Health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on wildlife, with special reference to the European situation

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 71-133

  Vos, Joseph G ^a   Dybing, Erik ^b   Greim, Helmut A ^c   Ladefoged, Ole ^d   Lambré, Claude ^e   Tarazona, Jose V ^f   Brandt, Ingvar ^g   Vethaak, A Dick ^h  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

^c INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY   (Germany)

^d DANISH VETERINARY AND FOOD ADMINISTRATION   (Denmark)

^e INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L ENVIRONNEMENT INDUSTRIEL ET DES RISQUES INERIS   (France)

^f INIA   (Spain)

^g UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^h National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management RIKZ   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Birds; Chlorinated compounds; DDT; Endocrine modulator; Estrogenic effects; Fish; Immunotoxic effects; Invertebrates; Marine mammals; PCBs; PCDDs; PCDFs; Reproduction effects; Reptiles; TBT

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE DERIVATIVE; CHLORPHENOTANE; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN;

AMPHIBIA; ANIMAL DISEASE; BIRD; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; FISH; IMMUNOTOXICITY; INVERTEBRATE; MAMMAL; NONHUMAN; REPRODUCTION; REPTILE; REVIEW; TOXICOKINETICS; WILDLIFE;

ALLIGATOR; ALLIGATORINAE; AMPHIBIA; ANIMALIA; AVES; GASTROPODA; INVERTEBRATA; MAMMALIA; MOLLUSCA; MORBILLIVIRUS; PHOCA HISPIDA; PHOCIDAE; RAPTORES; REPTILIA;

EID: 0033966410     PISSN: 10408444     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408440091159176     Document Type: Review

References (328)

1. Addison RF (1989) Organochlorines and marine mammal reproduction. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 46:360-8.
2. Adkins EK (1975) Hormonal basis of sexual differentiation in the Japanese quail. J Comparative Physiol Psychol 89:61-71.
3. Adler JH and Grebenok RJ (1995) Biosynthesis and distribution of insect-molting hormones in plants - a review. Lipids 30:257-62.
4. AFS (1996) Early Mortality Syndrome: Reproductive Disruptions in Fish in the Great Lakes, New York Finger Lakes, and the Baltic Region. Symposium as part of the 126th Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, August 26-29, 1996, Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.. Abstract volume, 172 pp.
5. Aguilar A and Borrell A (1994) Abnormally high polychlorinated biphenyls levels in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) affected by the 1990-1992 Mediterranean epizootic. Sci. Total Environ 154:237-47.
6. Allen Y, Matthiessen P, Haworth S, Thain JE, and Feist S (1999) Survey of estrogenic activity in United Kingdom estuarine and coastal waters and its effects on gonadal development of the flounder Platichthys flesus. Environ Toxicol Chem 18:1791-800.
7. Alzieu C, Sanjuan J, Deltreil JP, and Borel M (1986) Tin contamination in Arcachon Bay: Effects on oyster shell anomalies. Mar Pollut Bull 17:494-8.
8. Alzieu C, Michel P, Tolosa I, Bacci E, Mee LD, and Readman JW (1991) Organotin compounds in the Mediterranean: a continuing cause of concern. Mar Environ Res 32:261-70.
9. Amcoff P, Börjeson H, Eriksson R, and Norrgren L (1998) Effects of thiamine treatments on survival of M74-affected ferci baltic salmon. Early Life Stage Morality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea, Am Fish Soc., 21:31-40.
10. 1) concentrations in salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta) and cod (Gadus morhua) from the Baltic sea. Ambio 28:48-54.
11. Anderson RS (1993) Modulation of nonspecific immunity by environmental Stressors. In: Fournie J, Couch J (Eds.) Pathobiology of Marine and Estuarine Organisms. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Fl, pp. 483-510.
12. Andersson T, Förlin L, Härdig J, and Larsson Å (1988) Physiological disturbances in fish living in coastal water polluted with bleached kraft pulp mill effluents. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45:1525-36.
13. Ankley G, Mihaich E, Stahl R, Tillitt D, Colborn T, McMaster S, Miller R, Bantle J, Campbell P, Denslow N, Dickerson R, Folmar L, Fry M, Giesy J, Gray LE, Guiney P, Hutchinson T, Kennedy S, Kramer V, LeBlanc G, Mayes M, Nimrod A, Patino R, Peterson R, Purdy R, Ringer R, Thomas P, Touart L, Van Der Kraak G, and Zacharewski T (1998) Overview of a workshop on screening methods for detecting potential (anti-)estrogenic/androgenic chemicals in wildlife. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:68-87.
14. Ashfield LA, Pottinger TG, and Sumpter JP (1998) Exposure of female juvenile rainbow trout to alkylphenolic compounds results in modifications to growth and ovosomatic index. Environ Toxicol Chem 17(3):679-86.
15. Asplund L, Athanasiadou A, Bergman A, and Börjesson H (1999) Organohalogen substances in muscle, egg, and blood from healthy Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) and Baltic salmon that produced offspring with the M74 syndrome. Ambio 28:66-76.
16. Aulerich RJ, Bursian SJ, Breslin WJ, Olson BA, and Ringer RK (1985) Toxicological manifestations of 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′ -,2,3,6,2′,3′,6′- and 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′,-hexachlorobiphenyl and Aroclor 1254 in mink. J Toxicol Environ Health 15:63-79.
17. Baker Mata M, Cairncross C, and Kocan RM (1998) Possible effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on sex determination in rainbow trout. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:26-9.
18. Baldwin WS, Graham SE, Shea D, and LeBlanc GA (1997) Metabolic and rogenization of female Daphnia magna by the xenoestrogen 4-non-ylphenol. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:1905-11.
19. Barreiro R, Ruiz JM, and Quintela M (1998) Respuesta a la contaminacion por TBT en individuos trasplantados de Nucella lapillus (L.) desde zonas poco contaminadas a los puertos de Ferrol y A Coruna. Cuad Invest Biol 20:279-82.
20. Bauer B, Fioroni P, Ide I, Liebe S, Oehlmann J, Stroben E, and Watermann B (1995) TBT effects on the female genital system of Littorina littorea: a possible indicator of tributyltin pollution. Hydrobiologia 309:15-27.
21. Bauer B, Fioroni P, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Oehlmann J, and Kalbfus W (1997) The use of Littorina littorea for tributyltin (TBT) effect monitoring results from the German TBT survey 1994/1995 and laboratory experiments. Environ Pollut 96:299-309.
22. Beland PR, Michaud R, and Martneau D (1987) Recensements de la population de belugas du Saint °-Laurent en 1985 parembarcations. Rapp Techn Can Sci Halieut Aquat No 1545.
23. Bengtsson B-E, Hill C, Bergman Å, Brandt I, Johansson N, Magnhagen C, Södergren A, and Thulin J (1999) Reproductive disturbances in Baltic fish: a synopsis of the FIRe project. Ambio 28:2-8.
24. Berg C, Halldin K, Brunström B, and Brandt I (1998) Methods for studying xenoestrogenic effects in birds. Toxicol Lett 103:671-6.
25. Bergeron JM, Crews D, and McLachlan JA (1994) PCBs as environmental estrogens: turtle sex determination as a biomarker of environmental contamination. Environ Health Perspect 102:780-1.
26. Bergman A and Olsson M (1985) Pathology of Baltic ringed seal and gray seal females with special reference to adrenocortical hyperplasia: is environmental pollution the cause of a widely distributed disease syndrome? Finn Game Res 44:47-62.
27. Bergman A, Olsson M, and Reiland S (1992) Skullbone lesions in the Baltic gray seal (Halichoerus grypus). Ambio 21:517-9.
28. Bergman Å, Klasson-Wehler E, and Kuroki H (1994) Selective retention of hydroxilated PCB metabolites in blood. Environ Heallh Perspect 102:464-9.
29. Bergman A (1999) Health condition of the Baltic gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) during two decades. Gynaecological health improvement but increased prevalence of colonie ulcers. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 107:270-82.
30. Bern H (1992) The fragile fetus. In: Colborn T, Clement C (Eds.) Chemically induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection. Princeton Science Publications, Princeton, NJ.XXI, pp. 9-15.
31. Bernhoft A, Wiig Ø, and Skaare JU (1997) Organochlorines in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. Env Pollut 95:159-75.
32. Besselink HT, Flipsen EMTE, Eggens ML, Vethaak AD, Koeman JH, and Brouwer A (1998) Alterations in plasma and hepatic retinoid levels in flounder (Platichthys flesus) after chronic exposure to contaminated harbor sludge in a mesocosm study. Aquat Toxicol 42:271-85.
33. Bettin C, Oehlmann J, and Streben E (1996) TBT induced imposex in marine neogastropods is mediated by an increasing androgen level. Helgoländer Meeresunters 50:299-317.
