-
2
-
-
0031401031
-
-
T. R. Seastedt and A. K. Knapp, Am. Nat. 141, 621 (1993); J. M. Blair, Ecology 78, 2359 (1997).
-
(1997)
Ecology
, vol.78
, pp. 2359
-
-
Blair, J.M.1
-
4
-
-
0003493507
-
-
A. K. Knapp, J. M. Briggs, D. C. Hartnett, S. L. Collins, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, London, in press)
-
A. K. Knapp and T. R. Seastedt, in Grassland Dynamics: Long-term Ecological Research in Tallgrass Prairie, A. K. Knapp, J. M. Briggs, D. C. Hartnett, S. L. Collins, Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, London, in press).
-
Grassland Dynamics: Long-term Ecological Research in Tallgrass Prairie
-
-
Knapp, A.K.1
Seastedt, T.R.2
-
5
-
-
84920309849
-
-
D. C. Hartnett and P. A. Fay, in (3)
-
D. C. Hartnett and P. A. Fay, in (3).
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
0001866136
-
-
S. J. McNaughton, Ecol. Appl. 3, 17 (1993); F. B. Samson and F. L. Knopf, BioScience 44, 18 (1994).
-
(1993)
Ecol. Appl.
, vol.3
, pp. 17
-
-
McNaughton, S.J.1
-
8
-
-
36949060119
-
-
J. P. Grime, Nature 242, 344 (1973); D. Tilman, Resource Competition and Community Structure (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1982); A. DiTommaso and L. W. Aarrsen, Vegetatio 84, 9 (1989).
-
(1973)
Nature
, vol.242
, pp. 344
-
-
Grime, J.P.1
-
9
-
-
36949060119
-
-
Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ
-
J. P. Grime, Nature 242, 344 (1973); D. Tilman, Resource Competition and Community Structure (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1982); A. DiTommaso and L. W. Aarrsen, Vegetatio 84, 9 (1989).
-
(1982)
Resource Competition and Community Structure
-
-
Tilman, D.1
-
10
-
-
0024900459
-
-
J. P. Grime, Nature 242, 344 (1973); D. Tilman, Resource Competition and Community Structure (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1982); A. DiTommaso and L. W. Aarrsen, Vegetatio 84, 9 (1989).
-
(1989)
Vegetatio
, vol.84
, pp. 9
-
-
DiTommaso, A.1
Aarrsen, L.W.2
-
11
-
-
0027492638
-
-
This rate of N addition was chosen to add sufficient N to allow for a detectable plant response in a short period of time [J. D. Aber et al., Ecol. Appl. 3, 156 (1993)]. Studies have shown that supplemental N in this range was sufficient to affect productivity and community structure [T. R. Seastedt, J. M. Briggs, D. J. Gibson, Oecologia 87, 72 (1991); J. W. Silvertown, J. Appl. Ecol. 17, 491 (1980); D. A. Wedin and D. Tilman, Science 274, 1720 (1996)]. These accelerated responses are indicative of long-term cumulative effects of chronic elevated N deposition that occur in grasslands and other regions [P. M. Vitousek et al., Ecol. Appl. 7, 737 (1997)].
-
(1993)
Ecol. Appl.
, vol.3
, pp. 156
-
-
Aber, J.D.1
-
12
-
-
0026330173
-
-
This rate of N addition was chosen to add sufficient N to allow for a detectable plant response in a short period of time [J. D. Aber et al., Ecol. Appl. 3, 156 (1993)]. Studies have shown that supplemental N in this range was sufficient to affect productivity and community structure [T. R. Seastedt, J. M. Briggs, D. J. Gibson, Oecologia 87, 72 (1991); J. W. Silvertown, J. Appl. Ecol. 17, 491 (1980); D. A. Wedin and D. Tilman, Science 274, 1720 (1996)]. These accelerated responses are indicative of long-term cumulative effects of chronic elevated N deposition that occur in grasslands and other regions [P. M. Vitousek et al., Ecol. Appl. 7, 737 (1997)].
