Conservation biology and carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains;Biologia de la conservacion y conservacion de carnivoros en la Montanas Rocallosas

Conservation Biology

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 949-963

  Noss, Reed F ^a,b,c  

^a University of Idaho ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGONIDAE; AMPHIBIA; AVES; MAMMALIA; REPTILIA; URSUS ARCTOS;

CONSERVATION; UMBRELLA SPECIES;

USA, IDAHO;

EID: 0030467966     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040949.x     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Allcndorf, F. W. 1983- Isolation, gene flow, and genetic differentiation among populations. Pages 51-65 in C. M. Schone\vald-Cox, S. M. Chambers, B. MacBiyde, and L. Tliomas, editors. Genetics and conservation: a reference for managing wild animal and plant populations. Henjamin-Cummings, Menlo Park, California.
2. Amstnip, S. C., and J. J. Beecham. 1976. Activity patterns of radiocollared black bears in Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:340-3-48.
3. Ballard, W. K.J. S. Whitman, and C. L. Gardner. 1987. Ecology of an exploited wolf population in south-central Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 98:1-54.
4. Beccham, J. J. 1980. Some population characteristics of two black bear populations in Idaho. Bears: Their Biology and Management 3:201-204.
5. Beecham, J. J. 1983. Population characteristics of black bears in west central Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:-105-412.
6. Beecham, J. J., andj. Rohlman. 1994. A shadow in the forest, Idaho's black bear. Northwest Naturalist Books, University of Idaho Press, Moscow.
7. Beicr, P. 1993. Determining minimum habitat areas and habitat corridors for cougars. Conservation Biology 7:94-108.
8. Bcier, P., and S. Loe. 1992. A checklist for evaluating impacts to wildlife movement corridors. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20:434-440.
9. Belovsky, G. E. 1987. Extinction models and mammalian persistence. Pages 35-57 in M. E. Soûlé, editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
10. Bcnnett, A. F. 1990. Habitat corridors: their role in wildlife management and conservation. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Conservation and Environment, Victoria, Australia.
11. Hergenid, A. T., and W. B. Ballard. 1988. Wolf prédation on caribou: the Nelchina herd case history: a different interrelation. Journal of Wildlife Management 2:344-357.
12. Blanchard, IJ. M., and R. R. Knight. 1991. Movements of Yellowstone grizzly bears. Biological Conservation 58:41 -67.
13. Boyd, Ü. K., P. C. Paquet, S. Donelon, R. R. Ream, D. II. Pletscher, and C. C. White. 1996. Transboundary movements of a recolonizing wolf population in the Rocky Mountains. In I.. N. Carbyn, S. II. Fritts, and D. R. Seip. editors, Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta.
14. Brody, A. J. 1984. Habitat use by black bears in relation to forest management in 1'isgah National Forest, North Carolina. M.S. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
15. Brown, J. H., and A. Kodric-Iirown. 1977. Turnover rates in insular biogeography: Effect of immigration on extinction. Ecology 58:445-149.
16. Bunnell, F. L, and D. E. N. Tait. 1981. Population dynamics of bears-implications. Pages 75-98 in C. W. Fowler and F. D. Smith, editors. Dynamics of large mammal populations. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
17. Chepko-Sadc, B. D., and \V. M. Shields. 1987. The effects of dispersal and social structure on effective population size. Pages 287-321 in B. D. Chepko-Sade and Z. T. Halpin, editors. Mammalian dispersal patterns. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
18. Connell, J. H. 1971. The role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forests. Pages 298-312 in P. J. den Boer and G. R. Gadwcll, editors. Dynamics of numbers in populations. Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute on Dynamics of Numbers in Populations, Oosterbeck, 1970. Center for Agriculture Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
19. Craighead, F. L., and E. R. Vyse. 1996. Brown/grizzly bear metapopulations. Pages 325-351 in D. McCullough, editor. Mctapopulatkms and wildlife conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
20. Craighead, J. J., J. R. Varney, and F. C. Craighcad, Jr. 1974. A population analysis of Yellowstone grizzly bears. Bulletin 40. Montana Forestry and Conservation Experiment Station, Missoula, Montana.