34. Bignert A, Litzén K, Odsjö T, Olsson M, Persson W, and Reutergårdh L (1995) Time-related factors influence the concentrations of sDDT, PCBs and shell parameters in eggs of Baltic guillemot (Uria aalge). Environ Pollut 89:27-36.
35. Bishop CA, Brooks RJ, and Carey JH (1991) The case for a cause-effect linkage between environmental contamination and development in eggs of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra s. serpentina) from Ontario, Canada. J Toxicol Environ Health 33:521-48.
36. Bitman J, Cecil HC, and Fries GF (1970) DDT-induced inhibition of avian shell gland carbonic anhydrase: a mechanism for thin eggshells. Science 168:594-6.
37. Blaustein AR and Wake DB (1990) Declining amphibian populations: a global phenomenon? Trends Ecol Evol 5:203-4.
38. Boon JP, van Arnhem E, Jansen S, Kannan N, Petrick G, Duinker JC, Reijnders PJH, and Goksfyr A (1992) The toxicokinetics of PCBs in marine mammals with special reference to possible interactions of individual congeners with the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system: an overview. In: Walker CH, Livingstone DR (Eds.) Persistent Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 119-59.
39. Borg K (1958) Inverkan av betat utsade pa viltfaunan. VIII Nord Veterinarmote, Helsingfors, 394-400.
40. Bosveld ATC and Van den Berg M (1994) Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans on fish-eating birds. Environ Rev 2:147-66.
41. Bosveld ATC, Gradener J, Murk A, Brouwer A, van Kampen M, Evers EHG, and den Berg M (1995) Effects of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in common tern (Sterna Hirundo) breeding in estuarine and coastal colonies in the Netherlands and Belgium. Environ Toxicol Chem 1:99-115.
42. Boudewijn TJ, Dirksen S, Mes RG, and Teunissen WA (1988) Aalscholvers in de Dordtse Biesbosch: broedsucces en fourageerplaatskeuze in een vervuild ecosysteem. Bureau Ecoland, Utrecht, The Netherlands Report 88-6, 115 pp.
43. Brandt I, Darnerud PO, Bergman Å, and Larsson Y (1982) Metabolism of 2,4′,5-trichlorobiphenyl: enrichment of hydroxylated and methyl sulphone metabolites in the uterine luminal fluid of pregnant mice. Chem.-Biol Interactions 40:45-56.
44. Brandt I, Jönsson C-J, and Lund B-O (1992) Comparative studies on adrenocorticolytic DDT-metabolites. Ambio 21:602-5.
45. Brandt I, Lund J, Bergman Å, Klasson-Wehler E, Poellinger L, and Gustafsson J-Å (1995) Target cells for the PCB metabolite 4,4′-bis(methylsulphonyl)-2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl in lung and kidney. Drug Metabolism Disp 13:490-6.
46. Brandt I, Berg C, Halldin K, and Brunström B (1997) Developmental and reproductive toxicity of persistent environmental pollutants. Arch Toxicol Suppl 20:111-9.
47. Bright DA and Ellis DV (1990) A comparative survey of imposex in northeast Pacific neogastropods (Prosobranchia) realted to tributyltin contamination and choice of suitable bioindicator. Can J Zool 68: 1915-24.
48. Brouwer A, Reijnders PJH, and Koeman JH (1989) Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated fish induces vitamin A and thyroid hormone deficiency in the common seal Phoca vitulina. Aquat Toxicol 15:99-106.
49. Brouwer A, Morse DC, Lans MC, Schuur G, Murk AJ, Klason-Wehler E, Bergman A, and Visser TJ (1998) Interactions of persistent environmental organohalogens with the thyroid hormone system: mechanisms and possible consequences for animal and human health. Toxicol Industr Health 14(1/2):59-84.
50. Brunström B, Bergman A, Backlin BM, Lund BO, and Orberg J (1997) Effects of long-term exposure to PCB and PCB methylsulpones on reproduction in the mink. Organohalogen Comp 20:471-80.
51. Bryan GW, Gibbs PE, and Butt GR (1988) A comparison of the effectiveness of tri-n-butyltin chloride and five other organotin compounds in promoting the development of imposex in the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 68:733-44.
52. Bryan TE, Gildersleeve RP, and Wiard RP (1989) Exposure of Japanese quail embryos to o,p¢-DDT has long-term effects on reproductive behaviors, hematology and feather morphology. Teratology 39:525-36.
53. 14C-labelled tributyltin (TBT) in the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 73:889-912.
54. Bulkley RV (1972) Diethylstilbestrol in catfish feed. Trans Am Fisheries Soc 101:537-99.
55. Burkhart JG, Helgen JC, Fort DJ, Gallagher K, Bowers D, Propst TL, Gernes M, Magner J, Shelby MD, and Lucier G (1998) Induction of mortality and malformation in Xenopus laevis embryos by water sources associated with field frog deformities. Environ Health Perspect 106:841-8.
56. Cameron P, Berg J, Dethlefsen V, and Von Westernhagen H (1992) Developmental defects in pelagic embryos of several flatfish species in the southern North sea. Neth J Sea Res 29(1-3):239-56.
57. Campbell PM and Hutchinson TH (1998) Wildlife and endocrine disrupters: requirements for hazard identification. Environ Contam Toxicol 17: 127-35.
58. Carey C and Bryant CJ (1995) Possible interrelations among environemntal toxicants, amphibian development, and decline of amphibian populations. Environ Health Perspect 103:13-7.
59. Cattet M (1988) Abnormal sexual differentiation in black bears (Ursus americanus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos) J Mamm 69:849-52.
60. Coelho MR, Bebianno MJ, and Gibbs PE (1998) Imposex in neogastropod snails from southern Portugal. Cuad Inv Biol (Bilbao) 20:273.
61. Colborn T, Vom Saal F, and Soto A (1993) Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ Health Perspect 101:378-84.
62. Colborn T and Smolen MJ (1996) Epidemiological analysis of persistent organochlorine contaminants in cetaceans. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 146:91-171.
63. Conover MR and Hunt GL Jr. (1984) Experimental evidence that female-female pairs in gulls result from a shortage of breeding males. Condor 86:472-6.
64. Cooke AS (1973) Shell thinning in avian eggs by environmental pollutants. Environ Pollut 4:85-152.
65. Cooke JB and Hinton DE (1999) Promotion of 17β-estradiol and β-hexachlorocyclohexane of hepatocellular tumors in medaka, Oryzias latipes. Aquat Toxicol 45:127-145.
66. Cowan DF (1967) Pathology of the pilot whale. Arch Pathol 82:178-99.
67. Crain DA and Guillette LJ (1997) Endocrine-disrupting contaminants and reproduction in vertebrate wildlife. Rev Toxicol 1:207-31.
68. Crain DA, Guillette LJ, Rooney AA, and Pickford DB (1997) Alterations in steroidogenesis in alligators (Alligator mississippienses) exposed naturally and experimentally to environmentally contaminants. Environ Health Perspect 105:528-33.
69. Crain DA and Guillette LJ (1998) Reptiles as models of contaminant-induced endocrine disruption. Animal Reproduct Sci 53:77-86.
70. Crain DA, Guillette LJ, Pickford DB, Percival HF, and Woodward AR (1998) Sex-steroid and thyroid hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and references lakes in Florida, U.S. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:446-52.
71. Crews D (1994) Temperature, steroids and sex determination. J Endocrinology 142:1-8.
72. Crisp TM, Clegg ED, Cooper RL, Wood WP, Anderson DG, Baetcke KP, Hoffmann JL, Morrow MS, Rodier DJ, Schaeffer JE, Touart LW, Zeeman MG, and Patel YM (1998) Environmental endocrine disruption: an effects assessment and analysis. Environ Health Perspect 106, Suppl. 1:11-56.
73. 14C]biphenyl in pregnant mice: enrichment of phenol and methyl sulfone metabolites in late gestational fetuses. Xenobiotica 16:295-306.
74. Davis DL and Bortone SA (1992) Effects of kraft mill effluent on the sexuality of fishes: an environmental early warning? In: Colbom T, Clement C (Eds.) Chemically Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection. Princeton Scientific Publishing, Inc, Princeton, NJ, pp. 113-27.
75. De Boer J, Wester PG, Klamer HJC, Lewis WE, and Boon JP (1998) Do flame retardants threaten ocean life. Nature 394:28-9.
76. De Guise S, Lagace A, and Béland P (1994a) True hermaphroditism in a St. Lawrence beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). J Wildl Dis 30:287-90.
77. De Guise S, Lagace A, and Béland P (1994b) Tumors in the St. Lawrence beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Veter Pathol 31:444-9.
78. De Maagd PGJ and Vethaak AD (1997) Biotransformation of PAHs and their carcinogenic effects in fish. In: Nelson A (Ed.) Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Chap. 15, pp. 265-309.
79. De Solla SR, Bishop CA, Van Der Kraak G, and Brooks RJ (1998) Impact of organochlorine contamination on levels of sex hormones and external morphology of common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) in Ontario, Canada. Environ Health Perspect 106:253-60.
