virology, 1997; 71: 1301-9.
89. RAY RB, STEELE R, MEYER K, RAY R. Transcriptional repression of p53 promoter by hepatitis C virus core protein. J Biol Chem, 1997; 272: 10983-6.
90. RAY RB, MEYER K, STEELE R, SHRIVASTAVA A, AGGARWAL BB, RAY R. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)-mediated apoptosis by hepatitis C virus core protein. J Biol Chem, 1998; 273: 2256-9.
91. WAFl/Cip/Sidl promoter activity. Gene, 1998; 208: 331-6.
92. ELLIS M, RATHAUS M, AMIEL A, MANOR Y, KLEIN A, LISHNER M. Monoclonal lymphocyte proliferation and bcl-2 rearrangement in essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Eur J Clin Invest, 1995; 25: 833-7.
93. ZIGNEGO AL, GIANNELLI F, MARROCCHI ME, GIANNINI C, GENTILINI P, INNOCENTI F, FERRI C. Frequency of bcl-2 rearrangement in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia and HCV-positive liver disease. Clin Exp Rheum, 1997; 15: 711-2.
94. KORSMEYER SJ. Chromosomal translocations in lymphoid malignancies reveal novel proto-oncogenes. Ann Rev Immunol, 1992; 10: 785-807.
95. SILVESTRI F, BACCARANI M. Hepatitis C virus-related lymphomas. Br J Haematol, 1997; 99: 475-80.
96. ANDREONE P, ZIGNEGO AL, CURSARO C, GRAMENZI A, GHERLINZONI F, FIORINO S, GIANNINI C, BONI P, SABATTINI E, PILERI S, TURA S, BERNARDI M. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathies in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Intern Med, 1998; 129: 294-8.
97. POZZATO G, MAZZARO C, CROVATTO M et al. Low-grade malignant lymphoma, hepatitis C virus infection, and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood, 1994; 93047-53.
98. FRANKEL AH, SINGER DRJ, WINEARLS CG, EVANS DJ, REES AJ, PUSEY CD. Type II essential mixed cryoglobulinemia: presentation, treatment and outcome in 13 patients. Q J Med, 1992; 82: 101-24.
99. RASUL I, SHEPHERD FA, KAMEL-REID S, KRAJDEN M, PANTALONY D, HEATHCOTE EJ. Detection of occult low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Hepatology, 1999; 29: 543-7.
100. GHARAVI AE, CAMPION G, HUGHES GRV. Use of anti-idiotypic antibodies to demonstrate rheumatoid factor producing bone marrow cells in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ann Rheum Dis, 1984; 43: 651-2.
101. MONTEVERDE A, BALLARE, PILERI S. Hepatic lymphoid aggregates in chronic hepatitis C and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Springer Semin Immunopathol, 1997; 19: 99-110.
102. SANSONNO D, DE VITA S, IACOBELLI AR, CORNACCHIULO V, BOIOCCHI M, DAMMACCO F. Clonal analysis of intrahepatic B cells from HCV-infected patients with and without mixed cryoglobulinemia. J Immunol, 1998; 160: 3594-601.
103. MAGALINI AR, FACCHETTI F, SALAVI L, FONTANA L, PUOTI M, SCARPA A. Clonality of B-cells in portal lymphoid infiltrates of HCV-infected livers. J Pathol, 1998; 185: 86-90.