21. Craighead, J. J., J. S. Sumner, and G. B. Skaggs. 1982. A definitive system for analysis of grizzly bear habitat and other wilderness resources. Monograph no 1. Western Wildlands Institute, University of Montana, Missoula.
22. Crumpacker, D. W., S. W. Hodge, D. F. Friedley, and W. P. Gregg, Jr. 1988. A preliminary assessment of the status of major terrestrial and wetland ecosystems on federal and Indian lands in the United States. Conservation Biology 2:103-115.
23. Dasmann, R. F. 1988. Biosphere reserves, buffers, and boundaries. BioScience 38:487-489.
24. Eberhardt, L. L. 1990. Survival rates required to sustain bear populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:587-590.
25. Eisenberg, J. F. 1980. The density and biomass of tropical mammals. Pages 35-55 in M. E. Soûlé and B. A. Wilcox, editors. Conservation biology: an evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
26. Emmons, L. E. 1984. Geographic variation in densities and diversities of non-flying mammals in Amazonia. Biotropica 16:210-222.
27. Fahrig, L., and G. Merriani. 1994. Conservation of fragmented populations. Conservation Biology 8:50-59.
28. Forbes, S. H., and D. K. Boyd. 1996. Genetic variation of naturally colonizing wolves in the central Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10.
29. Foreman, D. 1992. Developing a regional wilderness recovery plan. Wild Earth (special issue):26-29.
30. Forman, R. T. T. 1995. Landscape mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
31. Forman, R. T. T., and M. Godron. 1981. Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology. BioScience 31:733-740.
32. Forman, R. T. T., and M. Godron. 1986. Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York.
33. Foster, M. L., and S. R. Humphrey. 1995. Use of highway underpasses by Florida panthers and other wildlife. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23: 95-100.
34. Franklin, J. F., K. Cromack, W. Dcnison, A. McKee, C. Maser, J. Scdell, F. Swanson, and G. Juday. 1981. Ecological characteristics of oldgrowth Douglas-fir forests. General technical report PNW-118. U.S. Forest Sen ice, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon.
35. Fritts, S. H. 1983. Record dispersal by a wolf from Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 64:166-167.
36. Fritts, S. II., and L. N. Carbyn. 1995. Population viability, nature reserves, and the outlook for gray \volf conservation in North America. Restoration Ecology 3:26-38.
37. Fritts, S. H., E. E. Bangs, and J. F. Gore. 1994. The relationship of wolf recover)' to habitat conservation and biodiversity in the Northwestern United States. Landscape and Urban Planning 28:23-32.
38. Fuller, T. K. 1989. Population dynamics of wolves in north-central Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 105.
39. Fuller, T. K. 1991. Effect of snow depth on wolf activity and prey selection in north-central Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 283-287.
40. Fuller, T. K., W. E. lîerg, G. L. Radde, M. S. Lcnarz, and G. R. Josclyn. 1992. A history and current estimate of wolf distribution and numbers in Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20:42-55.
41. Glanz, W. E. 1982. The terrestrial mammal fauna of Barro Colorado Island: census and long-term changes. Pages 239-251 in E. G. Leigh, Jr., A. S. Rand, and D. M. Windsor, editors. The ecology of a tropical forest: seasonal rhythms and long-term changes. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
42. Goodman, D. 1987. The demography of chance extinction. Pages 11-34 in M. Soûlé, editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
43. Grumbine, R. E. 1992. Ghost bears: exploring the biodiversity crisis. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
44. Grumbine, R. E. 1994. What is ecosystem management? Conservation Biology 8:27-38.
45. Harris, L. D. 1984. The fragmented forest: island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
46. Harris, L. D., and P. B. Gallagher. 1989. New initiatives for wildlife conservation: the need for movement corridors. Pages 11-34 in G. MacKintosh, editor. Preserving communities and corridors. Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, D.C.