80. De Swart RL, Ross PS, Vedder LJ, Timmerman HH, Heisterkamp SH, Loveren H van, Vos JG, Reijnders PJH, and Osterhaus ADME (1994) Impairement of immune function in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on fish from polluted waters. Ambio 23:155-9.
81. De Swart RL, Ross PS, Timmerman HH, Vos HW, Reijnders PJH, Vos JG, and Osterhaus ADME (1995) Impaired cellular immune response in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on environmentally contaminated herring. Clin Exp Immunol 101:480-6.
82. De Waal EJ, Schuurman HJ, Van Loveren H, and Vos JG (1997) Differential effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, bis(tri-n-butyltinoxide and cyclosporine on thymus histophysiology. Crit Rev Toxicol 27:381-430.
83. Den Besten PJ, Van Donselaar EG, Herwig HJ, Zandee D, and Voogt PA (1991a) Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in the sea star Asterias rubens L. Aquat Toxicol 20:83-94.
84. Den Besten PJ, Elenbaas JML, Maas JR, Dieleman SJ, Herwig HJ, and Voogt PA (1991b) Effects of cadmium and polychlorinated biphenyls (Clophen A50) on steroid metabolism and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system in the sea star Asterias rubens L. Aquat Toxicol 20:95-110.
85. Delong RL, Gilmartin WG, and Simpson JG (1973) Premature briths in California sea lions: association with high organochlorine pollutant residue levels. Science 181:1168-70.
86. Dent JN (1985) Hormonal interaction in the regulation of migratory movements in urodele amphibians. In: Follett BK, Ishii S, and Chandola A (Eds.) The Endocrine System and the Environment. Japan Scientific Society Press, Tokyo/Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp.79-84.
87. Desbrow C, Routledge E, Brighty GC, Sumpter JP, and Waldock M (1998) Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluent. I. Chemical fractionation and in vitro biological screening. Environ Sci Technol 32:1549-58.
88. Dethlefsen V, von Westerhagen H, and Cameron P (1996) Malformations in North Sea pelagic fish embryos during the period 1984-1995. ICES J Marine Science 53:1024-35.
89. DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), Eisenbrand G (1996) Symposium: Hormonally active agents in food, organised by the DFG Senate Commission of Food Safety, Kaiserslautern, October 6 to 9.
90. Dirksen S, Boudewijn LK, Slager IK, Mes RG, Van Schalck MJM, and Voogt P (1995) Reduced breeding succes of concormants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in relation to persistent organochlorine pollution of aquatic habitats in the Netherlands. Environ Pollut 88:119-32.
91. Donohoe RM and Curtis LR (1996) Estrogenic activity of chlordecone. o,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDE in juvenile rainbow trout: induction of vitellogenesis and interaction with hepatic estrogen binding sites. Aquat Toxicol 36:31-52.
92. Drysdale DT and Bortone SA (1989) Laboratory induction of intersexuslity in the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis, using paper mill effluent. Bull Environ Cont am Toxicol 43:611-7.
93. ECETOC (1996) Environmental estrogens: a compendium of test methods. ECETOC Document No. 33, Brussels.
94. Elbrecht A and Smith RB (1992) Aromatase enzyme activity and sex determination in chickens. Science 255:467-70.
95. El Hamdani A, Ferrer JM, and Garcia Carrascosa AM (1998) Imposex in prosobranch molluscs: an indicator of TBT pollution in the Valencian Coasta (Spain, Western Mediterranean). Cuad Inv Biol (Bilbao) 20:275-8.
96. Elliott JM (1990) Mechanisms responsible for population regulation in young migratory trout, Salmo trutta. II. Fish growth and size variation. J Anim Ecol 59:171-85.
97. EPA (1997) Special report on Environmental Endocrine Disruption: An Effects Assessment and Analysis. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development Washington DC 20460. EPA/630/R-96/012, February 1997, 116 pp.
98. Evans SM, Hawkins ST, Porter J, and Samosir AM (1994) Recovery of dogwhelk populations on the Isle of Cumbrae, Scottland following legislation limiting the use of TBT as an antifoulant. Mar Pollut Bull 28:15-7.
99. Facemire CF, Gross TS, and Guillette LJJ (1995) Reproductive impairment in the Florida panther: nature or nurture? Environ Health Perspect 103:79-86.
100. Falandysz J, Yamashita N, Tanabe S, Tutsukawa R, Rucinska L, Mizera T, and Jakuczum B (1994) Congener-specific analysis of popychlorinated biphenyls in white-tailed sea eagles Haliaeetus alhicilla collected in Poland. Arch Environm Contam Toxicol 26:13-22.
101. Fioramonti E, Semlitsch RD, Reyer HU, and Fent K (1997) Effects of triphenyltin and pH on the growth and development of Rana lessonae and Rana esculenta tadpoles. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:1940-7.
102. Fioroni P, Oehlmann J, and Streben E (1991) The pseudohermaphroditism of prosobranchs; morphological aspects. Zool Anz 226:1-26.
103. Firestone D (1973) Etiology of chick edema disease. Environ Health Perspect 5:59-66.
104. Fitzsimons JD, Brown SB, Honeyfield DC, and Hnath JG (1999) A review of early mortality syndrome (EMS) in Great Lakes salmonids: relationship with thiamine deficiency. Ambio 28:9-15.
105. Folmar LC, Denslow ND, Rao V, Chow M, Crain DA, Enblom J, Marcino J, and Guillette LJ (1996) Vitellogenin induction and reduced serum testosterone concentratiuons on feral male carp (Cyprinus carpio) captured near a major metropolitan sewage treatment plant. Environ Health Perspect 104:1096-1101.
106. Förlin L, Larsson DGJ, Parkonen J, Nilsson M, Hellman H, Olsson P-E, and Adolfsson M (1999). Endocrine disruption responses in fish near sewage treatment works and pulp mills in Sweden. Abstract 9th Annual Meeeting of SETAC Europe May 25 to 29, 1999, Leipzig, Germany
107. Fry DM and Toone CK (1981) DDT-induced feminization of gull embryos. Science 213:922-4.
108. Fry DM, Toone CK, Speich SM, and Peard RJ (1987) Sex ratio skew and breeding patterns of gulls: demographic and toxicological considerations. Stud Avian Biol 10:26-43.
109. Fry DM (1995) Reproductive effects in birds exposed to pesticides and industrial chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 103 (Suppl. 7):165-71.
110. Gabrielsen GV, Skaare JU, Polder A, and Bakken V (1995) Chlorinated hydrocarbons in glaucus gulls (Larus hyperboreus) in the southern part of Svalbard. Sci Total Sci 160/161:337-46.
111. Gagnon MM, Bussieres D, Dodson JJ, and Hodson PV (1995) White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) growth and sexual maturation in pulp mill-contaminated and reference rivers. Environ Toxicol Chem 14:317-27.
112. Galton VA (1992) The role of thyroid hormone in amphibian metamorphosis. TEM 3:96-100.
113. Geraci JR, Palmer NC, and St. Aubin DJ (1987) Tumors in cetaceans: analysis and new findings. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 44:1289-1300.
114. Gerritsen A (1997) The influence of body size, life stage and sex on toxicity of alkylphenols to Dapnia magna. PhD thesis, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, 109 pp.
115. Gibbs PE, Bryan GW, Pascoe PL, and Burt GR (1987) The use of the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, as an indicator of tributyltin (TBT) contamination. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 67: 507-23.
116. Giesy JP, Verbrugge DA, Othout RA, Bowerman WW, Mora MA, Jones PD, Newsted JL, Vandervoort C, Heaton SN, Aulerich RJ, Bursian SJ, Ludwig JP, Dawson GA, Kubiak TJ, Best DA, and Tillitt DE (1994a) Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of 3 Michigan rivers. II. Implications for health of mink. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 27:213-23.
117. Giesy JP, Ludwig J, and Tiilitt D (1994b) Deformities in birds of the Great Lakes region. Assigning causality. Environ Sci Technol 28:128-35.
118. Gilbertson M, Kubiak T, Ludwig J, and Fox G (1991) Great Lake embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds: similarity to chick-edema disease. J Toxicol Environ Health 33:455-520.
119. Gimeno S, Gerritsen A, Bowmer T, and Komen H (1996) Feminization of male carp. Nature 384:221-2.
120. Grachev MA, Kumarev VP, Mamaev LV, Zorin VL, Baranova LV, Denikja NN, Belikov SI, Petrov EA, Kolesnik VS, Dorofeev VM, Beim AM, Kudelin VN, Nagieva FG, and Sidorov VN (1989) Distemper virus in Baikal seals. Nature 338:209.
121. Gray MA and Metcalfe CD (1997) Induction of testis-ova in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to p-nonylphenol. Environ Toxicol Chem 16(5):1082-6.
