30 years of MSA-concept: Review and survey of multiple system atrophy;30 jahre MSA-konzept: Ein ruck- und uberblick uber die multisystematrophie

Fortschritte der Neurologie Psychiatrie

Volumn 68, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 25-36

  Probst Cousin, Stefan ^a   Kayser, C ^a   Heuss, D ^a   Neundorfer B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ERLANGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; NIGRONEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHY; PATHOGENESIS; SHY DRAGER SYNDROME;

ADULT; ANIMALS; BRAIN; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION;

EID: 0033950620     PISSN: 07204299     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-11790     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Graham J, Oppenheimer D. Orthostatic hypotension and nicotine sensitivity in a case of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1969; 32: 28-34
2. Papp MI, Kahn JE, Lantos PL. Glial cytoplasmatic inclusions in the CNS of patients with multiple system atrophy (striatonigral dequeneration, olivopontocerebellar atrophy and Shy-Drager syndrome). J Neurol Sci 1989; 94: 79-100
3. Parkinson J. An assay on the shaking palsy. London: Sherwood, Neely and Jones, 1817
4. Oertel WH. Multisystematrophie. In: Conrad, B, Ceballos-Baumann, AO (Hrsg). Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. Richtig erkennen und behandeln. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme, 1996. 69-77
5. Déjérine J, Thomas A. L'Atrophie Olivo-Ponto-Cérébelleuse. Nouv Iconogr Salpêt 1900; 13: 330-370
6. Menzel P. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der hereditären Ataxie und Kleinhirnatrophie. Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 1891; 22: 160-190
7. Loew P. L'atrophie olivo-ponto-cerebelleuse. Thesis. Université de Paris, 1903-1904
8. Berciano J. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy. A review of 117 cases. J Neurol Sci 1982; 53: 253-272
9. Chokroverty S. Autonomic Dysfunction in Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy. In: Duvoisin, RC, Plaitakis, A (Hrsg). The Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies. New York: Raven Press, 1984. 105-141
10. Eadie MJ. Olivocerebellar atrophy (Menzel type). In: Vinken, PJ, Bruyn, GW (Hrsg). Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 21. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1975. 433-449
11. Eadie MJ. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (Déjérine-Thomas type). In: Vinken, PJ, Bruyn, GW (Hrsg). Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 21. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1975. 415-431
12. Eadie MJ. Olivocerebellar atrophy (Variants). In: Vinken, PJ, Bruyn, GW (Hrsg). Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 21. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1975. 451-457
13. Konigsmark BW, Weiner LP. The olivopontocerebellar atrophies: A Review. Medicine 1970; 49: 227-241
14. Lutz R, Bodensteiner J, Schaefer B, Gay C. X-linked olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Clin Genet 1989; 35: 417-422
15. Perry TL. Four Biochemically Different Types of Dominantly Inherited Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy. In: Duvoisin, RC, Plaitakis, A (Hrsg). The Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies. New York: Raven Press, 1984. 205-215
16. Probst-Cousin S. Die olivopontozerebelläre Atrophie - ein heterogenes morphologisches Syndrom. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 1997; 65: 562-577
17. Bradbury S, Eggleston C. Postural hypotension: a report of three cases. Am Heart J 1925; 1: 73-86
18. Quinn N. Multiple system atrophy - the nature of the beast. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat Spec Suppl 1989; 52: 78-89
19. Shy GM, Drager GA. A neurological syndrome associated with orthostatic hypotension: a clinical-pathological study. Arch Neurol 1960; 2: 511-527
20. Adams RD, Van Bogaert L, Vander Eecken H. Striato-nigral Degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1964; 23: 584-608
21. Adams RD, Salam-Adams M. Striatonigral degeneration. In: Vinken, PJ, Bruyn, GW, Klawans, HL (Hrsg). Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publ., 1986 Vol. 5. (49): 205-259
22. Quinn N. Multiple system atrophy. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S (Hrsg). Movement disorders. London: Butterworths, 1994. 262-281