47. Harris, R. B., and F. W. Allcndorf. 1989. Genetically effective population size of large mammals: an assessment of estimators. Conservation Biology 3:181-191.
48. Harrison, R. L. 1992. Toward a theory of inter-refuge corridor design. Conservation Biology 6:293-295.
49. Harrison, S. 199I. Local extinction in a metapopulation context: an empirical evaluation. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 42: 73-88.
50. Harrison, S. 1994. Metapopulations and conservation. Pages 111-128 in P. J. Edwards, R. M. May, and N. R. Wcbb, editors. Large-scale ecology and conservation biology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom.
51. Hedrick, P. W. 1995. Gene flow and genetic restoration: the Florida panther as a case study. Conservation Biology 9:996-1007.
52. Hornocker, M. G. 1969. Winter territoriality in mountain lions. Journal of Wildlife Management 33:457-464.
53. Hornocker, M. G. 1970. An analysis of mountain lion prédation upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildlife Monographs 21.
54. Hornocker, M. G., and T. Bailey. 1986. Natural regulation in three species of felids. Pages 211-220 in S. D. Millerand D. D. Everett, editors. Cats of the world. The National Wildlife Federation Institute for Wildlife Research, Washington, D.C.
55. Hornocker, M. G. and II. S. Hash. 1981. Ecology of the wolverine in northwestern Montana. Gmadian Journal of Zoology 59:1286-1301.
56. Howe, R. W., G. J. Davis, and V. Mosca. 1991. The demographic significance of "sink" populations. Biological Conservation 57:239-255-
57. Huggard, D. J. 1993. Effect of snow depth on prédation and scavenging by gray wolves. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:382-388.
58. Inouye, R. S. I980. Stabilization of a predator-prey equilibrium by the addition of second "keystone" victim. American Naturalist 115: 300-305.
59. Kellyhouse, D. 1980. Habitat utilization by black bears in northern California. Bears: Their Biology and Management 4:221-227.
60. Kendeigh, S. C, et al. 1950-1951. Nature sanctuaries in the United States and Canada: a preliminary inventor)'. The Living Wilderness 15(35):1-45.
61. Koehler, G. M., ami M. G. Hornockcr. 1991. Seasonal resource use among mountain lions, bobcats, and coyotes. Journal of Mammalogy 72:391-396.
62. Lande, R. 1988. Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241:1455-1460.
63. Lande, R. 1995. Mutation and conservation. Conservation Biology 9: 782-791.
64. Lande, R., and G. F. Barrowclough. 1987. Effective population size, genetic variation, and their use in population management. Pages 87-123 in M. E. Soule, editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
65. Landres, P. B., J. Verner, and J. \V. Thomas. 1988. Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. Conservation Biology 2: 316-328.
66. LcFranc, M. N., M. B. Moss, K. A. Patnode, and W. C. Sugg, editors. 1987. Grizzly bear compendium. Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee and National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C.
67. Leigh, E. G., S. J. Wright, E. A. Herre, and F. E. I'utz. 1993. The decline of tree diversity on newly isolated tropical islands: a test of a null hypothesis and some implications. Evolutionär)' Ecology 7:76-102.
68. Lindzey, F. G., and E. C. Meslow. 1977. Home range and habitat use by black bears in southwestern Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 41:413-425.
69. Lindzey, F. G., W. D. VanSickle, B. 15. Ackerman, D. Barnhurst, T. P. Hunker, and S. P. Laing. 1994. Cougar population dynamics in southern Utah. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:619-624.
70. Mac-Arthur, R. H. and E. O. Wilson. 1963. An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution 17:373-387.
71. MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
72. Maehr, D. S. 1990. The Florida panther and private lands. Conservation Biology 4:167-170.
73. Mattson, D. J., and M. M. Reid. 1991. Conservation of the Yellowstone grizzly bear. Conservation Biology 5:364-372.
74. Mattson, D. J., R. R. Knight, and B. M. Blanchard. 1987. The effects of developments and primary roads on grizzly bear habitat use in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Bears: Their Biology and Management 7:259-273.