-
(1991)
Oecologia
, vol.87
, pp. 72
-
-
Seastedt, T.R.1
Briggs, J.M.2
Gibson, D.J.3
-
13
-
-
0001360084
-
-
This rate of N addition was chosen to add sufficient N to allow for a detectable plant response in a short period of time [J. D. Aber et al., Ecol. Appl. 3, 156 (1993)]. Studies have shown that supplemental N in this range was sufficient to affect productivity and community structure [T. R. Seastedt, J. M. Briggs, D. J. Gibson, Oecologia 87, 72 (1991); J. W. Silvertown, J. Appl. Ecol. 17, 491 (1980); D. A. Wedin and D. Tilman, Science 274, 1720 (1996)]. These accelerated responses are indicative of long-term cumulative effects of chronic elevated N deposition that occur in grasslands and other regions [P. M. Vitousek et al., Ecol. Appl. 7, 737 (1997)].
-
(1980)
J. Appl. Ecol.
, vol.17
, pp. 491
-
-
Silvertown, J.W.1
-
14
-
-
0029849624
-
-
This rate of N addition was chosen to add sufficient N to allow for a detectable plant response in a short period of time [J. D. Aber et al., Ecol. Appl. 3, 156 (1993)]. Studies have shown that supplemental N in this range was sufficient to affect productivity and community structure [T. R. Seastedt, J. M. Briggs, D. J. Gibson, Oecologia 87, 72 (1991); J. W. Silvertown, J. Appl. Ecol. 17, 491 (1980); D. A. Wedin and D. Tilman, Science 274, 1720 (1996)]. These accelerated responses are indicative of long-term cumulative effects of chronic elevated N deposition that occur in grasslands and other regions [P. M. Vitousek et al., Ecol. Appl. 7, 737 (1997)].
-
(1996)
Science
, vol.274
, pp. 1720
-
-
Wedin, D.A.1
Tilman, D.2
-
15
-
-
0030612951
-
-
This rate of N addition was chosen to add sufficient N to allow for a detectable plant response in a short period of time [J. D. Aber et al., Ecol. Appl. 3, 156 (1993)]. Studies have shown that supplemental N in this range was sufficient to affect productivity and community structure [T. R. Seastedt, J. M. Briggs, D. J. Gibson, Oecologia 87, 72 (1991); J. W. Silvertown, J. Appl. Ecol. 17, 491 (1980); D. A. Wedin and D. Tilman, Science 274, 1720 (1996)]. These accelerated responses are indicative of long-term cumulative effects of chronic elevated N deposition that occur in grasslands and other regions [P. M. Vitousek et al., Ecol. Appl. 7, 737 (1997)].
-
(1997)
Ecol. Appl.
, vol.7
, pp. 737
-
-
Vitousek, P.M.1
-
16
-
-
84920309848
-
-
note
-
Spatially integrated photon flux density (0.4 to 0.7 μm; reported in micromoles per square meter per second) was measured with a 1-m ceptometer (Decagon) in four locations in each plot in September. Measurements were made at midday under clear sky conditions. Mowing occurred in late June of each year.
-
-
-
-
17
-
-
0025993285
-
-
S. L. Collins and S. M. Glenn, Ecology 72, 654 (1991); C. L. Turner and A. K. Knapp, ibid. 77, 1738 (1996).
-
(1991)
Ecology
, vol.72
, pp. 654
-
-
Collins, S.L.1
Glenn, S.M.2
-
18
-
-
0000451780
-
-
S. L. Collins and S. M. Glenn, Ecology 72, 654 (1991); C. L. Turner and A. K. Knapp, ibid. 77, 1738 (1996).
-
(1996)
Ecology
, vol.77
, pp. 1738
-
-
Turner, C.L.1
Knapp, A.K.2
-
20
-
-
84920309847
-
-
note
-
In 1987, 30 bison were reintroduced to Konza Prairie, and the herd is now maintained at 200 individuals. Bison have unrestricted access to 10 watersheds subjected to different frequencies of late spring prescribed fire in a 1012-ha portion of prairie. This animal density was selected so that ∼25% of aboveground primary production is consumed annually.
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
0026313217
-
-
N. T. Hobbs, D. S. Schimel, C. E. Owensby, D. S. Ojima. Ecology 72, 1374 (1991); S. J. McNaughton, F. F. Banyikwa, M. M. McNaughton, Science 278, 1798 (1997).
