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1
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0032811224
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Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A study of first-episode patients
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Mohamed S., Paulsen J.S., O'Leary D., Arndt S., Andreasen N.C. Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a study of first-episode patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56:1999;749-754.
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(1999)
Arch Gen Psychiatry
, vol.56
, pp. 749-754
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Mohamed, S.1
Paulsen, J.S.2
O'Leary, D.3
Arndt, S.4
Andreasen, N.C.5
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2
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0032860930
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Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia
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Gold S., Arndt S., Nopoulos P., O'Leary D.S., Andreasen N.C. Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;342-1348.
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(1999)
Am J Psychiatry
, vol.156
, pp. 342-1348
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Gold, S.1
Arndt, S.2
Nopoulos, P.3
O'Leary, D.S.4
Andreasen, N.C.5
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3
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0032858515
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Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia
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Hoff A.L., Sakuma M., Wieneke M., Horon R., Kushner M., DeLisi L.E. Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;1336-1341.
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(1999)
Am J Psychiatry
, vol.156
, pp. 1336-1341
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Hoff, A.L.1
Sakuma, M.2
Wieneke, M.3
Horon, R.4
Kushner, M.5
Delisi, L.E.6
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4
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0032494260
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Selective attention in schizophrenia: Relationship to verbal working memory
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Barch D.M., Carter C.S. Selective attention in schizophrenia: relationship to verbal working memory. Schizophr Res. 33:1998;53-61.
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(1998)
Schizophr Res
, vol.33
, pp. 53-61
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Barch, D.M.1
Carter, C.S.2
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5
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0033046702
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Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks
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Cohen J.D., Barch D.M., Carter C., Servan-Schreiber D. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks. J Abnorm Psychol. 108:1999;120-133.
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(1999)
J Abnorm Psychol
, vol.108
, pp. 120-133
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Cohen, J.D.1
Barch, D.M.2
Carter, C.3
Servan-Schreiber, D.4
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7
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0031736528
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Word and tone working memory deficits in schizophrenia
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Wexler B.E., Stevens A.A., Bowers A.A., Sernyak M.J., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Word and tone working memory deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;1093-1096.
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(1998)
Arch Gen Psychiatry
, vol.55
, pp. 1093-1096
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Wexler, B.E.1
Stevens, A.A.2
Bowers, A.A.3
Sernyak, M.J.4
Goldman-Rakic, P.S.5
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8
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0032502963
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Neuropsychological deficits associated with schizophrenic syndromes
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Baxter R.D., Liddle P.F. Neuropsychological deficits associated with schizophrenic syndromes. Schizophr Res. 30:1998;239-249.
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(1998)
Schizophr Res
, vol.30
, pp. 239-249
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Baxter, R.D.1
Liddle, P.F.2
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9
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0031734106
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Word recall in schizophrenia: A connectionist model
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In normal subjects, recall of a particular word is dependent upon both its 'connectivity' with other words in a semantic network, as well as the number of associative links within this network; this study demonstrated that schizophrenic patients were impaired in recalling words of low connectivity, regardless of network size.
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Nestor P.G., Akdag S.J., O'Donnell B.F., Niznikiewicz M., Law S., Shenton M.E., McCarley R.W. Word recall in schizophrenia: a connectionist model. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;1685-1690. In normal subjects, recall of a particular word is dependent upon both its 'connectivity' with other words in a semantic network, as well as the number of associative links within this network; this study demonstrated that schizophrenic patients were impaired in recalling words of low connectivity, regardless of network size.
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(1998)
Am J Psychiatry
, vol.155
, pp. 1685-1690
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Nestor, P.G.1
Akdag, S.J.2
O'Donnell, B.F.3
Niznikiewicz, M.4
Law, S.5
Shenton, M.E.6
McCarley, R.W.7
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10
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0033046744
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Functional mechanisms underlying impaired recognition memory and conscious awareness in patients with schizophrenia
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Subjects performed or watched the pairing of objects. They were then required to recognize pairs of objects, to recall who paired them (source recognition), and to distinguish between whether they 'remembered' details of the pairing episode (autonoetic awareness) or just 'knew' that objects had been paired (noetic awareness). Schizophrenic patients recognized fewer pairs, were less able to recognize the source, and made significantly fewer 'remember' responses. This suggested that patients with schizophrenia were unable to link the separate aspects of events ('relational binding') and that the corollary of this deficit is a quantitative and qualitative impairment of autonoetic awareness.