122. Guillette LJJ, Gross TS, Masson GR, Matter JM, Percival HF, and Woodward AR (1994) Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida. Environ Health Perspect 102:680-8.
123. Guillette LJJ, Gross TS, Rooney AA, et al. (1995) Gonadal steroidogenesis in vitro from juvenile alligators obtained from contaminated or control lakes. Environ Health Perspect 103:1-5.
124. Guillette LJJ, Pickford DB, Crain DA, Rooney AA, and Percival HF (1996) Reduction in penis size and plasma testosterone concentrations in juvenile alligators living in a contaminated environment. Gen Comp Endocrinol 101:32-42.
125. Gutleb AC, Appelman J, Bronkhorst M, Van den Berg JHJ, and Murk AJ (1998) Delayed teratogenic effects of Aroclor 1254 and PCB 126 in frog embryos in a newly developed prolonged-FETAX assay. Organohalogen Compounds 37: 301-4.
126. Hall RJ and Henry PFP (1992) Assessing effects of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles: status and needs. Herpetol J 2:65-71.
127. Hallers-Tjabbes CCT, Kemp JF, and Boon JP (1994) Imposex in whelks (Buccinum undatum) from the open North Sea: relation to shipping traffic intensities. Mar Poll Bull 28:311-13.
128. Hansen PD, von Westernhagen H, and Rosenthal H (1985) Chlorinated hydrocarbons and hatching succes in Baltic Herring spring spawners. Mar Environ Res 15:59-76.
129. Haraguchi K, Athanasiadou M, Bergman Å, Hovander L, and Jensen S (1992) PCB and PCB methyl sulfones in selected groups of seals from Swedish waters. Ambio 21:546-9.
130. Harries JE, Sheahan DA, Jobling S, Matthiessen P, Neall P, Routledge E, Rycroft R, Sumpter JP, and Taylor T (1996) A survey of estrogenic activity in U.K. inland waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1993-2002.
131. Harries JE, Sheahan DA, Jobling S, Matthiessen P, Neall P, Sumpter JP, Taylor T, and Zaman N (1997) Estrogenic activity in five U.K. rivers detected by measurement of vitellogenesis in caged male trout. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:534-42.
132. Harrison PTC, Humfrey CDN, Litchfield M, Peakall D, and Shuker LK (1995) IEH Assessment on Environmental Estrogens: Conseqiuences to Human Health and Wildlife. Medical Research Council, Institute for Environment and Health, Page Bros, Norwich, 107 pp.
133. Hart LR, Cheng KM, Whitehead PE, Shah RM, Lewis RJ, Ruschkowski RE, Blair RW, Bennett DC, Bandiera SM, and Norstrom RJ (1991) Dioxin contamination and growth and development in great blue heron embryos. J Toxicol Environ Health 32:331-44.
134. Hawkins LE and Hutchinson S (1990) Physiological and morphogenetic effects of monophenyltin trichloride on Ocenebra erinacea (L.). Funct Ecol 4:449-54.
135. Heinz GH, Percival HF, and Jennings ML (1991) Contaminants in American alligator eggs from lake Apopka, lake Griffin, and lake Okeechobee, Florida. Environ Monitor Assess 16:277-85.
136. Helander B, Olsson M, and Reutergård L (1982) Residue levels of organochlorine and mercury compounds in unhatched eggs and the relationships to breeding success in white-tailed sea eagles Haliaeetus albicilla in Sweden. Holarctic Ecol 5:349-66.
137. Helle E, Olsson M, and Jensen S (1976a) DDT and PCB levels and reproduction in Ringed seal from the Bothnian Bay. Ambio 5:188-9
138. Helle E, Olsson M, and Jensen S (1976b) PCB levels correlated with pathological changes in seal uteri. Ambio 5:261-3.
139. Helle E (1980) Lowered reproductive capacity in female ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in the Bothnian Bay, northern Baltic Sea, with special reference to uterine occlusions. Ann Zool Fenn 17:147-58
140. Henriksen EO, Brunström B, Skaare JU, and Gabrielsen GW (1998) Bioassay-derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in liver of glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from Svalbard. Organohalogen Compounds 39:415-8.
141. Herman RL and Kincaid HL (1988) Pathological effects of orally administered estradiol to rainbow trout. Aquaculture 72:165-72.
142. Hirsch KS, Weaver DE, Black LJ, Falcone JF, and MacLusky NJ (1987) Inhibition of central nervous system aromatase activity: a mechanism for fenarimol-induced infertility in the male rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 91:235-45.
143. Hoffman DJ (1990) Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of environmental contaminants to bird eggs. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 115:39.
144. Hoffman DJ, Rice CP, and Kubiak TJ (1996) PCBs and dioxins in birds. In: Beyer WN, Heinz GH, Redmon-Norwood AW (Eds.) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife - Interpreting Tissue Concentrations. SETAC Special Publications Series, Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 165-207.
145. Horiguchi T, Shiraishi H, Shimizu M, and Morita M (1994) Imposex and organotin compounds in Thais clavigera and T. bronni in Japan. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 74:651-69.
146. Horiguchi T, Shiraishi H, Shimizu M, and Morita M (1997) Effects of triphenyltin chloride and five other organotin compounds on the development of imposex in the rock shell Thais clavigera. Environ Pollut 95:85-91.
147. Howell WM and Denton TE (1989) Gonopodial morphogenesis in female mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis affinis, masculinized by exposure to degraded products from plant sterols. Environ Biol Fish 24:43-51.
148. Huet M, Paulet YM, and Glémarec M (1996) Tributyltin (TBT) pollution in the coastal waters of west Brittany as indicated by imposex in Nucella lapillus. Mar Environ Res 41:157-67.
149. Hunt GL Jr and Hunt MW (1973) Clutch size, hatching success, and eggshell-thinning in Western Gulls. Condor 75:483-6.
150. Hunt GL Jr and Hunt MW (1977) Female-female pairing in Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis) in southern California. Science 196:1466-7.
151. Hyvärinen H, Sipila T, Kunnasranta M, and Koskela JT (1998) Mercury pollution and the Saimaa riged seal (Phoca hispida saimensis). Mar Pollut Bull 36:76-81.
152. ICES (1998) Report of the working group on biological effects of contaminants. Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada, 30 March-3 April 1998 Marine habitat committe ICES CM 1998/E:3 Ref: ACME.
153. IPCS (1996) Principles and methods for assessing direct immunotoxicity associated with exposure to chemicals. International Programme on Chemical Safety Environmental Criteria 180, World Health Organization, Geneva.
154. Janssen PAH, Lambert JGD, Vethaak AD, and Goos HJT (1997) Environmental pollution causes elevated concentrations of estrogens and vitellogin in the female flounder, Platichthys flesus (L.). Aquat Toxicol 39:195-214.
155. Janssen PAH, Faber JH, and Bosveld ATC (1998) (Fe)male? How contaminants can disrupt the balance of sex hormones and affect reproduction in terrestrial wildlife species. DLO Institute for Forestry and nature research (IBN-DLO), Wageningen, The Netherlands. IBN Scientific Contributions 13.
156. Jensen S (1966) Report of a new chemical hazard. New Scientist 32:612.
157. Jensen S (1972) The PCB story. Ambio 1:123-31.
158. Jensen S and Jansson B (1976) Anthropogenic substances in seal from the Baltic: methylsulfone metabolites of PCB and DDE. Ambio 5:257-60.
159. Jensen S, Kihlstroem JE, Olsson M, Lundberg C, and Oerberg J (1977) Effects of PCB [polychlorinated biphenyls] and DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane] on mink (Mustela vision) during the reproductive season [laboratory experiments]. Ambio 6:239.
160. Jobling S, Sheahan DA, Osborne JA, Matthiessen P, and Sumpter JP (1996) Inhibition of testicular growth in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) exposed to estrogenic alkylphenolic chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:194-202.
161. Jobling S, Tyler CR, Nolan M, and Sumpter JP (1998) The identification of estrogenic effects in wild fish. R & D Technical Report W119, Environment Agency, Bristol, UK.
162. Johansson M, Larsson C, Bergman Å, and Lund B-O (1998a) Structure-activity relationship for inhibition of CYP11B1-dependent glucocorticoid synthesis in Y1 cells by aryl methyl sulfones. Pharmacol Toxicol 83:225-30.
163. Johansson M, Nilsson S, and Lund B-O (1998b) Interactions between methylsulfonyl PCBs and the glucocorticoid receptor. Environ Health Perspect 106:769-72.
164. Johnson LL, Casillas E, Collier TK, McCain BB, and Varanasi U (1988) Contaminant effects on ovarian development in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Puget Sound, Washington. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45:2133-46.
165. Johnson LL, Sol SY, Ylitalo GM, Hom T, French B, Olson OP, and Collier TK (1997a) Precocious sexual maturation and other reproductive anomalies in English sole from an urban waterway. ICES CM 1997/U:07.