23. Lantos PL. The definition of multiple system atrophy: a review of recent developments. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998; 57: 1099-1111
24. Gilman S, Low P, Quinn N, Albanese A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Fowler C, Kaufmann H, Klockgether T, Lang A, Lantos P, Litvan I, Mathias C, Oliver E, Robertson D, Schatz I, Wenning G. Consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Clin Auton Res 1998; 8: 359-362
25. Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnel SK, Rocca WA. Incidence of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1990. Neurology 1997; 49: 1284-1288
26. Trenkwalder C, Schwarz J, Gebhard J, Ruland D, Trenkwalder P, Hense HW, Oertel WH. Starnberg trial on epidemiology of parkinsonism and hypertension in the elderly. Arch Neurol 1995; 52: 1017-1022
27. Wenning GK, Ben Shlomo Y, Magalhaes M, Daniel SE, Quinn NP. Clinical features and natural history of multiple system atrophy. An analysis of 100 cases. Brain 1994; 117: 835-845
28. Wenning GK, Tison F, Ben Shlomo Y, Daniel SE, Quinn NP. Multiple system atrophy: A review of 203 pathologically proven cases. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 133-147
29. Ben Shlomo Y, Wenning GK, Tison F, Quinn NP. Survival of patients with pathologically proven multiple system atrophy: a metaanalysis. Neurology 1997; 48: 384-393
30. Klockgether T, Lüdtke R, Kramer B, Abele M, Bürk K, Schols L, Riess O, Laccone F, Boesch S, Lopes-Cendes I, Brice A, Inzelberg R, Zilber N, Dichgans J. The natural history of degenerative ataxia: A retrospective study in 466 patients. Brain 1998; 121: 589-600
31. Caplan LR. Clinical Features of Sporadic Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy. In: Duvoisin, RC, Plaitakis, A (Hrsg). The Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies. New York: Raven Press, 1984. 217-224
32. Hughes RG, Gibbin KP, Lowe J. Vocal fold abductor paralysis as a solitary and fatal manifestation of multiple system atrophy. J Laryngol Otol 1998; 112: 177-178
33. Litvan I, Goetz CG, Jankovic J, Wenning GK, Booth V, Bartko JJ, McKee A, Jellinger K, Lai EC, Brandel JP, Verny M, Chaudhuri KR, Pearce RK, Agid Y. What is the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of multiple system atrophy? A clinicopathologic study. Arch Neurol 1997; 54: 937-944
34. Litvan I, Booth V, Wenning GK, Bartko JJ, Goetz CG, McKee A, Jankovic J, Jellinger K, Lai EC, Brandel JP, Verny M, Chaudhuri KR, Pearce RK, Agid Y. Retrospective application of a set of clinical diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Transm 1998; 105: 217-227
35. Parati EA, Fetoni V, Geminiani GC, Soliveri P, Giovannini P, Testa D, Genitrini S, Caraceni T, Girotti F. Response to L-DOPA in multiple system atrophy. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993; 16: 139-144
36. Klockgether T, Oertel WH. Parkinson-Syndrome. In: Brandt, T, Dichgans, J, Diener, HC (Hrsg). Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen. Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln: Kohlhammer, 1998. 847-880
37. Klockgether T, Dichgans J. Erbliche und nicht-erbliche Ataxien. In: Brandt, T, Dichgans, J, Diener, HC (Hrsg). Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen. Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln: Kohlhammer, 1998. 823-829
38. Timmann D. Vegetative Störungen. In: Brandt, T, Dichgans, J, Diener, HC (Hrsg). Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen. Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln: Kohlhammer, 1998. 1216-1244
39. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Biaggion I, Norman R, Black BK, Robertson D. Contrasting actions of pressor agents in severe autonomic failure. Am J Med 1998; 105: 116-124
40. Chandiramani VA, Palace J, Fowler CJ. How to recognize patients with parkinsonism who should not have urological surgery. Br J Urol 1997; 80: 100-104
41. Fowler C. Treatment of urogenital symptoms in multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 827
42. Weller M. Neurogene Störungen von Blasen-, Darm- und Sexualfunktion. In: Brandt, T, Dichgans, J, Diener, HC (Hrsg). Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen. Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln: Kohlhammer, 1998. 1245-1261