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Danion J.M., Rizzo L., Bruant A. Functional mechanisms underlying impaired recognition memory and conscious awareness in patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56:1999;639-644. Subjects performed or watched the pairing of objects. They were then required to recognize pairs of objects, to recall who paired them (source recognition), and to distinguish between whether they 'remembered' details of the pairing episode (autonoetic awareness) or just 'knew' that objects had been paired (noetic awareness). Schizophrenic patients recognized fewer pairs, were less able to recognize the source, and made significantly fewer 'remember' responses. This suggested that patients with schizophrenia were unable to link the separate aspects of events ('relational binding') and that the corollary of this deficit is a quantitative and qualitative impairment of autonoetic awareness.
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(1999)
Arch Gen Psychiatry
, vol.56
, pp. 639-644
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Danion, J.M.1
Rizzo, L.2
Bruant, A.3
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11
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0033528206
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Verbal self-monitoring and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia [letter]
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This study extended previous studies of source memory in schizophrenia, by specifically linking the phenomenon of auditory hallucinations with an underlying cognitive deficit in source monitoring 'online'. The authors used an innovative paradigm in which subjects were required to distinguish the source of their own speech, which was distorted and instantaneously fed back. Even with minor distortions of pitch, hallucinators were particularly prone to conclude that their voice belonged to someone else (especially when articulating derogatory words).
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Johns L.C., McGuire P.K. Verbal self-monitoring and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia [letter]. Lancet. 353:1999;469-470. This study extended previous studies of source memory in schizophrenia, by specifically linking the phenomenon of auditory hallucinations with an underlying cognitive deficit in source monitoring 'online'. The authors used an innovative paradigm in which subjects were required to distinguish the source of their own speech, which was distorted and instantaneously fed back. Even with minor distortions of pitch, hallucinators were particularly prone to conclude that their voice belonged to someone else (especially when articulating derogatory words).
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(1999)
Lancet
, vol.353
, pp. 469-470
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Johns, L.C.1
McGuire, P.K.2
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12
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0031712942
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Cognitive processes in auditory hallucinations: Attributional biases and metacognition
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Baker C.A., Morrison A.P. Cognitive processes in auditory hallucinations: attributional biases and metacognition. Psychol Med. 28:1998;1199-1208.
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(1998)
Psychol Med
, vol.28
, pp. 1199-1208
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Baker, C.A.1
Morrison, A.P.2
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13
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19244377524
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Word recognition, discrimination accuracy, and decision bias in schizophrenia: Association with positive symptomatology and depressive symptomatology
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Brebion G., Smith M.J., Amador X., Malaspina D., Gorman J.M. Word recognition, discrimination accuracy, and decision bias in schizophrenia: association with positive symptomatology and depressive symptomatology. J Nerv Ment Dis. 186:1998;604-609.
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(1998)
J Nerv Ment Dis
, vol.186
, pp. 604-609
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Brebion, G.1
Smith, M.J.2
Amador, X.3
Malaspina, D.4
Gorman, J.M.5
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14
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0033050809
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Selective speech perception alterations in schizophrenic patients reporting hallucinated "voices"
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Hoffman R.E., Rapaport J., Mazure C.M., Quinlan D.M. Selective speech perception alterations in schizophrenic patients reporting hallucinated "voices" Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;393-399.