-
(1991)
Ecology
, vol.72
, pp. 1374
-
-
Hobbs, N.T.1
Schimel, D.S.2
Owensby, C.E.3
Ojima, D.S.4
-
23
-
-
0030698729
-
-
N. T. Hobbs, D. S. Schimel, C. E. Owensby, D. S. Ojima. Ecology 72, 1374 (1991); S. J. McNaughton, F. F. Banyikwa, M. M. McNaughton, Science 278, 1798 (1997).
-
(1997)
Science
, vol.278
, pp. 1798
-
-
McNaughton, S.J.1
Banyikwa, F.F.2
McNaughton, M.M.3
-
24
-
-
0023520677
-
-
S. L. Collins and E. M. Steinauer, in (3)
-
D. J. Gibson and L. C. Hulbert, Vegetatio 72, 175 (1987); S. L. Collins and E. M. Steinauer, in (3).
-
(1987)
Vegetatio
, vol.72
, pp. 175
-
-
Gibson, D.J.1
Hulbert, L.C.2
-
25
-
-
77956813388
-
-
R. Daubenmire, Adv. Ecol. Res. 5, 209 (1968); R. J. Vogl, in Fire and Ecosystems, T. T. Kozlowski and C. E. Ahlgren, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1974), pp. 139-194.
-
(1968)
Adv. Ecol. Res.
, vol.5
, pp. 209
-
-
Daubenmire, R.1
-
26
-
-
0002340042
-
-
T. T. Kozlowski and C. E. Ahlgren, Eds. Academic Press, New York
-
R. Daubenmire, Adv. Ecol. Res. 5, 209 (1968); R. J. Vogl, in Fire and Ecosystems, T. T. Kozlowski and C. E. Ahlgren, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1974), pp. 139-194.
-
(1974)
Fire and Ecosystems
, pp. 139-194
-
-
Vogl, R.J.1
-
28
-
-
0022860270
-
-
S. L. Collins and S. M. Barber, Vegetatio 64, 87 (1985); S. L. Collins, S. M. Glenn, D. J. Gibson, Ecology 76, 486 (1995).
-
(1985)
Vegetatio
, vol.64
, pp. 87
-
-
Collins, S.L.1
Barber, S.M.2
-
29
-
-
0028974153
-
-
S. L. Collins and S. M. Barber, Vegetatio 64, 87 (1985); S. L. Collins, S. M. Glenn, D. J. Gibson, Ecology 76, 486 (1995).
-
(1995)
Ecology
, vol.76
, pp. 486
-
-
Collins, S.L.1
Glenn, S.M.2
Gibson, D.J.3
-
30
-
-
0026525641
-
-
F. Berendse, M. J. M. Oomes, H. J. Attena, W. T. Elberse, Biol. Conserv. 62, 59 (1992); E. M. Steinauer and S. L. Collins, in Prairie Conservation: Preserving North America's Most Endangered Ecosystem, F. B. Sampson and F. L. Knopf, Eds. (Island Press, Washington, DC, 1996), pp. 39-52. The functional equivalency of bison and cattle grazing in North American grasslands remains uncertain [G. E. Plumb and J. L. Dodd, Ecol. Appl. 3, 631 (1993); (4)].
-
(1992)
Biol. Conserv.
, vol.62
, pp. 59
-
-
Berendse, F.1
Oomes, M.J.M.2
Attena, H.J.3
Elberse, W.T.4
-
31
-
-
0026525641
-
-
F. B. Sampson and F. L. Knopf, Eds. Island Press, Washington, DC
-
F. Berendse, M. J. M. Oomes, H. J. Attena, W. T. Elberse, Biol. Conserv. 62, 59 (1992); E. M. Steinauer and S. L. Collins, in Prairie Conservation: Preserving North America's Most Endangered Ecosystem, F. B. Sampson and F. L. Knopf, Eds. (Island Press, Washington, DC, 1996), pp. 39-52. The functional equivalency of bison and cattle grazing in North American grasslands remains uncertain [G. E. Plumb and J. L. Dodd, Ecol. Appl. 3, 631 (1993); (4)].
