Conservation of biodiversity in Scandinavian boreal forests: Large carnivores as flagships, umbrellas, indicators, or keystones?

Biodiversity and Conservation

Volumn 9, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 857-868

  Linnell, John D C ^a   Swenson, Jon E ^a,b   Andersen, Reidar ^a,c  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^c NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Boreal forest; Carnivore; Conservation

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BOREAL FOREST; CARNIVORE; HABITAT CONSERVATION;

SCANDINAVIA;

EID: 0033937793     PISSN: 09603115     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1008969104618     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Anon (1997) Om rovviltforvalting. Stortingsmelding no. 35: 1996-97
2. Andersen R and Swenson JE (1999) Wildlife and nature conservation in Scandinavia with special regard to large predators. In: Natura 2000 - A Chance for Nature Conservation in Europe. Proceedings of a workshop organised by the Austrian Ministry for Environment, Youth and the Family, Vienna, March 1999
3. Angelstam PK, Anufriev VM, Balciauskas L, Blagovidov AK, Borgegård SO, Hodge SJ, Majewski P, Ponomarenko SV, Shvarts EA, Tishkov AA, Tomialojc L and Wesolowski T (1997) Biodiversity and sustainable forestry in European forests: how East and West can learn from each other. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25: 38-48
4. Berg Å, Ehnström B, Gustafsson L, Hallingbäck T, Jonsell M and Weslien J (1995) Threat levels and treats to red-listed species in Swedish forests. Conservation Biology 9: 1629-1633
5. Berg Å, Ehnström B, Gustafsson L, Hallingbäck T, Jonsell M and Weslien J (1994) Threatened plant, animal, and fungus species in Swedish forests: distribution and habitat associations. Conservation Biology 8: 718-731
6. Bjerke T, Reitan O and Kellert SR (1998) Attitudes toward wolves in southeastern Norway. Society and Natural Resources 11: 169-178
7. Boitani L (1995) Ecological and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolf human relationships. In: Carbyn EN, Fritts SH and Seip DR (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing world, pp 3-12. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Alberta, Canada
8. Boman M (1995) Estimating costs and genetic benefits of various sizes of predator populations: the case of bear, wolf, wolverine and lynx in Sweden. Journal of Environmental Management 43: 349-357
9. Breitenmoser U (1998) Large predators in the Alps: the fall and rise of man's competitors. Biological Conservation 83: 279-289
10. Caro TM and O'Doherty G (1999) On the use of surrogate species in conservation biology. Conservation Biology 13: 805-814
11. Cederlund G and Bergström R (1996) Trends in the moose-forest system in Fennoscandia, with special reference to Sweden. In: DeGraaf RM and Miller RI (eds) Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes, pp 265-281. Chapman & Hall, London
12. Crichton V (1998) Moose and ecosystem management in the 21st century - does the King have a place? A Canadian perspective. Alces 34: 467-477
13. Dahle B, Sørensen OJ, Wedul EH, Swenson JE and Sandegren F (1998) The diet of brown bears in central Scandinavia: effects of access to free-rangng domestic sheep. Wildlife Biology 4: 147-158
14. Esseen PA, Ehnström B, Ericson L and Sjöberg K (1992) Boreal forests - the focal habitats of Fennoscandia. In: Hansson L (ed) Ecological Principles of Nature Conservation: Applications in Temperate and Boreal Environments, pp 252-325. Elsevier, London
15. Estes JA (1996) Predators and ecosystem management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 390-396
16. Franklin JF (1993) Preserving biodiversity: species, ecosystems, or landscapes? Ecol. Applic. 3: 202-205
17. Fritts SH, Bangs EE and Gore JF (1994) The relationship of wolf recovery to habitat conservation and biodiversity in the northwestern United States. Landscape and Urban Planning 28: 23-32
18. Fuller TK and Kittredge DB (1996) Conservation of large forest carnivores. In: DeGraaf RM and Miller RI (eds) Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes, pp 137-164. Chapman & Hall, London