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(1999)
Am J Psychiatry
, vol.156
, pp. 393-399
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Hoffman, R.E.1
Rapaport, J.2
Mazure, C.M.3
Quinlan, D.M.4
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15
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0031790559
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Cognitive substrates of thought disorder, I: The semantic system
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Goldberg T.E., Aloia M.S., Gourovitch M.L., Missar D., Pickar D., Weinberger D.R. Cognitive substrates of thought disorder, I: the semantic system. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;1671-1676.
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(1998)
Am J Psychiatry
, vol.155
, pp. 1671-1676
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Goldberg, T.E.1
Aloia, M.S.2
Gourovitch, M.L.3
Missar, D.4
Pickar, D.5
Weinberger, D.R.6
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16
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0032923270
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Increased automatic spreading activation in healthy subjects with elevated scores in a scale assessing schizophrenic language disturbances
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Moritz S., Andresen B., Domin F., Martin T., Probsthein E., Kretschmer G., Krausz M., Naber D., Spitzer M. Increased automatic spreading activation in healthy subjects with elevated scores in a scale assessing schizophrenic language disturbances. Psychol Med. 29:1999;161-170.
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(1999)
Psychol Med
, vol.29
, pp. 161-170
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Moritz, S.1
Andresen, B.2
Domin, F.3
Martin, T.4
Probsthein, E.5
Kretschmer, G.6
Krausz, M.7
Naber, D.8
Spitzer, M.9
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17
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0031733813
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Cognitive substrates of thought disorder, II: Specifying a candidate cognitive mechanism
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Aloia M.S., Gourovitch M.L., Missar D., Pickar D., Weinberger D.R., Goldberg T.E. Cognitive substrates of thought disorder, II: specifying a candidate cognitive mechanism. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;1677-1684.
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(1998)
Am J Psychiatry
, vol.155
, pp. 1677-1684
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Aloia, M.S.1
Gourovitch, M.L.2
Missar, D.3
Pickar, D.4
Weinberger, D.R.5
Goldberg, T.E.6
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18
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0031871857
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Reduced sensitivity to linguistic context in schizophrenic thought disorder: Evidence from on-line monitoring for words in linguistically anomalous sentences
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In this paradigm, subjects were asked to monitor spoken sentences for target nouns (e.g. 'guitar') in normal sentences (e.g. ". the young man grabbed the guitar."), and for different types of pragmatically and semantically violated sentences (e.g. ".the young man drank the guitar."). Healthy controls and non-thought-disordered schizophrenic patients took longer to recognize words that were linguistically-violated compared with words in normal sentences. Compared with both other groups, thought-disordered patients showed significantly smaller differences in reaction time, suggesting that they were relatively insensitive to all linguistic violations. In this study, syntactic violations (subcategorization violations) were also semantically violated. Thus, further studies are required to determine whether positive-thought-disordered patients are specifically impaired in processing semantics as opposed to syntax.
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Kuperberg G.R., McGuire P.K., David A.S. Reduced sensitivity to linguistic context in schizophrenic thought disorder: evidence from on-line monitoring for words in linguistically anomalous sentences. J Abnorm Psychol. 107:1998;423-434. In this paradigm, subjects were asked to monitor spoken sentences for target nouns (e.g. 'guitar') in normal sentences (e.g. ". the young man grabbed the guitar."), and for different types of pragmatically and semantically violated sentences (e.g. ".the young man drank the guitar."). Healthy controls and non-thought-disordered schizophrenic patients took longer to recognize words that were linguistically-violated compared with words in normal sentences. Compared with both other groups, thought-disordered patients showed significantly smaller differences in reaction time, suggesting that they were relatively insensitive to all linguistic violations. In this study, syntactic violations (subcategorization violations) were also semantically violated. Thus, further studies are required to determine whether positive-thought-disordered patients are specifically impaired in processing semantics as opposed to syntax.
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(1998)
J Abnorm Psychol
, vol.107
, pp. 423-434
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Kuperberg, G.R.1
McGuire, P.K.2
David, A.S.3
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19
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0033370090
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Increased stroop facilitation effects in schizophrenia are not due to increased automatic spreading activation
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Barch D.M., Carter C.S., Perlstein W., Baird J., Cohen J.D., Schooler N. Increased stroop facilitation effects in schizophrenia are not due to increased automatic spreading activation. Schizophr Res. 39:1999;51-64.