-
(1996)
Prairie Conservation: Preserving North America's Most Endangered Ecosystem
, pp. 39-52
-
-
Steinauer, E.M.1
Collins, S.L.2
-
32
-
-
0027332448
-
-
4
-
F. Berendse, M. J. M. Oomes, H. J. Attena, W. T. Elberse, Biol. Conserv. 62, 59 (1992); E. M. Steinauer and S. L. Collins, in Prairie Conservation: Preserving North America's Most Endangered Ecosystem, F. B. Sampson and F. L. Knopf, Eds. (Island Press, Washington, DC, 1996), pp. 39-52. The functional equivalency of bison and cattle grazing in North American grasslands remains uncertain [G. E. Plumb and J. L. Dodd, Ecol. Appl. 3, 631 (1993); (4)].
-
(1993)
Ecol. Appl.
, vol.3
, pp. 631
-
-
Plumb, G.E.1
Dodd, J.L.2
-
33
-
-
0004467728
-
-
K. J. Gaston, Ed. Blackwell, London
-
S. L. Collins and T. R. Benning, in Biodiversity: A Biology of Numbers and Difference, K. J. Gaston, Ed. (Blackwell, London, 1996), pp. 253-280.
-
(1996)
Biodiversity: A Biology of Numbers and Difference
, pp. 253-280
-
-
Collins, S.L.1
Benning, T.R.2
-
34
-
-
10244235264
-
-
M. E. Power et al., BioScience 46, 609 (1996); D. A. Wardle, O. Zachrisson, G. Hörnberg, C. Gallet, Science 277, 1296 (1997); D. Tilman et al., ibid., p. 1300; D. U. Hooper and P. M. Vitousek, ibid., p. 1302.
-
(1996)
BioScience
, vol.46
, pp. 609
-
-
Power, M.E.1
-
35
-
-
0030800859
-
-
M. E. Power et al., BioScience 46, 609 (1996); D. A. Wardle, O. Zachrisson, G. Hörnberg, C. Gallet, Science 277, 1296 (1997); D. Tilman et al., ibid., p. 1300; D. U. Hooper and P. M. Vitousek, ibid., p. 1302.
-
(1997)
Science
, vol.277
, pp. 1296
-
-
Wardle, D.A.1
Zachrisson, O.2
Hörnberg, G.3
Gallet, C.4
-
36
-
-
10244235264
-
-
M. E. Power et al., BioScience 46, 609 (1996); D. A. Wardle, O. Zachrisson, G. Hörnberg, C. Gallet, Science 277, 1296 (1997); D. Tilman et al., ibid., p. 1300; D. U. Hooper and P. M. Vitousek, ibid., p. 1302.
-
Science
, pp. 1300
-
-
Tilman, D.1
-
37
-
-
0030846289
-
-
M. E. Power et al., BioScience 46, 609 (1996); D. A. Wardle, O. Zachrisson, G. Hörnberg, C. Gallet, Science 277, 1296 (1997); D. Tilman et al., ibid., p. 1300; D. U. Hooper and P. M. Vitousek, ibid., p. 1302.
-
Science
, pp. 1302
-
-
Hooper, D.U.1
Vitousek, P.M.2
-
38
-
-
0004235128
-
-
Springer-Verlag, Berlin
-
E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, Eds., Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993); C. G. Jones and J. H. Lawton, Eds., Linking Species and Ecosystems (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1995); F. S. Chapin et al., Science 277, 500 (1997).
-
(1993)
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
-
-
Schulze, E.-D.1
Mooney, H.A.2
-
39
-
-
0003428344
-
-
Chapman & Hall, New York
-
E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, Eds., Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993); C. G. Jones and J. H. Lawton, Eds., Linking Species and Ecosystems (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1995); F. S. Chapin et al., Science 277, 500 (1997).
-
(1995)
Linking Species and Ecosystems
-
-
Jones, C.G.1
Lawton, J.H.2
-
40
-
-
0030816574
-
-
E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, Eds., Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993); C. G. Jones and J. H. Lawton, Eds., Linking Species and Ecosystems (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1995); F. S. Chapin et al., Science 277, 500 (1997).
-
(1997)
Science
, vol.277
, pp. 500
-
-
Chapin, F.S.1
-
42
-
-
84920309844
-
-
note
-
We thank J. H. Brown, L. Gough, J. H. Lawton, S. J. McNaughton, G. Shaver, D. Tilman, and P. M. Vitousek and four anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Supported by the NSF Long-Term Ecological Research Program, Kansas State University, and the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect an endorsement by the National Science Foundation.
-
-
-
|