43. Chou H, Ogawa N, Asanuma M, Hirata H, Mori A. Dopamine deficiency in the weaver mutant mouse: an animal model of olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Res Com Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1991; 74: 117-120
44. Deutch A, Rosin D, Goldstein M, Roth R. 3-Acetylpyridine-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system: An animal model of olivopontocerebellar atrophy-associated parkinsonism. Exp Neurol 1989; 105: 1-9
45. Nakao N, Brundin P. Effects of alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone on neuronal survival and motor function following intrastriatal injections of quinoline or 3-nitropropionic acid. Neuroscience 1997; 76: 749-761
46. Wenning GK, Granata R, Laboyrie PM, Quinn NP, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Reversal of behavioural abnormalities by fetal allografts in a novel rat model of striatonigral degeneration. Mov Disord 1996; 11: 522-532
47. Klein C, Brown R, Wenning G, Quinn N. The "cold hands sign" in multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 514-518
48. Kimber JA, Watson L, Mathias CJ. Distinction of idiopathic Parkinson's disease from multiple-system atrophy by stimulation of growth-hormone release with clonidine. Lancet 1997; 349: 1877-1881
49. Ravits J, Hallett M, Nilsson J, Polinsky R, Dambrosia J. Electrophysiological tests of autonomic function in patients with idiopathic autonomic failure syndromes. Muscle Nerve 1996; 19: 758-763
50. Stocchi F, Carbone A, Inghilleri M, Monge A, Ruggieri S, Beradelli A, Manfredi M. Urodynamic and neurophysiological evaluation in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 62: 507-511
51. Palace J, Chaniramani VA, Fowler CJ. Value of sphincter electromyography in the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20: 1396-1403
52. Pramstaller PP, Wenning GK, Smith SJM, Beck RO, Quinn NP, Fowler CJ. Nerve conduction studies, skeletal muscle EMG, and sphincter EMG in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1995; 458: 618-621
53. Abbruzzese G, Marchese R, Trompetto C. Sensory and motor evoked potentials in multiple system atrophy: a comparative study with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 315-321
54. Delalande I, Hache JC, Forzy G, Bughin M, Benhadjali J, Destee A. Do visual-evoked potentials and spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity help to distinguish idiopathic Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy? Mov Disord 1998; 13: 446-452
55. Klockgether T, Schulz JB, Bürk K, Abele M, Wedekind K, Welte D, Luft AR, Skalej M. Magnetic resonance imaging volumetry in multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 825
56. Savoiardo M, Strada L, Girotti F, Zimmermann R, Grisoli M, Testa D, Petrillo R. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy: MR diagnosis and relationship to multisystem atrophy. Radiology 1990; 174: 693-696
57. Schulz JB, Klockgether T, Petersen D, Jauch M, Müller-Schauenburg W, Spieker S, Voigt K, Dichgans J. Multiple system atrophy: Natural history, MRI morphology, and dopamine receptor imaging with 123IBZM-SPECT. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 1047-1056
58. Lang AE, Curran T, Provias J, Bergeron C. Striatonigral degeneration: iron deposition in putamen correlates with the slit-like void signal of magnetic resonance imaging. Can J Neurol Sci 1994; 21: 311-318
59. Lu X, Chen J, Wang L, Liang Y, Gui Q. Correlative studies of MR findings with neuropathology in Shy-Drager syndrome and striatonigral degeneration. Chin Med J Engl 1997; 110: 628-631
60. Martin WR, Roberts TE, Ye FQ Allen PS. Increased basal ganglia iron in striatonigral degeneration: in vivo estimation with magnetic resonance. Can J Neurol Sci 1998; 25: 44-47
61. Schwarz J, Weis S, Kraft E, Tatsch K, Bandmann O, Mehraein P, Vogl T, Oertel WH. Signal changes on MRI and increases in reactive microgliosis, astrogliosis, and iron in the putamen of two patients with multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60: 98-101
62. Schrag A, Kingsley D, Phatouros C, Mathias CJ, Lees AJ, Daniel SE, Quinn NP. Clinical usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65: 65-71
63. Federico F, Simone IL, Lucivero V, Iliceto G, De Mari M, Giannini P, Mezzapesa DM, Tarantino A, Lamberti P. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinson disorders. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 903-909