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(1999)
Schizophr Res
, vol.39
, pp. 51-64
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Barch, D.M.1
Carter, C.S.2
Perlstein, W.3
Baird, J.4
Cohen, J.D.5
Schooler, N.6
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20
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0032802830
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The physiological approach: Functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia
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Goldman-Rakic P.S. The physiological approach: functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 46:1999;650-661.
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(1999)
Biol Psychiatry
, vol.46
, pp. 650-661
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Goldman-Rakic, P.S.1
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21
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0031667684
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Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia
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Carter C.S., Perlstein W., Ganguli R., Brar J., Mintun M., Cohen J.D. Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;1285-1287.
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(1998)
Am J Psychiatry
, vol.155
, pp. 1285-1287
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Carter, C.S.1
Perlstein, W.2
Ganguli, R.3
Brar, J.4
Mintun, M.5
Cohen, J.D.6
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22
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0031763396
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Brain activations in schizophrenia during a graded memory task studied with functional neuroimaging
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This PET study demonstrated that DLPFC blood flow increased during learning and recalling words when the working memory load was low, but declined from the normal range with increased word list length. The DLPFC response was closely related to task performance in schizophrenia.
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Fletcher P.C., McKenna P.J., Frith C.D., Grasby P.M., Friston K.J., Dolan R.J. Brain activations in schizophrenia during a graded memory task studied with functional neuroimaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;1001-1008. This PET study demonstrated that DLPFC blood flow increased during learning and recalling words when the working memory load was low, but declined from the normal range with increased word list length. The DLPFC response was closely related to task performance in schizophrenia.
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(1998)
Arch Gen Psychiatry
, vol.55
, pp. 1001-1008
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Fletcher, P.C.1
McKenna, P.J.2
Frith, C.D.3
Grasby, P.M.4
Friston, K.J.5
Dolan, R.J.6
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23
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0033134961
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Schizophrenic subjects activate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task, as measured by fMRI
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Manoach D.S., Press D.Z., Thangaraj V., Searl M.M., Goff D.C., Halpern E., Saper C.B., Warach S. Schizophrenic subjects activate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task, as measured by fMRI. Biol Psychiatry. 45:1999;1128-1137.
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(1999)
Biol Psychiatry
, vol.45
, pp. 1128-1137
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Manoach, D.S.1
Press, D.Z.2
Thangaraj, V.3
Searl, M.M.4
Goff, D.C.5
Halpern, E.6
Saper, C.B.7
Warach, S.8
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24
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0031789949
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Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging
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Using fMRI, the authors showed that verbal working memory deficits in schizophrenia are associated with an impaired activation of language-associated areas in the left inferior frontal gyrus (areas 6, 44 and 45).
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Stevens A.A., Goldman-Rakic P.S., Gore J.C., Fulbright R.K., Wexler B.E. Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;1097-1103. Using fMRI, the authors showed that verbal working memory deficits in schizophrenia are associated with an impaired activation of language-associated areas in the left inferior frontal gyrus (areas 6, 44 and 45).
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(1998)
Arch Gen Psychiatry
, vol.55
, pp. 1097-1103
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Stevens, A.A.1
Goldman-Rakic, P.S.2
Gore, J.C.3
Fulbright, R.K.4
Wexler, B.E.5
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25
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0033522365
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Attenuated frontal activation in schizophrenia may be task dependent
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Curtis V.A., Bullmore E.T., Morris R.G., Brammer M.J., Williams S.C., Simmons A., Sharma T., Murray R.M., McGuire P.K. Attenuated frontal activation in schizophrenia may be task dependent. Schizophr Res. 37:1999;35-44.