75. Mattson, D. J., C. M. Gillin, S. A. Benson, and R. R. Knight. 1991. Bear feeding activity at alpine insect aggregation sites in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2430-2435.
76. McLaren, B. E., and R. O. Peterson. 1994. Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 266:1555-1558.
77. McLellan, B. N., and D. M. Shackleton. 1988. Grizzly bears and resource extraction industries: Effects of roads on behavior, habitat use, and demography. Journal of Applied Ecology 25:451-460.
78. Mech, L. D. 1995. The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology 9:270-278.
79. Mech, L. D., and S. M. Goyal. 1993. Canine parvovirus effect on wolf population change and pup .survival. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 22:104-106.
80. Mech, L D., S. H. Fritts, G. L. Radde, and W. J. Paul. 1988. Wolf distribution and road density in Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16: 85-87.
81. Mech, L. D., S. H. Fritts, and D. Wagner. 1995. Minnesota wolf dispersal to Wisconsin and Michigan. American Midland Naturalist 133:368-370.
82. Meine, C. 1988. Aldo Leopold: his life and work. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
83. Meine, C. 1992. Keeper of the cogs. Defenders 67(6):9-17.
84. Merriam, G. 1988. Landscape dynamics in farmland. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3:16-20.
85. Metzgar, I.. II., and M. Bauer. 1992. Large mammal predators in the northern Rockies: grizzly bears and their habitat. Northwest Environmental Journal 8:231-233.
86. Mills, L. S., and P. E. Smouse. 1994. Demographic consequences of inbreeding in remnant populations. American Naturalist 144:412-431.
87. Mills, L. S., M. E. Soûlé, and I). F. Doak. 1993- The keystone species concept in ecology and conservation. liioScience 43:219-224.
88. Mladenoff, IX J., T. A. Sickley, R. G. Haight, and A. P. Wydcven. 1995. A regional landscape analysis and prediction of favorable gray \volf habitat in the northern Great Lakes region. Conservation Biology 9: 279-29-f.
89. MoIIohan, C. 1982. Black bear habitat research: final report 0182. Arizona Fish and Game Department, Phoenix.
90. Nelson, M. E., and L. I). Mech. 1981. Deer social organization and wolf prédation in northeastern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 77.
91. Noss, R. F. 1983. A regional landscape approach to maintain diversity. BioScience 33:700-706.
92. Noss, R. F. 1987a. Protecting natural areas in fragmented landscapes. Natural Areas Journal 7:2-13.
93. Noss, R. F. 1987b. Corridors in real landscapes: a reply to Simberloff and Cox. Conservation Biology 1:159-164.
94. Noss, R. F. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4:355-364.
95. Noss, R. F. 1991. Landscape connectivity: Different functions at different scales. Pages 27-39 in W. E. Hudson, editor. Landscape linkages and biodiversity. Defenders of Wildlife and Island Press, Washington, D.C.
96. Noss, R. F. 1992. The Wildlands Project: land conservation strategy. Wild Earth (special issue): 10-25.
97. Noss, R. F. 1993a. A conservation plan for the Oregon Coast Range: some preliminary suggestions. Natural Areas Journal 13:276-290.
98. Noss, R. F. 1993Ö. Wildlife corridors. Pages 43-68 in D. S. Smith and P. C. Hellmund, editors. Ecology of greemvays. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
99. Noss, R. F. 1995. Maintaining ecological integrity in representative reserve networks. World Wildlife Fund Canada and World Wildlife Fund U.S., Toronto and Washington, D.C.
100. Noss, R. F. 1996. How much is enough? In G. E. Wright, editor. Parks and protected areas. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
101. Noss, R. F., and A. Cooperrider. 1994. Saving nature's legacy: protecting and restoring biodiversity. Defenders of Wildlife and Island Press, Washington, D.C.