166. Johnson LL, Sol SY, Lomax DP, Nelson GM, Sloan CA, and Casillas E (1997b) Fecundity and egg weight in English sole, Pleuronectes vetulus, from Puget Sound, Washington: influence of nutritional status and chemical contaminants. FB 95:231-49.
167. Johnstone R, Simpson TH, and Youngson AF (1978) Sex reversal in salmonid cultures. Aquaculture 13:115-34.
168. Jönsson C-J, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Lund B-O, Bergman Å, and Brandt I (1991) Adrenocortical toxicity of 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE in mice (II): Mitochondrial changes following ecologically relevant doses. Fundam Appl Toxicol 16: 365-74.
169. Jönsson C-J, Lund B-O, Bergman Å, and Brandt I (1992) Adrenocortical toxicity of 3-methylsulhonyl-DDE (III): studies in fetal and suckling mice. Reproductive Toxicol 6:233-40.
170. Jönsson C-J, Lund B-O, Bergman Å, and Brandt I (1993) Toxicity of o,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDD in the adrenal cortex of mink (Mustela vision). Ecotoxicology 2:41-53.
171. Jönsson C-J, Lund B-O, Brunström B, and Brandt I (1994) Toxicity and irreversible binding of two DDT metabolites - 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE and o,p′-DDD - in adrenal interrenal cells in birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 13:1303-10.
172. Kannan K and Falandysz J (1997) Butyltin residues in sediment, fish, fish-eating birds, harbor porpoise and human tissues from the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 34: 203-7.
173. Kelce WR, Stone CR, Laws SC, Gray LE, Kemppainnen JA, and Wilson EM (1995). Persistent DDT metabolite p,p′-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 375:581-5.
174. Kelce WR, Lambright CR, Gray LE Jr, and Roberts KP (1997) Vinclozolin and p,p′-DDE alter androgendependent gene expression: in vivo confirmation of an androgen receptor-mediated mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 142:192-200.
175. Keymer LF, Wells GAF, Mason CF, and Macdonald SM (1988) Pathologicval changes and organochorine residues in tissues of wild otters (Lutra lutra). Veterinary Records 122:153-5.
176. Kihlström J-E, Olsson M, Jensen S, Johansson Å, Ahlbom J, and Bergman Å (1992) Effects of PCB and different fractions of PCB on the reproduction of the mink (Mustela vison). Ambio 21:563-9.
177. Kime DE (1995) The effects of pollution on reproduction in fish. Rev Fish Biol Fish 5:52-96.
178. Klasson-Wehler E, Bergman Å, Athanasiadou M, Ludwig JP, Auman HJ, Kannan K, Van den Berg M, Murk AJ, Feyk LA, and Giesy JP (1998) Hydroxylated and methylsulfonyl polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites in albatrosses from Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:1620-5.
179. Koeman JH, Van Beusekom S, and Goeij JJM (1972) Eggshell and population changes in the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). TNO-nieuws 27:542-50.
180. Kovacs TG, Gibbons JS, Tremblay LA, O'Connor BI, Martel PH, and Voss RH (1995) The effects of a secondary treated bleached kraft mill effluent on aquatic organisms as assessed by shortterm and long-term laboratory test. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 31:7-22.
181. Krajnc EI et al. (1984) Toxicity of bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide in the rat. I. Short-term effects on general parameters and on the endocrine and lymphoid systems. Toxicol Appl Pharamacol 75:363-86.
182. Kruuk H and Conroy JWH (1996) Concentrations of some organochlorines in otters (Lutra lutra L) in Scotland: Implications for populations. Environ Pollut 2:165-71.
183. Kubiak TJ, Harris HJ, Smith LM, Schwartz TR, Stalling DL, Trick JA, Sileo L, Docherty DE, and Erdman TC (1989) Microcontaminants and reproductive impairment of the Foster's tern on Green Bay, Lake Michigan-1983. Arch Environm Contam Toxicol 18: 706-27.
184. Laenge R, Schweinfurth H, Croudace CP, and Panter GH (1997) Growth and reproduction of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to the synthetic steroid hormone ethynylestradiol in a life - cycle test Abstract, 7th Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry - Europe, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 7 to 10, p. 43.
185. Lahvis GP, Wells RS, Kuehl DW, Stewart JL, and Rhinehart HL, Via CS (1995) Decreased lymphocyte responses in free - ranging bottlenose dolphins (Turiops truncatus) are associated with increased concentrations of PCBs and DDT in peripheral blood. Environ Health Perspect 103 (Supplement 4):67-72.
186. Lair S, Béland P, De Guise S, and Martineau D (1997) Adrenal hyperplastic and degenerative changes in beluga whales. J Wildlife Diseases 33:430-7.
187. Landis WG, Matthews RA, and Matthews GB (1995) A contrast of human health risk and ecological risk assessment: risk assessment for an organism versus a complex non-organismal structure. Human Ecolog Risk Assess 1:485-8.
188. Lang T, Damm U, and Dethlefsen V (1995) Changes in the sex ratio of North Sea dab (Limanda limanda) in the period 1981-1995. ICES CM 1995/G:25 Ref E.
189. Larsson DGJ, Adolfsson-Erici M, Parkkonen J, Pettersson M, Berg AH, Olsson P-E, and Förlin L (1999) Ethinylestradiol - an undesired fish contraceptive? Aquatic Toxicol 45:91-97.
190. Laws SC, Carey SA, and Kelce WR (1995) Differential effects of environmental toxicants on steroid receptor binding [Abstract]. Toxicologist 15:294.
191. Leatherland JF (1992) Endocrine and reproductive function in Great Lakes salmon. In: Colborn T, Clement C (Eds.) Chemically Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection. Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology (Vol. 21). Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ, pp. 129-45.
192. Leblanc J, Couillard CM, and Brethes JCF (1997) Modifications of the reproductive period in mummichoq (Fundulus heteroclitus) living downstream from a bleached kraft pulp mill in the Miramichi estuary, New Brunswick, Canada. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:2564-73.
193. Leonards PEG (1997) PCBs in mustelids: Analysis, food chain transfer and critical levels. Dissertation. Free University of Amsterdam
194. Leonards PEG, Elmeros M, Cofino W, Conroy J, Gutleb AC, Mason CF, Murk AJ, Smit M, Van Hattum B, and Madsen AB (1996) Toxic PCBs in European otter populations in relation to biological factors and health status. In: Smit MD, Leonards PEG, Murk AJ, De Jongh AJJ, Van Hattum B (Eds.) Development of Otter-Based Quality Objectives for PCBs. Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam
195. Lincer JL (1975) DDE-induced eggshell thinning in the American kestrel: a comparison of the field situation and laboratory results. J Appl Ecol 12: 781-93.
196. Lund B-O, Bergman Å, and Brandt I (1988) Metabolic activation and toxicity of a DDT-metabolite, 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE, in the adrenal zona fasciculata in mice. Chem-Biol Interactions 65: 25-40.
197. Lund B-O (1994) In vitro adrenal bioactivation and effects on steroid metabolism of DDT, PCBs and their metabolites in the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus). Environ Toxicol Chem 13:911-17.
198. Lund J, Brandt I, Poellinger L, Bergman Å, Klasson-Wehler E, and Gustafsson J-Å (1995) Target cells for the polychlorinated biphenyl metabolite 4,4′-bis(methylsulfonyl)-2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Characterization of high affinity binding in rat and mouse lung cytosol. Molecular Pharmacol 27:314-23.
199. Lundholm C-E (1997) DDE-induced eggshell thinning in birds: Effects of p,p′-DDE on the calcium and prostaglandin metabolism of the eggshell gland. Comp Biochem Physiol-C-Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 118:113-28.
200. Lye CM, Frid CLJ, Gill ME, and McCormick D (1997) Abnormalities in the reproductive health of flounder Platichthys flesus exposed to effluent from a sewage treatment works. Mar Pollut Bull 34:34-41.
201. Mac MJ and Edsall CC (1991) Environmental contaminants and the reproductive succes of lake trout in the Great lakes: an epidemiological approach. J Toxicol Environ Health 33:375-94.
202. Marquenie JM, Roele P, and Hoornsman G (1986) Onderzoek naar de effecten van contaminanten op duikeenden. TNO-report 86/0686, Delft, The Netherlands.
203. Martineau D, Lagace A, Béland P, Higgins R, Armstrong D, and Shugart LR (1988) Pathology of stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada. J Compar Pathol 98:287-311.
204. Martineau D, De Guise S, Fournier M, Shugart L, Girard C, Lagace A, and Béland P (1994) Pathology and toxicology of beluga whales from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada. Past, present and future. Sci Total Environ 154:201-15.
205. Matthiessen P, Waldock R, Thain JE, and Waite ME (1995) Chanhes in periwinkle (Littorina littorea) populations following the ban on TBT-based anti-foulings on small boats in the United Kingdom. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 30:180-94.