19. Hanley TA (1993) Balancing economic development, biological conservation, and human culture; the Sitka black-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis as an ecological indicator. Biological Conservation 66: 61-67
20. Hörnberg G, Zackrisson O, Segerström U, Svensson BW, Ohlson M and Bradshaw RHW (1998) Boreal swamp forests. BioScience 48: 795-802
21. Hunter ML and Hutchinson A (1994) The virtues and shortcomings of parochialism: conserving species that are locally rare, but globally common. Conservation Biology 8: 1163-1165
22. IUCN (1994) 1993 United Nations list of national parks and protected areas. World Conservation Union, Cambridge, UK
23. Jansson G (1998) Guild indicator species on a landscape scale - an example with four avian habitat specialists. Ornis Fennica 75: 119-127
24. Jedrzejewska B, Okarma H, Jedrzejewski W and Milkowski L (1994) Effects of exploitation and protection on forest structure, ungulate density and wolf predation in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland. Journal of Applied Ecology 31: 664-676
25. Jonsell M, Weslien J and Ehnström B (1998) Substrate requirements of red-listed saproxylic invertebrates in Sweden. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 749-764
26. Kaczensky P (1996) Livestock-Carnivore Conflicts in Europe. Munich Wildlife Society, Munich, Germany
27. Kaczensky P, Knauer F, Huber T, Jonozovic M and Adamic M (1996) The Ljubljana-Postojna highway - a deadly barrier for brown bears in Slovenia? Journal of Wildlife Research 1: 263-267
28. Kardell L and Eriksson L (1990) Skogsskötselmetodernas inverkan på blåbär, och lingon. Resultat av en tioårig försöksserie. (Effect of forestry on bluberry and heather, the effect of a 10 year study) Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för skoglig landskapsvård, Rapport 47 [in Swedish]
29. Kay CE (1997) The ultimate tragedy of commons. Conservation Biology 11: 1447-1448
30. Landres PB, Verner J and Thomas JW (1988) Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. Conservation Biology 2: 316-328
31. Lindenmayer D (1999) Future directions for biodivesrity conservation in managed forests: indicator species, impact studies and monitoring programs. Forest Ecology and Management 115: 277-287
32. Linnell JDC, Aanes R and Andersen R (1995) Who killed Bambi? The role of predation in the neonatal mortality of temperate ungulates. Wildlife Biology 1: 209-224
33. Linnell JDC, Smith ME, Odden J, Kaczensky P and Swenson JE (1996) Strategies for the reduction of carnivore - livestock conflicts: a review. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding 443: 1-118
34. Linnell JDC, Støen OG, Odden J, Ness E, Gangås L, Karlsen J, Eide N and Andersen R (1996) Gaupe og rådyr i østre deler av Hedmark. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding 414: 1-36 [in Norwegian with English summary]
35. Linnell JDC, Swenson JE, Landa A and Kvam T (1998) Methods for monitoring European large carnivores - a worldwide review of relevant experience. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oppdragsmelding 549: 1-38
36. Marker-Kraus L, Kraus D, Barnett D and Hurlbut S (1996) Cheetah survival on Namibian farmland. Cheetah Conservation Fund, Windhoek, Namibia
37. Mech LD (1995) The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology 9: 270-278
38. Mech LD (1996) A new era for carnivore conservation. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 397-401
39. Mills MGL (1991 ) Conservation management of large carnivores in Africa. Koedoe 34: 81-90
40. Niemi GJ, Hanowski JM, Lima AR, Nicholls T and Weiland N (1997) A critical analysis on the use of indicator species in management. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 1240-1252
41. Niemelä J (1997) Invertebrates and boreal forest management. Conservation Biology 11: 601-610
42. Noss RF, Quigley HB, Hornocker MG, Merrill T and Paquet PC (1996) Conservation biology and carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10: 949-963
43. Olsson O, Wirtberg J, Andersson M and Wirtberg I (1997) Wolf Canis lupus predation on moose Alces alces and roe deer Capreolus capreolus in south-central Sweden. Wildlife Biology 3: 28-40