102. Noss, R. F., and L. D. Harris. 1986. Nodes, networks, and MUMs: preserving diversity at all scales. Environmental Management 10:299-309.
103. Noss, R. F., E. T. LaRoe, III, and J. M. Scott. 1995. Endangered ecosystems of the United States: a preliminary assessment of loss and degradation. Biological report 28. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.
104. Ozoga, J. J., and L. J. Venue. 1982. Physical and reproductive characteristics of a supplemental!}1 fed white-tailed deer herd. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:281-301.
105. Paine, R. T. 1969. The Pisaslcr-Tcgiila interaction: prey patches, predator food preference, and intertidal community structure. Ecology 50:950-961.
106. Palomares, F., P. Gaona, P. Ferreras, and M. Delisbes. 1995. Positive effects on game species of top predators by controlling smaller predator populations: an example with lynx, mongooses, and rabbits. Conservation Biology 9:295-305.
107. Paquet, P. C. 1993- Summary reference document: Ecological studies of recolonizing wolves in the Central Canadian Rocky Mountains. Prepared by John/Paul and Associates for Canadian Parks Service, Banff National Park, Banff, Alberta.
108. Paquet, P. C., and A. Hackman. 1995. Large carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains. World Wildlife Fund Canada and World Wildlife Fund U.S., Toronto, Ontario, and Washington, D.C.
109. Peck, J. M. 1980. Natural regulation of ungulates (what constitutes a real wilderness?). Wildlife Society Bulletin 8:217-227.
110. Peres, C. A., and J. \V. Terborgh. 1995. Amazonian nature reserves: an analysis of the defensibility status of existing conservation units and design eriteria for the future. Conservation Biology 9:34-46.
111. Picton, II. D. 1986. A possible link between Yellowstone and Glacier grizzly bear populations. International Conference on Hear Research and Management 6:7-10.
112. Pletseher, D. II., R. R. Ream,'R. Demarchi, W. G. Urcwster, and E. Bangs. 1991. Managing wolf and ungulate populations in an international ecosystem. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 56:539-549.
113. Pressey, R. I.., C. J. Humphries, C. R. Margules, R. I. Vane-Wright, and P. H. Williams. 1993. lieyond opportunism: Key principles for systematic reserve selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8:124-128.
114. Pulliam, II. R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. American Naturalist 132:652-661.
115. Quigley, II. B., G. M. Kochler, and M. G. Hornocker. 1989. Dynamics of a mountain lion population in central Idaho over a 20-year period. Page 54 (abstract) in R.II. Smith, editor. Proceedings of the 3rd mountain lion workshop. The Wildlife Society, Arizona Chapter, Phoenix.
116. Ream, R. R., M. W. Fairchild, D. K. Boyd, and D. II. Pletseher. 1991. Population dynamics and home range changes in a colonizing wolf population. Pages 349-366 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Uoyce, editors. The greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
117. Rogers, L. L. 1976. Effects of mast and berry crop failures on survival, growth, and reproductive success of black bears. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 41:431-438.
118. Rogers, L. L. 1987. Effects of food supply and kinship on social behavior, movements, and population growth of black bears in northern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 97.
119. Ryti, R. T. 1992. Effect of the focal taxon on the selection of nature reserves. Ecological Applications 2:40i-4lO.
120. Schonewald-Cox, C. M., S. M. Chambers, B. MacBryde, and L. Thomas. 1983. Genetics and conservation: a reference for managing wild animal and plant populations. Benjamin-Cummings, Menlo Park, California.
121. Scott, J. M., F. Davis, B. Csuti, R. Noss, B. Buttcrfield, C. Groves, J. Anderson, S. Caicco, F. D'Erchia, T. C. Edwards, J. Ulliman, and R. G. Wright. 1993. Gap analysis: A geographical approach to protection of biological diversity. Wildlife Monographs 123.