206. Matthiessen P, Allen Y, Allchin CR, Feist SW, Kirby MF, Law RJ, Scott AP, Thain JE, and Thomas KV (1998) Estrogenic endocrine disruption in flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) from U.K. estuarine and marine waters. Sci Ser Tech Rep, CEFAS, Lowestoft (107), 48 pp.
207. Matthiessen P and Gibbs PE (1998) Critical appraisal of the evidence for tributyltin-mediated endocrine disruption in mollusks. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:37-43.
208. Matthiessen P, Reynoldson T, Billinghurstz, Brassard DW, Cameron P, Chandler GT, Davies IM, Horinguchi T, Mount DR, Dehlmann J, Pottinger TG, Sibley PK, Thompson H, and Vethaak AD 1999). Field assessment for endocrine disruption in invertebrates. In: DeFur PI, Crane M, Ingersall CG, Tattersfield L (Eds.) Endocrine Dissruption in Invertebrates: Endocrinology, Testing, and Assessment. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), pp. 199-257.
209. McMaster ME et al. (1991) Changes in hepatic mixed - function oxidase (MFO) activity, plasma steriod levels and age of maturity of a white sucker (Catostomas commersoni) population exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent. Aquat Toxicol 21:199-218.
210. Mensink BP, Van Hattum BGM, Ten Hallers-Tjabbes CC, Everaarts JM, Kralt H, Vethaak AD, and Boon JP (1996) Tributyltin causes imposex in the common whelk, Buccinum undatum. Mechanism and occurrence. Netherlands Institute for Sea Research. NIOZ Report 1997-6: 56 pp.
211. Mensink BP, Van Hattum BGM, Vethaak AD, and Boon JP (1997) The development of imposex in relation to organotin contamination in the common whelk, Buccinum undatum. Field observations in the Eastern Scheldtt and experimental exposure in a laboratory study. Netherlands Institute for Sea Research. NIOZ-Report 1996-3.
212. Moccia R, Fox G, and Britton AJ (1986) A quantitative assessment of thyroid histopathology of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Great Lakes and a hypothesis on the causal role of environmental contaminants. J Wildl Dis 22:60-70.
213. Moore CG and Stevenson JM (1994) Intersexuality in benthic harpacticoid copepods in the Firth of Forth, Scotland. J Nat History 28:1213-30.
214. Morcillo Y and Porte C (1988) Monitoring of organotin compounds and their effects in molluscs from the Catalan Coast (NW Mediterranean). Trends Anal Chem 17:109-16.
215. Mortensen P, Bergman A, Bignert A, Hansen H-J, Härkönen T, and Olsson M (1992) Prevalence of skull lesions in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Swedish and Danish museum collections: 1835-1988. Ambio 21:520-4.
216. Mueller GC and Kim UH (1978) Displacement of estradiol from estrogen receptors by simple alkylphenols. Endocrinology 102:1429-35.
217. Murk AJ, Bosveld ATC, Van den Berg M, and Brouwer A (1994a) Effects of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) on biochemical parameters in chicks of the common tern (Sterna hirundo). Aquat Toxicol 30:91-115.
218. Murk AJ, Morse DC, Boon J, and Brouwer A (1994b) In vitro metabolism of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl in relation to ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in liver microsomes of some wildlife species and rat. Eur J Pharmacol 270:253-61.
219. Murk AJ, Boudewijn TJ, Meininger PL, Bosveld ATC, Rossaert G, Ysebaert T, Meire P, and Dirksen S (1996) Effects of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and related contaminants on common tern reproduction: integration of biological, biochemical and chemical data. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 31:128-40
220. Myers MS, Landahl JT, Krahn MM, Johnson LL, and McCain BB (1990) Overview of studies on liver carcinogenesis in English sole from Puget Sound: Evidence for a xenobiotic chemical etiology I. Pathology and Epizootiology. TSTE 94: 33-50.
221. Nagler JJ and Cyr DG (1997) Exposure of male american plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) to contaminated marine sediments decrease the hatching succes of their progeny. Environ Toxicol Chem 16(8):1733-8.
222. Norris DO (1997) Vertebrate Endocrinology. Academic Press, San Diego, U.S.
223. North Sea Task Force (1993) Quality Status Report 1993. Oslo and Paris Commisions, London. Fredensborg, Denmark: Olsen & Olsen, 132 + vi pp.
224. O'Shea TJ, Brownell RL (1998) California Sea lion (Zalophus californianus) populations and sumDDT cotamination. Mar Pollut Bull 36:159-64.
225. Odsjö T and Sondell J (1982) Eggshell thinning and DDT, PCB and mercury in eggs of osprey (Pandion haliaetus (L.)) in Sweden and their relations to breeding success. In: Odsjö T (Ed.) Eggshell thickness and levels of DDT, PCB and mercury in eggs of osprey (Pandion haliaetus (L.) and marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus (L.)) in relation to their breeding success and population status in Sweden. (Ph. D thesis). Stockholm.
226. Oehlmann J, Fioroni P, Stroben E, and Markert B (1996) Tributyltin (TBT) effects on Ocinebrina aciculata (Gastropoda: Muricidae): imposex development, sterilization, sex change and population decline. Sci Total Environ 188:205-23.
227. Oehlmann J, Stroben E, Schulte-Oehlmann U, and Bauer B (1998) Imposex development in response to TBT pollution in Hinia incrassata (Strom, 1768) (Prosobranchia, Stenoglossa). Aquat Toxicol 43: 239-60.
228. Olsson M, Karlsson B, and Ahnland E (1994) Diseases and environmental contaminants in seals from the Baltic and the Swedish west coast. Sci Tot Environ 154:217-27.
229. Olsson PE, Borg B, Brunström B, Håkansson H, and Klasson-Wehler E (1998) Endocrine-disrupting substances - Impairment of reproduction. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Customer Services, Stockholm.
230. Osterhaus ADME and Vedder EJ (1988) Identification of virus causing recent seal deaths. Nature 335:20.
231. Osterhaus ADME, Groen J, UytdeHaag FGCM, Visser IKG, Van De Bildt MWG, Bergman A, and Klingeborn B (1989) Distemper virus in Baikal seals. Nature 338:209-10.
232. Palmer BD and Palmer SK (1995) Vitellogenine induction by xenobiotic estrogens in the redeared turtle and the African clawed frog. Environ Health Perspect 103:19-25.
233. Palmer BD, Hutch LK, Pieto DL, and Selcer KW (1997) Vitellogenine as a biomarker for xenobiotic estrogens in an amphibian model system. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:30-6.
234. Parnell JF, Shields MA, and Frierson D Jr (1984) Hatching success of brown pelican eggs after contamination with oil. Colon. Waterbirds 7:22.
235. Peakall DB (1970) p,p′-DDT: effect on calcium metabolism and concentration of estradiol in blood. Science 168:592-4.
236. Peakall DB, Lincer JL, Risebrough RW, Pritchard JB, and Kinter WB (1973) DDE-induced eggshell thinning: structural and physiological effects. Comp Gen Pharmac 4:305-13.
237. Peakall DB (1992) Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators. London: Chapman and Hall.
238. Pereira JJ, Ziskowski J, and Mercaldo-Allen R, et al. (1992) Vitellogenin in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) from Long Island Sound and Boston harbor. Estuaries 15:289-97.
239. Petersen GI, Gerup J, Nilsson L, Larsen JR, and Schneider R (1997) Body burdens of lipophilic xenobiotics and reproductive success in Baltic cod (Gadus morhua L.). ICES CM 1997/U:10.
240. Piferrer F, Zanuy S, Carillo M, Solar II, Devlin RH, and Donaldson EM (1994) Brief treatment with an aromatase inhibitor during sex differentiation causes chromosomally female salmon to develop as normal, functional males. J Exp Biol 270: 255-62.
241. Pinder LCV and Pottinger TG (1998) Endocrine function in aquatic invertebrates and evidence for disruption by environmental pollutants. Draft report to the United Kingdom Environment Agency and the CEFIC Endocrine Modulators Steering Group, 178 pp.
242. Postma JF and De Valk S (1996) Ecotoxicologische monitoring op Loswal Noord en Noord-West met behulp van zeesterren. Technical Report no. 96.0409-2, Amsterdam: AquaSense Laboratory.
243. Postma JF and De Valk S (1997) Biomar-II project: biomarkers voor reproductie toxiciteit in mariene invertebraten. Technical Report no.97.0409, Amsterdam: AquaSense Laboratory
244. Purdom CE, Hardiman PA, Bye VJ, et al. (1994) Estrogenic effects of effluents from sewage treatment works. Chem Ecol 8:275-85.
245. Ratcliffe DA (1967) Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds of prey. Nature 215:208-10.
246. Ratcliffe DA (1970) Changes attributable to pesticides in egg breakage frequence and eggshell thickness in some British birds. J Appl Ecol 7: 67-115.