44. Palomares F and Caro TM (1999) Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores. American Naturalist 153: 492-508
45. Rodríguez-Estrella R, Donázar JA and Hiraldo F (1998) Raptors as indicators of environmental change in the scrub habitat of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Conservation Biology 12: 921-925
46. Rolstad J, Majewski P and Rolstad E (1998) Black woodpecker use of habitats and feeding substrates in a managed Scandinavian forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 11-23
47. Rydin H, Diekmann M and Hallingbäck T (1997) Biological characteristics, habitat associations, and distribution of macrofungi in Sweden. Conservation Biology 11: 628-640
48. Sagør JT and Aasetre J (1996) Forvaltere og bønder: kan de enes om bjørneforvaltningen? (Managers and farmers: can they agree about bear management?) Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre for Environment and Development SSMU-Rapport 1/96: 1-94 [in Norwegian with English summary]
49. Sagør JT, Swenson JE and Røskaft E (1997) Compatibiity of brown bear Ursus arctos and free-ranging sheep in Norway. Biological Conservation 81: 91-95
50. Savelli BG, Antonelli F and Boitani L (1998) The impact of livestock support on carnivore conservation: draft discussion paper for the large carnivore initiative. Istituto Ecologia Applicata, Rome, Italy
51. Schaller GB (1996) Introduction: carnivores and conservation biology. In: Gittleman JL (ed) Carnivore Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution, pp 1-10. Cornell University Press, London
52. Schröder W (1998) Challenges to wildlife management and conservation in Europe. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26: 921-926
53. Seidensticker J (1997) Saving the tiger. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25: 6-17
54. Simberloff D (1998) Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is single species management passé in the landscape era. Biological Conservation 83: 247-257
55. Sjöberg K (1996) Modern forestry and the capercaillie. In: DeGraaf RM and Miller RI (eds) Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes, pp 111-135. Chapman & Hall, London
56. Skogland T (1991) What are the effects of predators on large ungulate populations? Oikos 61: 401-411
57. Stokland JN (1997) Representativeness and efficiency of bird and insect conservation in Norwegian boreal forest reserves. Conservation Biology 11: 101-111
58. Suominen O, Danell K and Bergström R (1999) Moose, trees, and ground living invertebrates: indirect interactions in Swedish pine forests. Oikos 84: 215-226
59. Swenson JE and Angelstam P (1993) Habitat separation by sympatric forest grouse in Fennoscandia in relation to boreal forest succession. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 1303-1310
60. Swenson JE, Wabakken P, Sandgren F, Bjärvall A, Franzen R and Söderberg A (1995) The near extinction and recovery of brown bears in Scandinavia in relation to the bear management policies of Norway and Sweden. Wildlife Biology 1: 11-25
61. Swenson JE, Sandegren F, Bjärvall A and Wabakken P (1998) Living with success: research needs for an expanding brown bear population. Ursus 10: 17-23
62. Swenson JE, Jansson A, Riig R and Sandegren F (1999) Bears and ants: myrmecophagy by brown bears in central Scandinavia, Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 551-563
63. Sæther BE, Engen S, Swenson JE, Bakke Ø and Sandegren F (1998) Viability of Scandinavian brown bear Ursus arctos, populations: the effects of uncertain parameter estimates. Oikos 83: 403-416
64. Terborgh J (1988) The big things that run the world - a sequel to E.O. Wilson. Conservation Biology 2: 402-403
65. Thor G (1998) Red listed lichens in Sweden: habitats, threats, protection, and indicator value in boreal coniferous forests. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 59-72
66. Warren RJ, Conroy MJ, James WE, Baker LA and Diefenbach DR (1990) Reintroduction of bobcats on Cumberland Island, Georgia: a biopolitical lesson. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 55: 580-598
67. Wright SJ, Gompper ME and DeLeon B (1994) Are large predators keystone species in Neotropical forests? The evidence from Barro Colorado Island. Oikos 71: 279-294