64. Kuwert T, Bartenstein P, Grünwald F, Herholz K, Larisch R, Sabri O, Biersack HJ, Moser E, Müller-Gärtner HW, Schober O, Schwaiger M, Büll U, Heiss WD. Klinische Wertigkeit der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie in der Neuromedizin. Nervenarzt 1998; 69: 1045-1060
65. Antonini A, Leenders KL, Vontobel P, Maguire RP, Missimer J, Psylla M, Gunther I. Complementary PET studies of striatal neuronal function in the differential diagnosis between multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Brain 1997; 120: 2187-2195
66. DeVolder AG, Francart J, Laterre C, Dooms G, Bol A, Michel C, Goffinet AM. Decreased glucose utilization in the striatum and frontal lobe in probable striatonigral degeneration. Ann Neurol 1989; 26: 239-247
67. Gilman S, Markel D, Koeppe R, Junck L, Kluin K, Gebarski S, Hichwa R. Cerebellar and brainstem hypometabolism in olivopontocerebellar atrophy detected with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: 223-230
68. Otsuka M, Kuwabara Y, Ichiya Y, Hosokawa S, Sasaki M, Yoshida T, Fukumura T, Kato M, Masuda K. Differentiating between multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease by positron emission tomography with 18F-dopa and 18F-FDG. Ann Nucl Med 1997; 11: 251-257
69. Perani D, Bressi S, Testa D, Grassi F, Cortelli P, Gentrini S, Savoiardo M, Caraceni T, Fazio F. Clinical/metabolic correlations in multiple system atrophy. A fludeoxyglucose F 18 positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol 1995; 52: 179-185
70. Gray F, Vincent D, Hauw JJ. Quantitative study of lateral horn cells in 15 cases of multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol 1988; 75: 513-518
71. Schwarz J, Tatsch K, Gasser T, Arnold G, Pogarell O, Kunig G, Oertel WH. 1231-IBZM binding compared with long-term clinical follow up in patients with de novo parkinsonism. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 16-19
72. Schwarz J, Tatsch K, Arnold G, Gasser T, Trenkwalder C, Kirsch CM, Oertel WH. 1231-Iodobenzamide-SPECT predicts dopaminergic responsiveness in patients with de novo parkinsonism. Neurology 1992; 42: 556-561
73. Yoshita M. Differentiation of idiopathic Parkinson's disease from striatonigral degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy using iodine-123-meta-iodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy. J Neurol Sci 1998; 155: 60-67
74. Lowe J, Lennox F, Leigh PN. Disorders of movement and system degenerations. In: Graham, DI, Lantos, PL (Hrsg). Greenfield's Neuropathology. 6th ed. London: Arnold, 1997. 281-366
75. Kume A, Takahashi A, Hashizume Y. Neuronal cell loss of the striatonigral system in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 1993; 117: 33-40
76. Wenning GK, Ben-Shlomo Y, Magalhaes M, Daniel SE, Quinn NP. Clinicopathological study of 35 cases of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 58: 160-166
77. Spargo E, Papp MI, Lantos PL. Decrease in neuronal density in the cerebral cortex in multiple system atrophy. Eur J Neurol 1996; 3: 450-456
78. Benarroch EE, Smithson IL, Low PA, Parisi JE. Depletion of catecholaminergic neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure. Ann Neurol 1998; 43: 156-163
79. Kato S, Oda M, Hayashi H, Shimizu T, Hayashi M, Kanata A, Tanabe H. Decrease of medullary catecholaminergic neurons in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease and their preservation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1995; 132: 216-221
80. Nakamura S, Ohnishi K, Nishimura M, Suenaga T, Akiguchi I, Kimura J, Kimura T. Large neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Neurology 1996; 46: 1693-1696
81. Noda K, Katayama S, Watanabe C, Yamamura Y, Nakamura S. Decrease of neurons in the medullary arcuate nucleus of multiple system atrophy: Quantitative comparison with Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1997; 151: 89-91
82. Ozawa T, Oyanagi K, Tanaka H, Horikawa Y, Takahashi H, Morita T, Tsuji S. Suprachiasmatic nucleus in a patient with multiple system atrophy with abnormal circadian rhythm of arginine-vasopressin secretion into plasma. J Neurol Sci 1998; 154: 116-121
83. Terao S, Sobue G, Hashizume Y, Mitsuma T, Takahashi A. Disease specific pattern of neuronal cell loss in the ventral horn in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple system atrophy and X-linked bulbospinal neuronopathy, with special reference to loss of small neurons in the intermediate zone. J Neurol 1994; 241: 196-203