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(1999)
Schizophr Res
, vol.37
, pp. 35-44
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Curtis, V.A.1
Bullmore, E.T.2
Morris, R.G.3
Brammer, M.J.4
Williams, S.C.5
Simmons, A.6
Sharma, T.7
Murray, R.M.8
McGuire, P.K.9
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26
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0032129718
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Impaired recruitment of the hippocampus during conscious recollection in schizophrenia
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This PET study reveals that schizophrenics lack the normal hippocampal blood-flow increases during conscious recollection but show widespread frontal lobe blood-flow increases and better than normal recall accuracy during effortful retrieval.
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Heckers S., Rauch S.L., Goff D., Savage C.R., Schacter D.L., Fischman A.J., Alpert N.M. Impaired recruitment of the hippocampus during conscious recollection in schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci. 1:1998;318-323. This PET study reveals that schizophrenics lack the normal hippocampal blood-flow increases during conscious recollection but show widespread frontal lobe blood-flow increases and better than normal recall accuracy during effortful retrieval.
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(1998)
Nat Neurosci
, vol.1
, pp. 318-323
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Heckers, S.1
Rauch, S.L.2
Goff, D.3
Savage, C.R.4
Schacter, D.L.5
Fischman, A.J.6
Alpert, N.M.7
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27
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0032866654
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Three-dimensional analysis with MRI and PET of the size, shape, and function of the thalamus in the schizophrenia spectrum
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This combined PET and structural magnetic resonance study found patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder to have decreased thalamic glucose metabolism during verbal learning and an abnormal shape of the thalamus, but a normal total thalamic volume.
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Hazlett E.A., Buchsbaum M.S., Byne W., Wei T.C., Spiegel-Cohen J., Geneve C., Kinderlehrer R., Haznedar M.M., Shihabuddin L., Siever L.J. Three-dimensional analysis with MRI and PET of the size, shape, and function of the thalamus in the schizophrenia spectrum. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;1190-1199. This combined PET and structural magnetic resonance study found patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder to have decreased thalamic glucose metabolism during verbal learning and an abnormal shape of the thalamus, but a normal total thalamic volume.
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(1999)
Am J Psychiatry
, vol.156
, pp. 1190-1199
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Hazlett, E.A.1
Buchsbaum, M.S.2
Byne, W.3
Wei, T.C.4
Spiegel-Cohen, J.5
Geneve, C.6
Kinderlehrer, R.7
Haznedar, M.M.8
Shihabuddin, L.9
Siever, L.J.10
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28
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0032498948
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Dorsal striatal size, shape, and metabolic rate in never-medicated and previously medicated schizophrenics performing a verbal learning task
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Shihabuddin L., Buchsbaum M.S., Hazlett E.A., Haznedar M.M., Harvey P.D., Newman A., Schnur D.B., Spiegel-Cohen J., Wei T., Machac J.et al. Dorsal striatal size, shape, and metabolic rate in never-medicated and previously medicated schizophrenics performing a verbal learning task. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;235-243.
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(1998)
Arch Gen Psychiatry
, vol.55
, pp. 235-243
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Shihabuddin, L.1
Buchsbaum, M.S.2
Hazlett, E.A.3
Haznedar, M.M.4
Harvey, P.D.5
Newman, A.6
Schnur, D.B.7
Spiegel-Cohen, J.8
Wei, T.9
Machac, J.10
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29
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0032978064
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Recalling word lists reveals "cognitive dysmetria" in schizophrenia: A positron emission tomography study
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Crespo-Facorro B., Paradiso S., Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Watkins G.L., Boles Ponto L.L., Hichwa R.D. Recalling word lists reveals "cognitive dysmetria" in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography study. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;386-392.
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(1999)
Am J Psychiatry
, vol.156
, pp. 386-392
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Crespo-Facorro, B.1
Paradiso, S.2
Andreasen, N.C.3
O'Leary, D.S.4
Watkins, G.L.5
Boles Ponto, L.L.6
Hichwa, R.D.7
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30
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0032863049
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Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: Cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms
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The authors summarize recent PET studies of a neural network including cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum during the performance of several memory tasks; in each of the studies, schizophrenia was associated with decreased blood flow in all or some of the three brain regions.