247. Rees HL, Waldock R, Matthiessen P, and Pendle MA (1999) Surveys of the epibenthos of the Crouch estuary in relation to TBT contamination. J Mar Biol Assoc UK, in press.
248. Reijnders PJH (1986) Reproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters. Nature 324:456-7.
249. Reijnders PJH and Brasseur SMJM (1992) Xenobiotic induced hormonal and associated developmental disorders in marine organisms and related effects in humans. In: Colborn T, Clement C, Eds. Chemically Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection. Princeton, Princeton Sci. Publ., pp. 131-46.
250. Reijnders PJH and De Ruiter-Dijkman EM (1995) Toxicological and ecological significance of pollutants in marine mammals. In: Blix, AS, Walloe, L, and Ulltang O, Eds. Whales, Seals, Fish and Man. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, pp. 575-87.
251. Reijnders PJH (1996) Organohalogen and heavy metal contamination in cetaceans: observed effects, potential impact and future prospects. In: Simmonds MP, Hutchinson JD (Eds.) The Conservation of Whales and Dolphins. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, pp. 205-17.
252. Reijnders PJH (1999) Reproductive and developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on marine mammals. In: O'Shea TJ, Reeves RR, and Kirk Long A, Eds. Marine Mammals and Persistent Ocean Contaminants. Proc Marine Mammal Commission Workshop, Keystone, Colorado, 12-15 October, 1998. Marine Mammal Commision, Bethesda Md, pp. 93-100.
253. Reinke EE and Chadwick CS (1939) Inducing land stage of Triturus viridescens to assume water habitat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 40:691-3.
254. Reis-Henriques MA, Cruz MM, and Pereira JO (1997) The modulating effect of vitellogenin on the synthesis of 17-beta-estradiol by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ovary. Fish Physiol Biochem 16:181-6.
255. Rijnsdorp AD and Vethaak AD (1997) Changes in reproductive parameters of North Sea plaice and sole between 1960 and 1995. ICES C.M. 1997/U:14.
256. Ronis MJJ and Mason AZ (1996) The metabolism of testosterone by the periwinkle (Littorina littorea) in vitro and in vivo effects of tributyltin. Mar Environ Res 42:161-66.
257. Roos A, Bergman A, Grayerz E, and Olsson M (1998) Time trend studies on SDDT and PCB in juvenile gray seals (Halichoerus grypus), fish and guillemot eggs from the Baltic Sea. Organohalogen Compounds 39:109-12.
258. Roos A, Grayerz E, Olsson M, and Sandegren F. The otter (Lutra lutra) and mink (Mustela vison) in Sweden - Population trends in relation to SDDT and total PCB concentrations during 1968-1998. Submitted for publication.
259. Rose FL and Harshbarger JC (1977) Neoplastic and possibly related skin lesions in neotinic tiger salamanders from a sewage lagoon. Science 196: 315-7.
260. Ross PS, De Swart RL, Reijnders PJH, Van Loveren H, Vos JG, and Osterhaus ADME (1995) Contaminant-related suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody responses in harbor seals fed herring from the Baltic Sea. Environ Health Perspect 103:162.
261. Ross PS, De Swart RL, Van Loveren H, Osterhaus ADME, and Vos JG (1996a) The immunotoxicity of environmental contaminants to marine wildlife: a review. Ann Rev Fish Dis 6:151-65.
262. Ross PS, De Swart RL, Addison R, Van Loveren H, Vos JG, and Osterhaus ADME (1996b) Contaminant-induced immunotoxicity in harbor seals: wildlife at risk? Toxicology 112:157-69.
263. Routledge EJ, Sheanan D, Desbrow C, Brighty GC, Waldock M, and Sumpter J (1998) Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW Effluent 2. In vivo responses in trout and roach. Environ Sci Technol 32:1559-65.
264. Ruiz JM, Bryan GW, and Gibbs PE (1994) Chronic toxicity of water tribultyltin (TBT) - polluted sediment to spat of the bivalve Scrobicularia plana. Marine Ecol Prog Series 113:105-17.
265. Ruiz JM, Bryan GW, Wigham GD, and Gibbs PE (1995a) Effects of tributyltin (TBT) exposure on the reproduction and embryonic development of the bivalve Scrobicularia plana. Mar Environ Res 40:363-79.
266. Ruiz JM, Bryan GW, and Gibbs PE (1995b) Acute and chronic toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) to pediveliger larvae of the bivalve Scrobicularia plana. Mar Biol 124:119-26.
267. Sandegren F, Olsson M, and Reutergård L (1980) Der ryckgang der Fischotterpopulation in Schweden. In: Reuter C & Festetics A (Eds.) 1980: Der Fischotter in Europa - Verbreitung, Bedrohung, Erhaltung. Selbstverlag, Oderhaus & Göttingen, pp. 107-13.
268. Sandström O, Förlin L, Grahn O, Lander L, Larsson Å, and Lindesjöö E (1997) Environmental impact of individual organism responses in fish populations exposed to pulp mill effluents. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents. November 1997, Rotorua, New Zealand.
269. Sangalang G and Jones G (1997) Oocytes in testis and intersex in lobsters (Homarus americanus) from Nova Scotian sites: natural or site realted phenomenon? Canadian Technical Report on Fisheries and Aquatic Science 2163:46.
270. Schäfer WR, Zahradnik HP, Fijus-Plesner N, and Schneider K (1996) Anthropogene Substanzen mit unerwünschter Östrogenwirkung. Umweltmed 1:35-42.
271. Schumacher M, Hendrick JC, and Balthazart J (1989) Sexual differentiation in quail: critical period and hormonal specificity. Horm Behav 23:130-49.
272. Scott GP, Burn DM, and Hansen IJ (1988) The dolphin dieoff: long-term effects and recovery of the population. In: Proceedings of the Ocean 88 Conference, 31 October-2 November 1988, Baltimore, MD. Vol 3, pp 819-23.
273. SEPA (1995) Second workshop on reproduction disturbances in fish. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden, November 20 to 23.
274. Sharpe RM and Skakkebaek NE (1993) Are estrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet 341:1392-5.
275. Sharpe RM, Fisher JS, Millar M, Jobling S, and Sumpter JF (1995) Gestational and lactational exposure of rats to xenoestrogens results in reduced testicular size and sperm production. Environ Health Perspect 103:1136-4.
276. Sheahan DA, Bucke D, Matthiessen P, et al. (1994). The effects of low levels of 17α-ethinylestradiol upon plasma vitellogenin levels in male and female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, held at two acclimation temperatures. In: Miller R, Lloyd R (Eds.) Sublethal and Chronic Effects of Pollutants on Freshwater Fish. Oxford Fishing News Books, Oxford. pp. 99-112.
277. Shi YB (1994) Molecular biology of amphibian metamorphosis. A new approach to an old problem. TEM 5:14-20.
278. Sindermann CJ (1993) Interactions of pollutants and disease in marine fish and shellfish. In: Couch JA, Fournie JW (Eds.) Pathology of Marine and Estuarine Organisms. CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 451-82.
279. Smit MD Leonard PEG, Murk AJ, Jongh AWJJ de, and Hattum B van (1994) PCBs in European otter (Lutra lutra). Stichting Otterstation Nederland/Instituut voor Milieuvraagstukken, Amsterdam, The Netherlands R94/7, 77 pp.
280. Smith PJ (1996) Selective decline in imposex levels in the dogwhelk Lepsiella scobina following a ban on the use of TBT antifoulants in New Zealand. Mar Pollut Bull 32:362-5.
281. Smits JEG, Haines DM, Blakley BR, and Wobeser GA (1996) Enhanced antibody responses in mink (Mustela vison) exposed to dietary bleached - kraft pulp mill effluent. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1166-70.
282. Sole M, Morcillo Y, and Porte C (1988) Imposex in the Commercial Snail Bolinus brandaris from the Northwestern Mediterranean. Environ Pollut 99:241-6.
283. Spies RB and Rice DW (1988) Effects of organic contaminants on reproduction of starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) in San Francisco Bay. Mar Biol 98: 191-200.
284. St. Aubin DJ and Geraci JR (1989) Seasonal variations in thyroid morphology and secretion in the white whale, Delphinapterus leucas. Can J Zoology 67:263-7.
285. Stede G and Stede M (1990) Orientierende Untersuchungen von Seehundschädeln auf pathalogische Knochenveränderungen. In: Zoologische und Ethologische Untersuchungen zum Robbensterben. Inst. f. Haustierkunde, Kiel, Germany, pp.31-53.
286. Stephenson MA (1991) A field bioassay approach to determining tributyltin toxicity to oysters in California. Mar Environ Res 32:51-9.
287. Stott GG, Haensly WE, Neff JM, and Sharp JR (1983) Histopathologic survey of ovaries of plaice, Pleuronectes platess L., from Aber Wrac'h and Aber benoit, Brittany, France: long-term effects of the Amoco Cadix crude oil spill. J Fish Dis 6:429-37.