84. Kume A. Takahashi A, Hashizume Y, Asai J. A histometrical and comparative study on Purkinje cell loss and olivary nucleus cell loss in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 1991; 101: 178-186
85. Tsuchiya K, Watabiki S, Sano M, Iobe H, Shiotsu H, Taki K, Hashimoto K. Distribution of cortical lesions in multiple system atrophy: a topographic neuropathological study of three autopsy cases in Japan. J Neurol Sci 1998; 155: 80-85
86. Holmberg B, Rosengren L, Karlsson JJ, Johnels B. Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of neurofilament protein in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy compared with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 70-77
87. Matsuo A, Akiguchi I, Lee GC, McGeer EG, McGeer PL, Kimura J. Myelin degeneration in multiple system atrophy detected by unique antibodies. Am J Pathol 1998; 153: 735-744
88. Castellani R. Multiple system atrophy. Clues from inclusions. Am J Pathol 1998; 153: 671-676
89. Kanda T, Tsukagoshi H, Oda M, Miyamoto K, Tanabe H. Changes of unmyelinated nerve fibers in sural nerve in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol 1996; 91: 145-154
90. Blin O, Desnuelle C, Rascol O, Borg M, Peyro Saint Paul H, Azulay JP, Bille F, Figarella D, Coulom F, Pellissier JF, Montastruc JL, Chatel M, Serratrice G. Mitochondrial respiratory failure in skeletal muscle from patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 1994; 125: 95-101
91. Costa C, Duyckaerts C, Cervera P, Hauw J. Les inclusions oligodendrogliales, un marqueur des atrophies multisystematisees. Rev Neurol Paris 1992; 148: 274-280
92. Horoupian DS, Dickson D. Striatonigral Degeneration, olivopontocerebellar atrophy and "atypical" Pick disease. Acta Neuropathol 1991; 81: 287-295
93. Horoupian DS. Oligodendroglial and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in multisystem atrophy. Progr Brain Res 1992; 94: 423-428
94. Kato S, Nakamura H, Hirano A, Ito H, Llena J, Yen S. Argyrophilic ubiquitinated cytoplasmic inclusions of Leu-7-positive glial cells in olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Acta Neuropathol 1991; 82: 488-493
95. Kobayashi K, Miyazu K, Katsukawa K, Fukutani Y, Mukai M, Nakamura I, Yamaguchi N, Matsubara R, Isaki K. Cytoskeletal protein abnormalities in patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy - an immunocytochemical and Gallyas silver impregnation study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1992; 18: 237-249
96. Mochizuki A, Mizusawa H, Ohkoshi N, Yoshizawa K, Komatzuzaki Y, Inoue K, Kanazawa I. Argentophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol 1992; 239: 311-316
97. Nakazato Y, Yamazaki H, Hirato J, Ishida Y, Yamaguchi H. Oligodendroglial microtubular tangles in olivopontocerebellar atrophy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1990; 49: 521-530
98. Papp MI, Lantos PL. Accumulation of tubular structures in oligodendroglial and neuronal cells as the basic alteration in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 1992; 107: 172-182
99. Probst-Cousin S, Bergmann M, Kuchelmeister K, Schröder R, Schmid KW. Ubiquitin-positive inclusions in different types of multiple system atrophy: Distribution and specificity. Pathol Res Pract 1996; 192: 453-461
100. Wenning G, Wagner S, Daniel S, Quinn N. Multiple system atrophy: sporadic or familial? Lancet 1993; 342: 681
101. Costa C, Duyckaerts C. Oligodendroglial and neuronal inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Curr Opin Neurol 1993; 6: 865-871
102. Lantos PL, Papp MI. Cellular pathology of multiple system atrophy: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 129-133
103. Wenning G, Quinn N, Magalhaes M, Mathias C, Daniel S. "Minimal change" multiple system atrophy. Mov Dis 1994; 9: 161-166
104. Arai N, Nishimura M, Oda M, Morimatsu Y, Ohe R, Nagatomo H. Immunohistochemical expression of microtubule-associated protein 5 (MAP5) in glial cells in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 1992; 109: 102-106
105. Papp MI, Lantos PL. The distribution of oligodendroglial inclusions in multiple system atrophy and its relevance to clinical symptomatology. Brain 1994; 117: 235-243