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Andreasen N.C., Nopoulos P., O'Leary D.S., Miller D.D., Wassink T., Flaum M. Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms. Biol Psychiatry. 46:1999;908-920. The authors summarize recent PET studies of a neural network including cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum during the performance of several memory tasks; in each of the studies, schizophrenia was associated with decreased blood flow in all or some of the three brain regions.
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(1999)
Biol Psychiatry
, vol.46
, pp. 908-920
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Andreasen, N.C.1
Nopoulos, P.2
O'Leary, D.S.3
Miller, D.D.4
Wassink, T.5
Flaum, M.6
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31
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0033551048
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Psychophysical isolation of a motion-processing deficit in schizophrenics and their relatives and its association with impaired smooth pursuit
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Chen Y., Nakayama K., Levy D.L., Matthysse S., Holzman P.S. Psychophysical isolation of a motion-processing deficit in schizophrenics and their relatives and its association with impaired smooth pursuit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;4724-4729.
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(1999)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.96
, pp. 4724-4729
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Chen, Y.1
Nakayama, K.2
Levy, D.L.3
Matthysse, S.4
Holzman, P.S.5
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32
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0032995327
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Dependence of impaired eye tracking on deficient velocity discrimination in schizophrenia
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In this study, 15 patients with chronic schizophrenia showed deficient processing of velocity information, providing evidence for an impairment of motion-sensitive areas such as MT (in addition to frontal areas).
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Chen Y., Levy D.L., Nakayama K., Matthysse S., Palafox G., Holzman P.S. Dependence of impaired eye tracking on deficient velocity discrimination in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56:1999;155-161. In this study, 15 patients with chronic schizophrenia showed deficient processing of velocity information, providing evidence for an impairment of motion-sensitive areas such as MT (in addition to frontal areas).
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(1999)
Arch Gen Psychiatry
, vol.56
, pp. 155-161
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Chen, Y.1
Levy, D.L.2
Nakayama, K.3
Matthysse, S.4
Palafox, G.5
Holzman, P.S.6
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33
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0033002012
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Motion perception in schizophrenia
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Chen Y., Palafox G.P., Nakayama K., Levy D.L., Matthysse S., Holzman P.S. Motion perception in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56:1999;149-154.
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(1999)
Arch Gen Psychiatry
, vol.56
, pp. 149-154
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Chen, Y.1
Palafox, G.P.2
Nakayama, K.3
Levy, D.L.4
Matthysse, S.5
Holzman, P.S.6
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34
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0031664738
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Saccadic and attentional abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia
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Maruff P., Danckert J., Pantelis C., Currie J. Saccadic and attentional abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 28:1998;1091-1100.
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(1998)
Psychol Med
, vol.28
, pp. 1091-1100
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Maruff, P.1
Danckert, J.2
Pantelis, C.3
Currie, J.4
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35
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0032532162
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Eye tracking abnormalities in schizophrenia: Evidence for dysfunction in the frontal eye fields
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Twelve neuroleptic-naive first-episode patients showed impaired pursuit initiation, low steady-state pursuit gain, and preserved integrity in the processing of motion information, providing support for frontal eye field dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Sweeney J.A., Luna B., Srinivasagam N.M., Keshavan M.S., Schooler N.R., Haas G.L., Carl J.R. Eye tracking abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence for dysfunction in the frontal eye fields. Biol Psychiatry. 44:1998;698-708. Twelve neuroleptic-naive first-episode patients showed impaired pursuit initiation, low steady-state pursuit gain, and preserved integrity in the processing of motion information, providing support for frontal eye field dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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(1998)
Biol Psychiatry
, vol.44
, pp. 698-708
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Sweeney, J.A.1
Luna, B.2
Srinivasagam, N.M.3
Keshavan, M.S.4
Schooler, N.R.5
Haas, G.L.6
Carl, J.R.7
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36
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