288. Strand J (1998) Widespread occurrence of imposex in the sublittoral whelks Buccinum undatum and Neptunea antiqua in the Danish waters. Abstract 3C/P060. SETAC-Europe 8th Annual Meeting. 14-18 April 1998, Bordeaux, France p 229.
289. Subramanian AN, Tanabe S, Tatsukawa R, Saito S, and Myazaki N (1987) Reductions in the testosterone levels by PCBs and DDE in Dall's porpoises of Northwestern North Pacific. Mar Pollut Bull 18:643-6.
290. Subramanian MA and Varadaraj G (1993) The effect of industrial effluents on moulting in Macromia cingulata (Rambur) (Anisoptera: Corduliidae). Odonatologica 22:229-32.
291. Sumpter JP and Jobling S (1995) Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment. Environ Health Perspect 103 (Suppl.7):173-8.
292. Tanabe S, Watanabe S, Kan H, and Tatsukawa R (1988) Capacity and mode of PCB metabolism in small cetaceans. Mar Mamm Sci 4:103-24.
293. Terlizzi A, Gerachi S, and Minganti V (1998) Tributyltin (TBT) pollution in the coastal waters of Italy as indicated by imposex in Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda, Muricidae). Mar Pollut Bull 36:749-52.
294. Tester M, Ellis DV, and Thompson JAJ (1996) Neogastropod imposex for monitoring recovery from marine TBT contamination. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:560-7.
295. Thain JE, Waldock MJ, and Helm M (1986) The effect of tributyltin on the reproduction of the oyster Ostrea edulis. Int Council Explor Sea, CM 1986/E:14, 14 pp.
296. Toppari J, Larsen JC, Christiansen P, Giwercman A, Grandjean P, Guillette LJ, Jegou B, Jensen TK, Jouannet P, Keiding N, Leffers H, McLachlan JA, Meyer O, Müller E, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Scheike T, Sharpe R. Sumpter J, and Skakkebaek N (1995) Male reproductive health and environmental chemicals with estrogenic effects. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, 166 pp.
297. Ulfstrand S, Södergren A, and Raböl J (1971) Effect of PCB on nocturnal activity in caged robins (Erithacus rubecula L.) Nature 231:467-8.
298. Van den Berg M, Craane BLHJ, Sinnige T, Van Mourik S, Dirksen S, Boudewijn T, Van der Gaag M, Lutke-Schipholt IJ, Spenkelink B, and Brouwer A (1994) Biochemical and toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) after in ovo exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 13:803-16.
299. Van der Kraak GJ, Munkittrick KR, McMaster ME, Portt CB, and Chang JP (1992) Exposure to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent disrupts the pituitary-gonadal axis of white sucker at multiple sites. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 115:224-33.
300. Vethaak AD and Rheinallt T ap (1992) Fish disease as a monitor of marine pollution: the case of the North Sea. Rev Fish Biol Fish 2:1-32.
301. Vethaak AD (1993) Fish disease and marine pollution. The case study of the flounder (Platichthys flesus) in Dutch coastal and estuarine waters. PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam.
302. Vial JL and Saylor L (1993) The status of amphibian popualtions. Working Document No 1. Corvallis OR: Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force.
303. Vonier PM, Crain DA, McLachlan JA, Guillette LJ, and Arnold SF (1996) Interaction of environmental chemicals with the estrogen and progesterone receptors from the oviduct of the American alligator. Environ Health Perspect 104:1318-22.
304. Von Westernhagen H, Dethlefsen V, Cameron P, Berg J, and Furstenberg G (1988) Developmental defects in pelagic fish embryos from the western Baltic. Helg. Meeresunters 42:13-36.
305. Voogt PA, Den Besten PJ, Kusters GCM, and Messing MWJ (1987) Effects of cadmium and zinc on steroid metabolism and steroid level in the sea star Asterias rubens L. Comp Biochem Physiol 86C:83-9.
306. Vos JG, De Klerk A, Kranjc EI, Kruizinga W, van Ommen B, and Rozing J (1984) Toxicity of bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide in the rat. II. Suppression of thymus-dependent immune response and parameters of non-specific resistance after short term exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 75:387-408.
307. Vos JG and Luster MI (1989) Immune alterations. In: Kimbrough RD, Jensen S (Eds.) Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products. Elsevier Science Publishers, pp 295-322.
308. Vos JG, De Klerk A, Krajnc EI, Van Loveren H, and Rozing J (1990) Immunotoxicity of bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide in the rat: effects on thymus-dependent-immunity and non-specific resistance following long-term exposure in young versus aged rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 105:144-55.
309. Vos JG, Van Loveren H, and Schuurman HJ (1991) Immunotoxicity of dioxin: immune function and host resistance in laboratory animals and humans. In: Banbury Report 35: Biological Basis for Risk Assessment of Dioxins and Related Compounds, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. pp. 79-93.
310. Vos JG, Van Loveren H, Osterhaus ADME, Vaal M, Vethaak AD, and Wester P (1996) Immunotoxicity of environmental pollutants: adverse effects on resistance to infectious diseases. Proceedings OECD Workshop "Ecotoxicology; Responses, Biomarkers and Risk Assessment", Maui, April 10-13, 1996. SOS Publications, Fair Haven, NJ, pp. 127-36
311. Vos JG, De Heer C, Van and Loveren H (1997/98) Immunotoxic effects of TCDD and toxic equivalency factors. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 17:275-84.
312. Vuorinen PJ, Paasivirta J, Keinänen M, Koistinen J, Rantio T, Hyötyläinen T, and Welling L (1997a) The M74 syndrome of Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) and organochlorine connctrtaions in the muscle of female salmon. Chemosphere 34(5-7):1151-66.
313. Vuorinen PJ, Keinänen M, Brouwer A, Vartiainen T, Spenkelink A, and Schipholt I (1997b) Retinoids and thyreoid hormones and toxicant loads with the occurrence of the M74 syndrome in Baltic salmon. In: Proceedings "Third Finnish Conference of Environemntal Sciences, Jyväskylä 1997. Ambiotica 1997, paginanr.
314. Wagemann R and Muir DGC (1984) Concentrations of heavy metals and organochlorines in marine mammals of northern waters: overview and evaluation. Can Tech Rep Fish Aquat Sci 1297:1-97.
315. Waldock R, Rees HL, Matthiessen P, and Pendle MA (1999) Surveys of the benthic infauna of the Crouch estuary in relation to TBT contamination. J Mar Biol Assoc UK, 79:225-32.
316. Waldock MJ and Thain JE (1983) Shell thickening in Crassostrea gigas: Organotin antifouling or sediment induced? Mar Pollut Bull 14: 411-5.
317. Waring CP, Stagg RM, Fretwell K, McLay HA, and Costella MJ (1996) The impact of sludge exposure on the reproduction of the sandy goby, Pomatoschistus minutus. Environ Pollut 93:17-25.
318. Wester PW, Canton JH, and Bisschop A (1985) Histopathological study of Poecilia reticulata (guppy) after long-term b-hex-achlorocyclohexane exposure. Aquat Toxicol 6:271-96.
319. Wester PW and Canton JH (1986) Histopathological study of Oryzias latipes (medaka) after long term b-hexachlorocyclohexane exposure. Aquat Toxicol 9:21-45.
320. Wester PW, Vethaak AD, and Van Muiswinkel W (1994) Fish as biomarkers in immunotoxicology: a review. Toxicol 86(3):213-32.
321. Weybridge (1996) Proceedings European Workshop on the Impact of Endocrine Disrupters on Human Health and Wildlife, 2-4 December 1996, Weybridge, U.K.
322. White R, Jobling S, Hoare SA, Sumpter JP, and Parker MG (1994) Environmentally persistent alkylphenolic compounds are estrogenic. Endocrinology 135:175-82.
323. Wiig Ø, Derocher AE, Cronin MM, and Skaare JU (1998) Female pseudohermaphrodite polar bears at Svalbard. J Wildlife Dis 34:792-6.
324. Woin P and Bronmark C (1992) Effect of DDT and MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) on reproduction of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis L. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 48(1):7-13.
325. Wolff MS, Toniolo PG, Lee EW, Rivera M, and Dubin N (1993) Blood levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:648-52.
326. Woodward AR, Jennings ML, Percival HF, and Moore CT (1993) Low clutch viability of American alligators on Lake Apopka. Florida Sci 56:52-63.
327. Wren CD (1991) Cause-effect linkages between chemicals and populations of mink (mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis) in the Great Lakes. J Toxicol Environm Health 33:549-85.
328. Zacharenski-Timothy R, Berhane K, Gillesby BE, and Burmison BK (1995). Detection of estrogens and dioxin-like activity in pulp and paper mill black liquor and effluent using in vitro recombinant recephor/reporter gene assays. Environ Sci Tech 29:2140-6.