106. Inoue M, Yagishita S, Ryo M, Hasegawa K, Amano N, Matsushita M. The distribution and dynamic density of oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) in multiple system atrophy: a correlation between the density of GCIs and the degree of involvement of striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar systems. Acta Neuropathol 1997; 93: 585-591
107. Cairns NJ, Atkinson PF, Hanger DP, Anderton BH, Daniel SE, Lantos PL. Tau protein in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions of multiple system atrophy can be distinguished from abnormal tau in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 1997; 230: 49-52
108. Cairns NJ, Mackay D, Daniel SE, Lantos PL. Tau-pathology of oligodendroglial inclusions in multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1998; 24: 131
109. Takeda A, Mallory M, Sundsmo M, Honer W, Hansen L, Masliah E. Abnormal accumulation of NACP/a-synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 367-372
110. Takeda A, Arai N, Komori T, Iseki E, Kato S, Oda M. Tau immunoreactivity in glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Neurosci Lett 1997; 134: 63-66
111. Furiya Y, Sahara N, Mori H. Okadaic acid enhances abnormal phosphorylation on tau proteins. Neurosci Lett 1993; 156: 67-69
112. Kosik K. The molecular and cellular biology of tau. Brain Pathol 1993; 3: 39-43
113. Brandt R, Lee G. The balance between tau protein's microtubule growth and nucleation activities: implications for the formation of axonal microtubules. J Neurochem 1993; 61: 997-1005
114. Mattson M, Lovell M, Ehmann W, Markesbery W. Comparison of the effects of elevated intracellular aluminium and calcium levels on neuronal survival and tau immunoreactivity. Brain Res 1993; 602: 21-31
115. Kunze D, Röstow B. Pathobiochemical aspects of cytoskeleton components. EurJ Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993; 31: 477-489
116. Nakamura S, Kawamoto Y, Nakano S, Akiguchi I, Kimura J. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and mitogen-activated protein kinase in glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998; 57: 690-698
117. Gai WP, Power JHT, Blumbergs PC, Blessing WW. Multiple system atrophy: A new α-synuclein disease? Lancet 1998; 352: 547-548
118. Mezey E, Dehejia A, Harta G, Papp MI, Polymeropoulos M, Brownstein MJ. Alpha synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders: Murderer of accomplice? Nature Medicine. 1998; 4: 755-757
119. Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL, Goedert M. Filamentous α-synuclein inclusions link multiple system atrophy with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurosci Lett 1998; 251: 205-208
120. Wakabayashi K, Yoshimoto M, Tsuji S, Takahashi H. α-Synuclein immunoreactivity in glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Neurosci Lett 1998; 249: 180-182
121. Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M. Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature 1997; 388: 839-840
122. Wakabayashi K, Hayashi S, Kakita A, Yamada M, Toyoshima Y, Yoshimoto M, Takahashi H. Accumulation of alpha-synuclein/NACP is a cytopathological feature common to Lewy body disease and multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol 1998; 96: 445-452
123. Tamaoka A, Mizusawa H, Mori H, Shoji S. Ubiquitinated α B-crystallin in glial cytoplasmic inclusions from the brain of a patient with multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 1995; 129: 192-198
124. Ciechanover A. The Ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway. Brain Pathol 1993; 3: 67-75
125. Lowe J, Mayer RJ, Landon M. Ubiquitin in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Pathol 1993; 3: 55-65
126. Mayer RJ, Lowe J, McDermott H, Laszlo L. The role of protein ubiquitination in neurodegenerative disease. Acta Biol Hung 1991; 41: 21-26
127. Mayer RJ, Doherty FJ. Ubiquitin. Ess Biochem 1992; 27: 37-48
128. Mayer RJ, Laszlo L, Middleton A, Landon M, Hope J, Lowe J. Ubiquitin, lysosomes and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 1992; 20: 645-648
129. Manetto V, Perry G, Tabaton M, Mulvihill P, Fried V, Smith H, Gambetti P, Autilio-Gambetti L. Ubiquitin is associated with abnormal cytoplasmic filaments characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 4501-4505