122. Seagle, S. W., and S. J. McNaughton. 1992. Spatial variation in forage nutrient concentrations and the distribution of Serengeti grazing ungulates. Landscape Ecology 7:229-241.
123. Seal, U. S. 1992. Genetic management strategies and population viability of the Florida panther. World Conservation Union-Species Survival Commission Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota.
124. Seidensticker, J. C., M. G. Hornocker, W. V. Wiles, andj. P. Messick. 1973. Mountain lion social organization in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildlife Society Monograph 35:1-60.
125. Shaffer, M. 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience 31:131-134.
126. Shaffer, M. 1987. Minimum viable populations: coping with uncertainty. Pages 69-86 in M. Soûlé, editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
127. Shaffer, M. L. 1992. Keeping the grizzly bear in the American West: a strategy for real recovery. The Wilderness Society, Washington, D.C.
128. Shelford, V. E. 1933. Ecological Society of America: A nature sanctuary plan unanimously adopted by the Society, December 28, 1932. Ecology 14:240-245.
129. Simberloff, D., and J. Cox. 1987. Consequences and costs of conservation corridors. Conservation Biology 1:63-71.
130. Simberloff, D., J. A. Farr, J. Cox, anil D. \V. Mehlman. 1992. Movement corridors: conservation bargains or poor investments? Conservation Biology 6:493-50 i.
131. Soûlé, M. E. 1985. What is conservation biology? Ilioscience 35:72773-4.
132. Sonlé, M. E., editor. 1987. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
133. Soule, M. E., and IX Simberloff. 1986. What do genetics and ecology tell us about the design of nature reserves. Biological Conservation 35:19-40.
134. Soule, M. E., D. T. Böiger, A. C. Alberts, J. Wright, M. Sorice, and S. Hill. 1988. Reconstructed dynamics of rapid extinctions of chaparralrequiring birds in urban habitat islands. Conservation Biology 2:75-90.
135. Stanley, T. R. 1995. Ecosystem management and the arrogance of humanism. Conservation Biology 9:255-262.
136. Tcrborgh, J. 1988. The big things that run the world-a sequel to E. O. Wilson. Conservation Biology 2:402-403.
137. Theberge, J. B. 1983. Considerations in wolf management related to genetic variability and adaptive change. Pages 86-89 in L. N. Carbyn, editor. Wolves in Canada and Alaska. Report series 45. Canadian Wildlife Sen-ice, Ottawa, Ontario.
138. Thiel, R. P. 1985. Relationship between road densities and wolf habitat suitability, in Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist 113:404-407.
139. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 1974. Task force on criteria and guidelines for the choice and establishment of biosphere reserves. Report no. 22. Man and the liiosphere, Paris.
140. Urban, D. L, R. V. O'Ncill, and II. H. Shugart. 1987. Landscape ecology. BioScience 37:119-127.
141. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Grizzly bear recovery plan. Missoula, Montana.
142. Usher, M. B. 1986. Wildlife conservation evaluation. Chapman and Hall, London.
143. Warren, R. J. 1991. Ecology justification for controlling deer populations in Eastern National Parks. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 56:56-66.
144. Wielgus, R. 15., and F. L BunncII. 1993. Dynamics of a small, hunted brown bear population in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Biological Conservation 67:298-305.
145. Wielgus, R. B., F. L. Bunncll, W. L. Wakkinen, and P. E. Zager. 1994. Population dynamics of Selkirk Mountains grizzly bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:266-272.
146. Wilcove, D. S., C. II. McLellan, and A. P. Uobson. 1986. Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone. Pages 237-256 in M. E. Soule, editor. Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
147. Young, D. D., and J. J. Beecham. 1983. Black bear habitat use at Priest Lake, Idaho. Bears: Their Biology and Management 6:73-80.
148. Zager, P. E., and C. J. Jonkel. 1983. Managing grizzly bear habitat in the northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Forestry 28:524-526.