130. Abe H, Yagishita S, Amano N, Iwabuchi K, Hasegawa K, Kowa K. Argyrophilic glial intracytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy: an immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. Acta Neuropathol 1992; 84: 273-277
131. Murayama S, Arima K, Nakazato Y, Satoh J, Oda M, Inose T. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies of neuronal and oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. 2 Oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions. Acta Neuropathol 1992; 84: 32-38
132. Kato S, Nakamura H. Cytoplasmic argyrophilic inclusions in neurons of pontine nuclei in patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Acta Neuropathol 1990; 79: 584-594
133. Kato S, Ohama E. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural comparison between neuronal and oligodendroglial inclusions in olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Neuropathology 1993; 13: 1-6
134. Sugiura K, Hashizume Y, Kume A, Takahashi A. Distribution of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Nagoya J Med Sci 1995; 58: 117-126
135. Arima K, Ueda K, Sunohara N, Arakawa K, Hirai S, Nakamura M, Tonozuka-Uehara H, Kawai M. NACP/alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity in fibrillary components of neuronal and oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions in the pontine nuclei in multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol 1998; 96: 439-444
136. Bandmann O, Sweeney MG, Daniel SE, Wenning GK, Quinn NP, Marsden CD, Wood NW. Multiple system atrophy is genetically distinct from identified inherited causes of spinocerebellar degeneration. Neurology 1997; 49: 1598-1604
137. Cairns NJ, Atkinson PF, Kovacs T, Lees AJ, Daniel SE, Lantos PL. Apolipoprotein E e4 allele frequency in patients with multiple system atrophy. Neurosci Lett 1997; 221: 161-164
138. Hashida H, Goto J, Zhao N, Takahashi N, Hirai M, Kanazawa I, Sakahi Y. Cloning and mapping of ZNF231, a novel brain-specific gene encoding neuronal double zinc finger protein whose expression is enhanced in a neurodegenerative disorder, multiple system atrophy (MSA). Genomics 1998; 54: 50-58
139. Nee LE, Gomez MR, Dambrosia J, Bale S, Eldridge R, Polinsky RJ. Environmental-occupational risk factors and familial associations in multiple system atrophy: a preliminary investigation. Clin Auton Res 1991; 1: 9-13
140. Dexter DT, Jenner P, Schapira AHV, Marsden CD. Alterations in level of iron, ferritin, and other trace metals in neurodegene rative diseases affecting the basal ganglia. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: S94-S100
141. Kato S, Meshitsuka S, Ohama E, Tanaka J, Llena JF, Hirano A. Increased iron content in the putamen of patients with striatonigral degeneration. Acta Neuropathol 1992; 84: 328-330
142. Kageyama Y. An autopsy case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with prominent degeneration in olivopontocerebellar system. Acta Neuropathol 1991; 83: 99-103
143. van Bogaert L, Bertrand I. Une Variété D'Atrophie Olivo-Pontine a Èvolution subaigue avec Troubles démentiels. Rev Neurol 1929; 2: 165-178
144. Scherer HJ. Beiträge zur pathologischen Anatomie des Kleinhirns: III. Die Marksklerosen. Zeitschr ges Neurol Psychiat 1933; 145: 375-396
145. Oppenheimer DR, Esiri MM. Diseases of the basal ganglia, cerebellum and motor neurons. In: Adams, JH, Duchen, LW (Hrsg). Greenfield's Neuropathology 5. ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1992. 988-1045
146. Lantos PL. Multiple system atrophy. Brain Pathol 1997; 7: 1293-1297
147. Kaplan MR, Meyer-Franke A, Lambert S, Bennett V, Duncan ID, Levinson SR, Barres BA. Induction of sodium channel clustering by oligodendrocytes. Nature 1997; 386: 724-728
148. Trapp BD, Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, Rudick R, Mork S, Bo L. Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 278-285
149. Bleichenki PV, Celio MR. Relationship between oligodendrocytes and axons. Neuroreport 1997; 8: 3965-3967
150. Ludwin SK. The pathobiology of oligodendrocytes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1997; 56: 111-124
151. Probst-Cousin S, Rickert CH, Schmid KW, Gullotta F. Cell death mechanisms in multiple system atrophy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998; 57: 814-821
152. de la Monte SM, Sohn YK, Ganju N, Wands JR. p53- and CD95-associated apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. Lab Invest 1998; 78: 401-411